Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate Crystals Research Articles

Improving fourth harmonic generation performance by elevating the operation temperature of ADP crystal.

In current inertial confinement fusion (ICF) facilities, potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4, KDP) type crystals are the only nonlinear optical (NLO) materials that can satisfy the aperture requirement of the ICF laser driver. Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH4H2PO4, ADP) crystal is a typical isomer of KDP crystal, with a large nonlinear optical coefficient, high ultraviolet transmittance, and large growth sizes, which is an important deep ultraviolet (UV) NLO material. In this paper, we investigated the effect of ADP temperature on its fourth-harmonic-generation (FHG) performance. When the temperature of the ADP crystal was elevated to 48.9 °C, the 90° phase-matched FHG of the 1064 nm laser was realized. Compared with the 79° phase-matched FHG at room temperature (23.0 °C), the output energy at 266 nm, conversion efficiency, angular acceptance, and laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) increased 113%, 71%, 623%, 19.6%, respectively. It shows that elevating ADP temperature is an efficient method to improve its deep UV frequency conversion properties, which may also be available to other NLO crystals. This discovery provides a very valuable technology for the future development of UV, deep UV lasers in ICF facilities.

Lithium and Cesium Doping on the Properties of ZTS Crystals (Tris (Thiourea) Zinc (II) Sulphate)

The influence of alkali metals (Cs and Li) doping on the properties and crystal growth of tris(thiourea)zinc(II)sulphate crystals by slow evaporation solution growth technique at 30ºC has been investigated. Each metals as dopant incorporate into the crystal lattice even at its low concentrations is well confirmed by energy dispersive X – ray spectroscopy (EDS). In the powder X –ray diffraction (XRD), high intense peaks are observed for all doped specimens due to stress developed in the crystal because of doping when compared to pure one. Single crystal XRD reveals a nominal increase in the cell parameter values of the doped samples compared to pure. Presence of each alkali metal (Li, Cs) quantitatively is confirmed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) technique. It is interesting to observe the enhancement of fluorescence intensity of pure ZTS by the dopant in the photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The grown crystals are also characterized by FT-IR, UV-Visible and TG/DSC methods. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency, an essential character required for the single crystals to identify the non-linear optical (NLO) property, was performed by kurtz powder technique. 2.The characterization results of influence of various concentration of Mn (II) ion on the properties and crystalline perfection of ammoniumdihydrogenphosphate (ADP) crystal are presented. Using water as a solvent pure, 1 and 20 mol % of Mn (II) ion in the form manganese (II) sulphate added ADP crystals are prepared by slow evaporation solution growth technique (SEST). Well faceted grown crystals are characterised by different experimental techniques. The presence of Mn (II) in the doped specimens is confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) technique. High resolution X- ray diffraction (HRXRD) study of the doped samples when compared with the pure ADP crystal reveals interesting features. In the single crystal XRD studies, the dopants have not altered the lattice parameter values and the crystal system of pure ADP. Reduction in the intensity of peaks is observed in the powder XRD of all the doped samples. It is interesting to enhancement of fluorescence intensity of pure ADP by the dopants in the photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The surface morphology of the crystals is studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The grown crystals are also characterized by FT-IR, UV-Vis and TG/DTA methods. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency, which is an essential character required for the single crystals to identify the nonlinear optical (NLO) property, is performed by Kurtz powder technique. Increasing in concentrations of dopant enhance the SHG efficiency of ADP crystal.

Impact of forced convective heat transfer on temperature uniformity and frequency doubling efficiency in large aperture ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystals

