Cube Unit Research Articles

Modular tissue-in-a-CUBE platform to model blood-brain barrier (BBB) and brain interaction

With the advent of increasingly sophisticated organoids, there is growing demand for technology to replicate the interactions between multiple tissues or organs. This is challenging to achieve, however, due to the varying culture conditions of the different cell types that make up each tissue. Current methods often require complicated microfluidic setups, but fragile tissue samples tend not to fare well with rough handling. Furthermore, the more complicated the human system to be replicated, the more difficult the model becomes to operate. Here, we present the development of a multi-tissue chip platform that takes advantage of the modularity and convenient handling ability of a CUBE device. We first developed a blood-brain barrier-in-a-CUBE by layering astrocytes, pericytes, and brain microvascular endothelial cells in the CUBE, and confirmed the expression and function of important tight junction and transporter proteins in the blood-brain barrier model. Then, we demonstrated the application of integrating Tissue-in-a-CUBE with a chip in simulating the in vitro testing of the permeability of a drug through the blood-brain barrier to the brain and its effect on treating the glioblastoma brain cancer model. We anticipate that this platform can be adapted for use with organoids to build complex human systems in vitro by the combination of multiple simple CUBE units.

Research on High-Performance Fourier Transform Algorithms Based on the NPU

Backpack computers require powerful, intelligent computing capabilities for field wearables while taking energy consumption into careful consideration. A recommended solution for this demand is the CPU + NPU-based SoC. In many wearable intelligence applications, the Fourier Transform is an essential, computationally intensive preprocessing task. However, due to the unique structure of the NPU, the conventional Fourier Transform algorithms cannot be applied directly to it. This paper proposes two NPU-accelerated Fourier Transform algorithms that leverage the unique hardware structure of the NPU and provides three implementations of those algorithms, namely MM-2DFT, MV-2FFTm, and MV-2FFTv. Then, we benchmarked the speed and energy efficiency of our algorithms for the gray image edge filtering task on the Huawei Atlas200I-DK-A2 development kits against the Cooley-Tukey algorithm running on CPU and GPU platforms. The experiment results reveal MM-2DFT outperforms OpenCL-based FFT on NVIDIA Tegra X2 GPU for small input sizes, with a 4- to 8-time speedup. As the input image resolution exceeds 2048, MV-2FFTv approaches GPU computation speed. Additionally, two scenarios were tested and analyzed for energy efficiency, revealing that cube units of the NPU are more energy efficient. The vector and CPU units are better suited for sparse matrix multiplication and small-scale inputs, respectively.

MECHANICAL INVESTIGATION OF NOVEL BIOMIMETIC CELLS WITH HYBRID POROSITIES FOR ORTHOPEDIC APPLICATIONS

The importance and reliability of implants, have brought biomedical engineers and material scientists together to aid orthopedic specialists to increase their durability and efficiency. Porous materials have been used diversely in biomedical applications namely, scaffold designs and orthopedic implants. However, satisfying all biological as well as mechanical conditions of the human body has never been achieved. Hence, in this paper, to mimic the hierarchical nature of human bone, a simple Hollow Cube unit cell was subjected to twelve different sets of micropores in its struts, leading to an increased internal surface area and overall porosity. Thus, 3D models of the unit cells with hybrid porosities were studied using finite elements method. It was observed that with adding micropores inside already porous unit cells, about 25% decrease was obtained in elastic modulus, ranging between 7.9[Formula: see text]GPa to 11[Formula: see text]GPa and, roughly 100% increase in internal surface area and surface-to-volume ratio, moreover, the porosity rose from 64% to 87%. Sequentially, proper hierarchical unit cells were evaluated according to elastic modulus and failure analyses. In the end, to validate, the numerical and experimental results were compared and 9% error was observed between them.

Hydraulic Response and Overtopping Performance of Single-Layer Double Cube Unit Armored Mound Breakwater

A newly developed friction-interlocking armor unit called the ‘Double cube’ (DC) was designed to improve the performance of a concrete armor unit used in river/marine structures against currents/waves actions. The DC unit is an octagonal-shaped block made up of two parts: an upper cube set on a lower base that is either square or octagonal in shape. The innovative design aims to provide good performance in terms of stability, to allow for high tolerance placement with various contact points, and to allow for ease of placement. The DC’s shape and placement enhance the unit’s stability by bringing the center of gravity closer to the underlayer and by providing a large contact surface with the surrounding blocks that reduces the chance of extraction and limits movements (rocking, lifting) via the “keystone” effect. The characteristics of this new unit provide a relatively high hydraulic stability number for the armor layer (NS = 2.9), a favorable hydraulic performance due to energy dissipation from turbulence and aeration, as well as a high roughness coefficient (γf ≈ 0.46), helping to reduce overtopping.

Bandgap mechanisms and wave characteristics analysis of a three-dimensional elastic metastructure

PurposeIn order to investigate the vibration reduction properties of a three-dimensional elastic metastructure with spherical cavities at low frequencies.Design/methodology/approachThe bandgap characteristics of a three-dimensional elastic metastructure with spherical cavities are studied based on analytical and numerical approaches.FindingsThe results of both method revealed that the vibration of the vertexes masses is important for opening bandgaps. The fact that the big sphere cavity radius or short side length of the cube unit leads to a wider bandgap, is noteworthy.Originality/valueThis research provides theoretical guidance for realizing the vibration attenuation application of EMs in practical engineering.

Manipulating Electron-Transfer Events in [Fe4 Co4 ] Cubes via a Mixed-Ligand Approach: The Impact of Elastic Frustration.

The engineering of intermolecular interaction is challenging but critical for magnetically switchable molecules. Here, we prepared two cyanide-bridged [Fe4 Co4 ] cube complexes via the alkynyl- and alcohol-functionalized trispyrazoyl capping ligands. The alkynyl-functionalized complex 1 exhibited a thermally-induced incomplete metal-to-metal electron transfer (MMET) behaviour at around 220 K, while the mixed alkynyl/alcohol-functionalized cube of 2 showed a complete and abrupt MMET behaviour at 232 K. Remarkably, both compounds showed a long-lived photo-induced metastable state up to 200 K. The crystallographic study demonstrated that the incomplete transition of 1 was likely due to the possible elastic frustration originating from the competition between the anion-propagated elastic interactions and inter-cluster alkynyl-alkynyl & CH-alkynyl interactions, whereas the latter are eliminated in 2 as a result of the partial substitution by the alcohol-functionalized ligand. Additionally, the introduction of chemically distinguishable cobalt centers within the cube unit of 2 did not lead to a two-step but a one-step transition, possibly because of the strong ferroelastic intramolecular interaction through the cyanide bridges.

Manipulating Electron‐Transfer Events in [Fe4Co4] Cubes via a Mixed‐Ligand Approach: The Impact of Elastic Frustration

AbstractThe engineering of intermolecular interaction is challenging but critical for magnetically switchable molecules. Here, we prepared two cyanide‐bridged [Fe4Co4] cube complexes via the alkynyl‐ and alcohol‐functionalized trispyrazoyl capping ligands. The alkynyl‐functionalized complex 1 exhibited a thermally‐induced incomplete metal‐to‐metal electron transfer (MMET) behaviour at around 220 K, while the mixed alkynyl/alcohol‐functionalized cube of 2 showed a complete and abrupt MMET behaviour at 232 K. Remarkably, both compounds showed a long‐lived photo‐induced metastable state up to 200 K. The crystallographic study demonstrated that the incomplete transition of 1 was likely due to the possible elastic frustration originating from the competition between the anion‐propagated elastic interactions and inter‐cluster alkynyl‐alkynyl & CH‐alkynyl interactions, whereas the latter are eliminated in 2 as a result of the partial substitution by the alcohol‐functionalized ligand. Additionally, the introduction of chemically distinguishable cobalt centers within the cube unit of 2 did not lead to a two‐step but a one‐step transition, possibly because of the strong ferroelastic intramolecular interaction through the cyanide bridges.

Almandine jewelry garnet from the Kitelya deposit (Karelia): composition and spectroscopic properties