With advancements in optical technology, the large-aperture ADP crystals have grown significantly used in high-power laser systems. Ensuring their optimal performance in such applications necessitates effective control over the temperature uniformity of crystals, this research primarily delves into the influence of forced convective heat transfer on the temperature uniformity of ADP crystals and examines the subsequent effects on the frequency-doubling efficiency of crystals. Thus, this study developed a fan-forced convective heating scheme that was tailored for large-aperture ADP crystals and scrutinized pivotal factors impacting the temperature distribution of the crystal. By integrating numerical simulations with experimental approaches, the flow field and temperature field distribution patterns were discerned at varying fan tilt angles. Additionally, the distribution of the crystal's frequency doubling efficiency was determined. The results showcased that with a fan tilt angle set at 30.0°, the ADP crystal's temperature uniformity achieved a measure of 0.03 °C, and the frequency doubling conversion efficiency peaked at 87.0 %. A reduction in the cavity length to 800 mm further refined the crystal's temperature uniformity, bringing it down to 0.02 °C. This study demonstrated that forced convection can markedly augment the temperature uniformity of the crystal. These insights are invaluable to the domains of optical applications and crystal engineering, paving the way for enhanced performance and application of ADP crystals in controlled nuclear fusion reaction devices.

Investigation on growth, spectral, hardness, piezoelectric, contact angle, optical stress and nonlinear optical properties of acid blue 22 dye on ADP single crystals

Reclusive single crystals of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) and 0.1[Formula: see text]mol.% Acid Blue 22 dye-incorporated ADP were harvested by using a standard slow cooling mechanism. The skeletal framework of the anisotropic materials was analyzed by using single crystal X-ray diffraction cram. The powder X-ray diffraction examines the phase growth and incorporation of substituents in the crystalline matrices. The incorporation of additives in the system was examined by employing Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The analysis of vibrational bands gives insights into the incorporation of additives in ADP crystal system. The transmission window of the specimen and optical bandgap of the given material were analyzed by using UV–Vis spectroscopic analysis. The incorporation of additives to parent crystals was examined by using Scanning Electron Microscope. The quantification of elements in the grown specimen was investigated by using Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The mechanical rigidity of the material was inspected by using Vickers microhardness analysis. The piezoelectric charge coefficient of dye-incorporated ADP is higher than pristine ADP. The wettability of the material was identified by contact angle measurements. The optical stress was identified by employing photoelastic measurements. The second- and third-order nonlinear optical properties of pristine and dye-incorporated ADP crystals were investigated by using Kurtz–Perry powder technique and Z-scan technique.

An extensive investigation of crystalline, nonlinear, piezoelectric, optical, phase purity and electro-optic properties of doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals

Pure single crystals of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) and crystals containing 1, 3, and 5[Formula: see text]mol% of itaconic acid (ITA) were generated by the slow evaporation of an aqueous solution. With the help of powder X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, we were able to show that doping puts a lot of stress on crystals. According to the of Vickers microhardness results, the addition of ITA causes the ADP to have a greater degree of abrasiveness. The SHG efficiency of ITA-doped ADP is greater than that of pure ADP. The presence of dopant was established using the energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The [Formula: see text]-scan method was used to investigate the third-order nonlinear optical characteristics of ITA–ADP crystals formed by the slow evaporation method on a variety of planes. A He–Ne laser with a wavelength of 632.8[Formula: see text]nm was used to carry out the investigation. The nonlinear absorption coefficient, nonlinear refractive index, and third-order nonlinear susceptibility of the ITA–ADP crystals were also plotted in detail. The piezoelectric charge coefficient of pure ADP is lower than that of the ITA-doped ADP. Analysis of the electro-optic investigation reveals lesser half-wave voltage of doped ADP.

Effect of various nanoparticle fillers on the thermal contact resistance (TCR) between crystals and aluminium alloys materials

This study fills a gap in how various nanoparticle fillers affect the thermal contact resistance (TCR) of the thermal material interface between different materials. Thermal interface materials (TIMs) provide a vital method for the reduction of thermal contact resistance and can greatly improve thermal conductivity between surfaces in contact. This study investigates the working characteristics of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystals and aluminium alloy (5A06) in an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) device, where TIMs with a thermally conductive silicone grease QM850 as the base was prepared and doped with five different types of nanoparticles. The effects of nanoparticle type, volume ratio, and surface roughness of the aluminium alloy on TCR were determined through experimental analysis. The results demonstrate that, when the volume ratio of nanoparticles in TIMs is held constant, TCR decreases as the thermal conductivity of nanoparticles increases. TCR reaches its lowest value at a volume ratio of 30% but increases significantly due to agglomeration effects when the ratio exceeds this point. The aluminium alloy's surface roughness also impacts TCR, but the addition of nanocomposites with varying volume content as TIMs can effectively mitigate this effect. This study provides valuable theoretical support for reductions in TCR between metal and crystal materials, which can significantly affect the thermal structural design of crystal modules.