Research subject. The chemical composition and spectroscopic properties of almandine jewelry garnets from the Kite-lya deposit in the Northern Ladoga region (Karelia). Materials and methods. The chemical composition, impurity elements, mineral inclusions and spectroscopic properties of almandine jewelry crystals were studied using IR and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Results. Garnet crystals were found to exhibit a weakly pronounced zonal composition, varying from Alm75Pir15Sps7Grs3 in the center to Alm80Pir14Sps4Grs2 at their edges. Therefore, the Ca and Mn contents decrease towards the grain edges. This zonality of garnets is characteristic of the processes of progressive metamorphism of their host rocks. The garnet crystals feature small inclusions of quartz, chlorite, mica FACI (biotite), ilmenite, rutile, monazite, zircon and pyrrhotite. The composition of chlorite, biotite and zircon was established. The parameter of the cube unit cell ao = 11.522 ± 0.003 Å was calculated. The IR absorption spectra of 995, 966, 901, 878, 638, 568, 528, 476 and 455 cm–1 are characteristic of the pyrope-almandine difference. Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed an insignificant admixture of trivalent iron (Fe3+) in the structure of Kitelya garnets (≈1 % of the amount of isomorphic iron). The obtained optical absorption spectra of garnet plates in the visible light spectrum indicate that Fe2+ ions in dodecahedral positions, to a lesser extent dodecahedral Mn2+ ions, as well as possibly octahedral Fe3+ ions are responsible for the bright red-crimson color of pyrop-almandine from the Kitelya deposit. Conclusions. A “portrait” of typomorphic features (composition and properties) of the pyrope-almandine jewelry garnet from the Kitelya deposit was obtained. This portrait can be used when analyzing the historical finds of faceted or cabochonized differences of almandine in jewelry, church utensils in both Russia and Europe (where this jewelry material was exported during the 17th century). The preservation of garnet jewelry differences in the host rock is due to the presence of thin amorphous kelefite shells or soft minerals (sericite, chlorite, kaolinite etc.).

PCB-integrated embedded planar magnetorquers for small satellites intelligent detumbling

The challenge of damping high tumbling rates after deployment of spacecraft from a rocket using PCB-integrated (printed circuit board) embedded planar coils that acts as pseudo- 2D magnetorquers is explored for higher form factor small satellites (2 U and 4 U). The magnetorquers cannot generate the torque if their axes are lined up with the local geomagnetic field and generally the reaction wheels are actuated to generate this torque component. CubeSats are small satellites that have cube units of 10 cm along each axis and they are usually detumbled using magnetorquer rods bringing norm to the point where reaction wheels take over to reduce the body rates to zero. In this paper, the task of removing the initial angular velocities is undertaken by using the embedded planar coils without relying on the secondary actuators using an intelligent projection based form of the B-Dot control. The proposed reconfigurable planar coils can effectively detumble the higher form factor small satellites using application-specific optimal coil configuration. The performance parameters for various possible combinations of the coils are thermally evaluated to sustain a stable thermal profile as the planar coils are embedded inside the multilayered PCB in the form of copper traces. Lastly, the proposed coils are compared with the performance parameters of the commercial actuators in the formal studies. It is found that the suggested embedded planar magnetorquers outperforms the competition.

Anthryl-functionalized cyanide-bridged Fe/Co cubes.

Two anthryl-functionalized cyanide-bridged [Fe4Co4] cube complexes, [(pzTp)Fe(CN)3Co(TpEtOAn)]4[OTf]4·8MeCN·7Et2O (1) and [NEt4]3[(pzTp)Fe(CN)3Co(TpEtOAn)]4[OTf]7·5MeCN·2Et2O (2) (pzTp- = tetrapyrazolylborate, TpEtOAn = 2,2,2-tris-(pyrazol-1-yl)ethoxy(9-methyl-anthracene)), were synthesized and characterized. The crystallographic study revealed that the [Fe4Co4] cubes are arranged into a linear supramolecular chain through significant anthryl-anthryl π-π stacking interactions in complex 1, whereas a zigzag supramolecular 1D assembly is observed in 2. The magnetic measurements showed that both compounds exhibited incomplete transitions from the paramagnetic {FeIIILS(μ-CN)CoIIHS} state to the diamagnetic {FeIILS(μ-CN)CoIIILS} state at about 200 K. The luminescence measurement of 1 in solution revealed an enhancement of the emission upon dilution or addition of perfluoronaphthalene (PFN) molecules, which could be attributed to the suppression of the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect, suggesting possible aggregation of the cube units in the solution.

Sustainable usage and the positive environmental impact of wastewater dry sludge-based concrete

The paper examined the application of dry sludge in lightweight concrete and the associated environmental risk. Population growth has led to an increase in residential and commercial wastewater sludge production. The sludge is deposited to a designated landfill, rendering the area useless and posing a significant environmental concern. The need for lightweight materials in the construction sector has resulted in the replacement of dry sludge for the basic components of concrete. The dry sludge came from the WWTPs in Polokwane, Limpopo Province, was used as a partial replacement for sand (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5%) in concrete. The samples prepared were cured in wastewater and potable water. The results showed that the partial substitution of sand with 7.5% dry sludge in the concrete mixture reached the desired strength of 25 MPa and can be employed in lightweight structural applications. Concrete cube unit weight reduced by 0.8, 2.3, 2.6, 3.9, and 4.6% compared to the control sample when 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10, and 12.5% of the sand was substituted with sludge. Concrete samples were submerged in iodine water for 28, 90, and 140 days to test the leaching of soluble metals. The levels of heavy metals in leachate were far lower than what the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers to be safe, under their Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP) standards. EDX examination of sludge-based concrete showed a considerable reduction in metal weight percentage, the concentration of calcium increased by 69% due to the cement content; and the blending aggregates lowered silicon, aluminium, iron, and potassium by 33.3, 66.9, 34.2, and 77.8%. Therefore, wastewater may be utilized as a concrete curing medium, and sludge-based concrete can be used for simple structural repairs at WWTPs.

Sandwich structures with repairable cores based on truncated cube cells

With dramatic increase in 3D printing applications in industry, sandwich panels with 3D printed cores have gained a lot of attention recently. In harmony with global movement towards sustainability and low-carbon emission industries, sandwich panels with easy-to-repair and cost-effective cores would be very attractive structures. In this regard, implementing separated cells for constructing lattice structures instead of using back-to-back lattice structures makes repairing local damages in the core easier and more cost-effective. Ideally, a damaged cell can be replaced with an intact new cell without the need to change the whole core structure. In this study, mechanical responses of a single truncated cube unit cell, a well-known geometry for constructing regular lattices has been studied analytically, numerically, and experimentally. Analytical relationships were derived for stiffness, yield stress, and Poisson's ratio of a single unit cell. Samples were 3D printed and tested mechanically in large deformation regime. A good agreement between results from analytical derivations, numerical simulations, and experiments was observed. It was shown that an equilateral truncated cube structure has a yield stress at least twice of that for a simple cube structure. Three types of repairable sandwich panels with different uniform core densities as well as four graded cores were studied as well. The functionally graded sandwich panels presented the best performance while considering both energy absorption capacity and mass. The best functionally graded sandwich panels (Type 4) showed an increase in specific energy absorption (SEA) by almost 21% and a decrease in maximum displacement by 2.5% with respect to the second-ranking best option.

Spatial Bessel-like beams along arbitrary convex trajectories based on a 3D-printed metasurface.

A 3D-printed all-dielectric metasurface is presented in this Letter which can generate an accelerating beam with a circularly symmetric non-spreading transverse profile that can propagate along arbitrary convex trajectories. The curved trajectory is mapped to the corresponding direct-space spatial phases by the basic cube units with different geometrical heights. The required phase distribution is derived in detail based on the enveloping theory of differential geometry and the Bessel beam generation method. A metasurface with a preset trajectory is simulated and measured to demonstrate the validity of the phase distribution calculated by the proposed theory. The full-wave simulation and measurement results verify that the Bessel-like beam whose intensity follows a curved (off-axis) trajectory can be produced by the proposed metasurface. The generated hybrid beam merges the advantages of non-accelerating and accelerating diffractive-free beams. Therefore, the proposed metasurface has great potential in ultrahigh-speed communication, secure communication, near-field imaging, wireless energy transmission applications, and so on. The all-dielectric characteristic provides the proposed metasurface with the competitive advantages of low cost and easy large-scale processing.

A Ternary Seismic Metamaterial for Low Frequency Vibration Attenuation.

Structural vibration induced by low frequency elastic waves presents a great threat to infrastructure such as buildings, bridges, and nuclear structures. In order to reduce the damage of low frequency structural vibration, researchers proposed the structure of seismic metamaterial, which can be used to block the propagation of low frequency elastic wave by adjusting the frequency range of elastic wave propagation. In this study, based on the concept of phononic crystal, a ternary seismic metamaterial is proposed to attenuate low frequency vibration by generating band gaps. The proposed metamaterial structure is periodically arranged by cube units, which consist of rubber coating, steel scatter, and soft matrix (like soil). The finite element analysis shows that the proposed metamaterial structure has a low frequency band gap with 8.5 Hz bandwidth in the range of 0–20 Hz, which demonstrates that the metamaterial can block the elastic waves propagation in a fairly wide frequency range within 0–20 Hz. The frequency response analysis demonstrates that the proposed metamaterial can effectively attenuate the low frequency vibration. A simplified equivalent mass–spring model is further proposed to analyze the band gap range which agrees well with the finite element results. This model provides a more convenient method to calculate the band gap range. Combining the proposed equivalent mass–spring model with finite element analysis, the effect of material parameters and geometric parameters on the band gap characteristic is investigated. This study can provide new insights for low frequency vibration attenuation.