Antisolvent crystallization of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) from aqueous solutions containing Al(III) and Fe(III) impurities by addition of ethanol

Experimental results of a study of the effect of concentration of Al(III) and Fe(III) ions on the metastable zone width (MSZW) of aqueous ADP saturated solutions, as determined by the maximum antisolvent content Δxmax in them for spontaneous three-dimensional (3D) nucleation, by feeding ethanol antisolvent to them at different rates RA and the nucleation and growth of crystals from these solutions are described and discussed. Crystal structure and segregation coefficients of impurity in the crystals were also studied by X-ray diffraction analysis and microwave plasma atomic absorption spectrometry, respectively. It was observed that: (1) the value of Δxmax for spontaneous 3D nucleation increases with an increase in ethanol feeding rate RA as well as impurity concentration ci, (2) the morphology and size of the ADP crystals changes with an increase in impurity concentration ci and antisolvent feeding rate RA, and (3) the effective segregation coefficients keff of the impurities in ADP crystals at a constant RA of ethanol feeding decreases with an increase in impurity concentration ci in the solution. The experimental data of the dependence of Δxmax on RA for solutions containing different impurity concentration ci were analyzed according to the approach based on the classical theory for 3D nucleation to calculate values of the preexponential factor A and the effective interfacial energy γeff of the theory, those of the morphology of ADP crystals from consideration of adsorption of impurity particles on the surfaces of growing crystals, and those of the dependence of segregation coefficient keff of the impurities on their concentration ci in the solution using a model based on competitive adsorption of solute and impurity molecules. It is argued that the formation of 3D nuclei of ADP during MSZW measurements and growth of these ADP nuclei as large crystals from aqueous solutions containing impurities and segregation of impurities in the crystals may be explained from consideration of different rates of ligand exchange of the surface-adsorbed complexes formed by interaction between univalently-charged cation complex present in aqueous solution and the H2PO4− ions of kinks in steps.

Crystal growth, structural, optical, photoluminescence, electrical and third-order nonlinear optical studies of pure and methylene blue dye-doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate crystals

Crystal growth, structural, optical, photoluminescence, electrical and third-order nonlinear optical studies of pure and methylene blue dye-doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate crystals

Phase transition dielectric properties in order–disorder antiferroelectric NH[formula omitted](H[formula omitted]PO[formula omitted]) (ADP) crystal

A modified four sublattice pseudospin lattice coupled model Hamiltonian by adding extra spin–lattice interaction, direct spin–spin interaction has been used to study dielectric properties for ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystal. Using the double-time temperature-dependent Green’s function method, the expressions for soft mode frequency, dielectric permittivity and loss tangent have been derived. By fitting the model values of various physical parameters, the thermal variations of the above quantities are calculated and compared with the experimental results. Our theoretical obtained results are in good agreement with experimental data.

The influence of l-ornithine monohydrochloride on growth and various properties of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate crystals

In the present work, an aim is to investigate the influence of l-Ornithine monohydrochloride (LOMHCl) doping on structural, optical and electrical properties of pure ADP crystals. It is analyzed by following various characterizations. Pure and LOMHCl doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystals have been grown by using slow solvent evaporation technique at room temperature in dust free laboratory. The powder XRD patterns show the single phase nature of pure and doped ADP crystals. The average crystallite size and strain are found from X-ray peak broadening analysis. The UV–Vis spectra indicate slight decrement in the transmittance and band gap values of doped ADP crystals. The SHG efficiency of doped ADP crystals found to increase compared to pure ADP and pure KDP. Z-scan analysis shows increased nonlinear optical properties of doped ADP crystals. The dielectric constant and loss plots show usual behavior with respect to frequency and reduction in the values of doped ADP. The Jonscher's power is studied for ac conductivity. The complex impedance and modulus plots show single semicircle for both pure and doped ADP due to grain contribution only. The stretch exponent parameter values indicate the non-Debye type relaxation process.