ANALISIS PERUBAHAN GARIS PANTAI AKIBAT PENGARUH PEMASANGAN GROPOZAG (Studi Kasus Pantai Neuhen, Aceh Besar)

At the present time, a lot of researchs and treatments have been carried out by experts to minimize the bad effects due to erosion and sedimentation, including the application of groin. Beach structure of the groyne generally used on the Indonesia beaches is groin solid model (impermeable) in which no water can pass the groin. The various types, configuration, material, and height of groin have been applied in Aceh. One of the types is porous zig-zag type groin (gropozag). This type had been tested both as physical model in the laboratory and numerical model. However, the performance application in the field had been rarely carried out. This paper aims to determine the effect of the gropozag application on the coastline changes in the Neuheun Beach. The groin was made of cubes arranged in a zigzag pattern. The size of a unit cube was 1m x 1m x1m with several holes on either side. The upper side was open and the bottom side was completely closed without any holes. Several cube units were assembled into a single groyne series and placed perpendicular to the coast. The observation carried out was without gropozag condition year 2017 and after gropozag installation tear 2019. Output of the research showed that the Gropozag application affected the coastline changes in the left and right area of the Gropozag. The erosion carried out in the left side of the gropozag which was affected by the waves from northeast was higher than the right side of the gropozag. Keywords : coastline change, sedimentation, erosion, groin, gropozag

Facilitating Students’ Multiple Intelligences through RME: A Learning Trajectory of Volume and Surface Area Measurement

This is a design research which aims to describe the learning trajectory of volume and surface area of rectangular prism by considering the involvement of the multiple intelligences-based activities within the realistic mathematics education (RME) learning activity. A total of 39 students of grade five at an elementary school in Sidoarjo, Indonesia were involved in teaching experiment phase. By collecting data through documentation, interviews, and classroom observations, the Hypothetical Learning Trajectory which was developed in pilot experiment was then revised to get a revised learning trajectory reported in this paper. Such a revised learning trajectory are the learning activities around drawing the nets of cube and cuboids through rolling activity, comparing surface are and volume of two models with different sizes, finding surface area using the constructed nets, building miniature buildings using cube unit model, predicting the number cube units in a box, constructing various models of cuboids to various sizes using particular number of cube units, rearranging a number of cube units arrangements with different layers to get different volume and surface area, and comparing the volumes of two rectangular prism made from the same rectangular model of paper. Lastly, at the ‘formal level’ students developed their informal knowledge into formal concepts of volume and surface area of rectangular prism, which in this case is cuboid and cube.

Development of a gaming application for a customized eight-processor device with a tangible interface

We consider some functions used in modern gadgets, in particular, the split screen, and the possibilities to employ gyroscope and accelerometer using an example of a customized gaming device, Wowcube. This device is a smart toy with tangible interface and is an analogue of a portable console with its potential going beyond launching applications only. The design of a firmware complex of a customized eight-processor gadget with a tangible interface is described. The structure of a data batch exchanged by the units of the complex to ensure synchronization is presented. The method of exchanging messages and the message lifetime are described. The commands used to exchange messages between the unit and the launched application are described. A list of the commands used by the platform and applications is determined. In order to determine the topology of the cube unit network, an example of operation of the message exchange system between the platform and an application, as well as between the units, is considered. An application for the customized computer complex has been developed using an SDK. The developed application takes into account the specific features and limitations of the device. The process of interaction of the device elements is described using this application as an example. Operation of the main menu of the device is presented. Means of the user’s interaction with the tangible interface are described.