Effect of Al(III) impurity on the crystallization of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) from aqueous solutions by cooling method

The experimental results of a study of the effect of concentration of Al(III) ions on the metastable zone width (MSZW) of aqueous ammonium dihydrogen phosphate [NH4H2PO4; ADP] solutions saturated at 45 °C by cooling them at different rates and the growth morphology of the crystals from these solutions are described and discussed. Crystal structure and segregation coefficients of impurity in the crystals were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis and microwave plasma atomic absorption spectrometry, respectively. It was observed that: (1) the value of MSZW of the solutions increases both with increase in cooling rate RL as well as impurity concentration ci, (2) impurity leads to a change in the lattice parameters of the crystal samples but their tetragonal crystal system I 4¯ 2d space group remain unchanged, (3) the morphology and size of ADP crystals changes with an increase in the concentration ci of the Al(III) ions and the cooling rate RL, and (4) segregation coefficient of Al(III) impurity in the crystals decreases with an increase in impurity concentration ci in the solution. It was found that: (1) simple solute-supply-based model for MSZW based on the classical nucleation theory satisfactorily describes the MSZW data and enables to establish trends of the dependence of the preexponential factor A and the effective solution–solution interfacial energy γeff on Al(III) concentration in the solution, (2) the observed morphology of ADP crystals is related to the available supersaturation in the solution created by the applied cooling rate RL, and the supersaturation σ available for the crystal growth is more at high cooling rate RL of the solutions and the value of σ increases with impurity content ci in the solution, and (3) bare Al(III) ions are trapped in the ADP lattice at interstitial sites.

Assessment of sustainability on structure-optical properties of prismatic face ADP crystal at dynamic shocked conditions

In the present research article, we have performed an extensive experimental investigation on the structural and linear optical properties of the prismatic face ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystals under the impact of shock waves of various counts such that the crystals have been analyzed by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopic, Ultra-violet Visible spectroscopic and optical microscopic techniques. XRD and Raman results clearly show that the shocked ADP crystals have undergone significant changes such as lattice deformations, lattice disorders giving rise to the structural disorders and significant reduction in optical transmittance with respect to the number of shock pulses. Optical microscopic images also authenticate the formation of defective surface morphology at shocked conditions. Furthermore, we have made the comparison of the optical transmission of the prismatic face with the previously published pyramidal face ADP crystal with respect to the number of shock pulses.

Effect of TGS on crystal growth and properties of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP)

Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) is an excellent inorganic nonlinear optical material having scalenohedral class of tetragonal structure provides order disorder phase tansitions used in various instrumental applications. Good quality of pure and three different wt% of TGS doped ADP single crystals have been grown by natural evaporation method at room temperature. The structural, optical and dielectric characterization of as-grown pure and doped ADP crystals was made using powder XRD, UV–Vis and dielectric spectroscopy. Band gap energies of the pure and doped crystals have been calculated at cut off frequencies using the UV–Vis spectrum analysis. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the grown crystals is measures using VNA with frequency ranges 200 MHz to 20 GHz at room temperature.

Study of Dielectric Constant of Glycine Doped Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate (ADP) Crystal

To enhance the properties of Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystals, it has been doped with simplest amino acid, Glycine. ADP with Glycine dopant and Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystals have been grown by slow conventional, rotation and SR methods and subjected to dielectric characteristics. The dielectric constant has been measured which increases with rise in temperature for pure ADP crystals and conventional, rotation and SR method grown Glycine doped ADP crystals. It is beingnoted that doped crystals have higher dielectric constant than pure ADP crystal and found to agree with the reported values. SR method grown crystals were found to possess highest dielectric constant among all the grown crystals. Higher dielectric constant directs that the grown crystalspossess good crystalline quality with lesser defects.

Second harmonic generation, optical, thermal, piezoelectric and mechanical properties of adipic acid-doped ADP crystals

Single crystals of pure and 2[Formula: see text]mol.% adipic acid (hexanedioic acid) -doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) were grown by conventional slow evaporation of aqueous solution technique. The powder X-ray diffraction and FT-IR analyses indicate that the crystals undergo considerable stress as a result of doping. UV–Vis studies show that the absorption of the adipic acid-doped crystals is less than that of pure ADP. Thermal studies (TG/DTG) disclose that the decomposition temperature of doped ADP is more than that of pure ADP. Vicker’s microhardness study reveals that the addition of adipic acid increases the hardness of the ADP. SHG efficiency and piezoelectric charge coefficient of adipic acid-doped ADP are higher than that of pure ADP.