Flow and Thermal Transport Through Unit Cell Topologies of Cubic and Octahedron Families

Advancements in Additive Manufacturing (AM) routes have opened several opportunities for manufacturing complex porous structures which could not have been manufactured by the conventional foaming process that essentially results in unit cells represented as Tetrakaidecahedron (TKD) shape. The regular open-cell lattices belonging to the cubic and octahedron family of structures provide wide spectrum of porosity, pore-density, permeability and surface area-to-volume ratios. These complex cell topologies can potentially be manufactured additively, making the realization of above-mentioned properties possible. For efficient heat exchanger designs, the reticulated structures made from these unit cells are expected to have higher permeability, porosity, effective thermal conductivity and interstitial heat transfer coefficient. A detailed understanding of local flow and heat transport characteristics is necessary to design unit cells with such properties. To this end, four different metal foam unit cell topologies have been investigated in the present study, viz. Tetrakaidecahedron (TKD), Cube, FD-Cube and Octet. The Cube and FD-Cube unit cell topologies investigated in the present study belong to the cubic family, where the fibers are present only along the edges and face of the unit cell volume. The TKD and Octet configurations belong to the octahedron class of lattices, where complex connectivity exists within the unit cell volume. To allow for direct comparison between these three unit cells, circular fibers are chosen, which is different from the general TKD cells (tricuspid cross-sections). The porosity was fixed 0.986 which dictated the fiber dimensions of respective unit cells, with Octet fibers being thinnest. Direct simulations have been carried out with periodic boundary conditions on unit cell faces which were parallel to the flow. Such configurations when reticulated in three dimensions are representative of porous structures which are single-cell thick in the streamwise direction. These foam shapes have been proven to be very efficient as they do not allow the thermal boundary layer development. Flow and heat transfer results obtained for above boundary conditions have also been compared with the periodic boundary condition on all the faces.The direct simulation results include pressure drop per unit length and volumetric Nusselt number (corresponding to constant heat flux and constant wall temperature boundary conditions on fibers). Flow stagnation on fibers was the main contributor for both, pressure drop increase, and interstitial heat transfer enhancement. TKD unit cell had higher flow losses and thermal performance than FD-Cube. Octet (octahedron family) configuration had the highest flow losses as well as Nusselt number compared to all other unit cell topologies, because of the large surface area offered for flow stagnation.

Mechanistic approach of Goss abnormal grain growth in electrical steel: Theory and argument

The first Si-Fe electrical steel was produced in 1905, and the grain-oriented steel was discovered in 1930 after Goss demonstrated how optimal combinations of heat treatment and cold rolling could produce a texture giving Si-Fe strip good magnetic properties when magnetised along its rolling direction. This technology has reduced the power loss in transformers greatly and remains the basis of the manufacturing process today. Since then many postulations reported on the mechanism on abnormal grain growth (AGG) which is the key for Si-Fe superior magnetic properties, however, none have provided a concrete understanding of this phenomenon. Here, we established and demonstrated a new theory that underlines the fundamental mechanistic approach of abnormal grain growth in 3% Si-Fe steel. It is demonstrated, that the external heat flux direction applied during annealing and Si atom positions in the solid solution disordered α-Fe cube unit cell that cause lattice distortions and BCC symmetry reduction are the most influential factors in the early stage of Goss AGG than what was previously thought to be dislocation related stored energy, grain boundary characteristics and grain size/orientation advantages.

PENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA DENGAN MODEL DISCOVERY LEARNING MELALUI MEDIA KUBUS SATUAN PADA SISWA KELAS V SDN KAUMAN 1 MALANG

This study aimed to improve students’ learning outcomes of mathematics by using learning discovery models through the media of the cube unit in class V students of SDN Kauman 1 Malang City. Students still faced difficulty in developing the concept of building volume (cubes and cuboid). The form of research conducted in this study used Classroom Action Research (CAR) design developed by Kemmis and Mc. Taggart. The subjects in this study were 32 students of fifth-grade students of SDN Kauman 1 Malang in 2018/2019. This research was conducted in two cycles, namely, cycle I and cycle II. Data collection techniques employed interviews, tests, and observations. The data from the research results obtained through the process of interviews, tests, and observations. In the first cycle the students’ mathematics learning outcomes increased that was based on the results of the cycle, with the average value of students at 66.72 increased to be 78.28 in the first cycle, and 92.28 in the second cycle with the percentage of completeness of 40.62% in the cycle, it changed 62.50% in the first cycle and 87.50% in the second cycle. Thus, the study yielded the result showing that the model of learning discovery through media cube unit can improve students' mathematics learning outcomes.