The influence of Mn (II) – Doping on the non-linear optical properties and crystalline perfection of ADP crystals

The characterization results of influence of various concentration of Mn (II) ion on the properties and crystalline perfection of ammonium di hydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystal are presented. Using water as a solvent, pure and 1, 5, 10 and 20 mol % of Mn (II) ion in the form manganese (II) sulphate added ADP crystals are prepared by slow evaporation solution growth technique (SEST). Well faceted grown crystals are characterised by different experimental techniques. The presence of Mn (II) in the doped specimens is confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) technique. The surface morphology of the crystals is studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The grown crystals are also characterized by FT-IR, UV–Vis and TG/DTA methods. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency, which is an essential character required for the single crystals to identify the nonlinear optical (NLO) property, is performed by Kurtz powder technique. Moderate concentrations of dopant enhance the SHG efficiency of ADP crystal.

FTIR spectral analysis of glycine doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystal

Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate crystals doped with Glycine (GADP) has been grown by slow evaporation method, Rotation method and Sankaranarayanan - Ramasamy (SR) methods with different molar concentration. The Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) studies have been investigated on the as grown GADP crystals. The FTIR spectrum shows the interaction between ADP and the dopant by the additional peaks which corresponds to the functional groups of Glycine. The standard spectrum statistics of FTIR confirms the presence of all the functional groups. The spectrum for ADP crystals doped with Glycine grown by Rotation and SR methods have similar peaks with slight variation as that of conventional slow evaporation method grown Glycine doped ADP crystals.

An Investigation on Thermophysical and Dielectric Properties of Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate Single Crystal for Opto-electronic Device Applications

Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystal utilizes several applications such as Q-switching, electro-optical, and second harmonic generation in nonlinear optics. In the present article, a good-quality single crystal of ADP was grown via Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy (SR) method for the dimension of 120 mm in length and 12 mm in diameter. The grown ADP crystal is used for diverse characterizations like FTIR spectral study, Vickers microhardness, second harmonic generation, photoluminescence, and chemical etching analysis. The photoacoustic spectroscopy analysis was used to study the thermal diffusivity of the sample. Thermal transport properties of the crystal are required for all types of heat transfer incidences and furthermore used in several applications like acousto-optical, Nd:YAG, and Nd:YLF lasers. A dielectric property was investigated for the grown crystal with dissimilar temperatures, and it was apt for electro-optical and Q-switching applications.

High-efficiency, fifth-harmonic generation of a joule-level neodymium laser in a large-aperture ammonium dihydrogen phosphate crystal.

High-energy deep ultraviolet (UV) sources are required for high-density plasma diagnostics. The fifth-harmonic generation of large-aperture neodymium lasers in ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) can significantly increase UV energies due to the availability of large ADP crystals. Noncritical phase matching in ADP for (ω + 4ω) was achieved by cooling a 65 × 65-mm crystal in a two-chamber cryostat to 200 K. The crystal chamber used helium as the thermally conductive medium between the crystal and the crystal chamber, which was surrounded by a high-vacuum chamber with a liquid nitrogen reservoir. A temperature variation of 0.2 K across the crystal aperture was obtained. The total conversion efficiency from the fundamental to the fifth harmonic at 211 nm was 26%.

Phase stability analysis of shocked ammonium dihydrogen phosphate by X-ray and Raman scattering studies

Abstract Impact of shock waves on non-linear optical materials bring about a lot of unknown behaviors of materials and such kinds of shock wave recovery experiments are highly required for the better understanding of material-property relationship. In the present context, we have performed experiments on the impact of structural properties of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) samples under shock wave loaded conditions and the results of the test samples have been evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, diffused reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and field emission scanning electron microscopic (FESEM) technique. Interestingly, prismatic face of ADP shows loss of degree of crystallinity whereas pyramidal face shows enhancement of crystalline nature with respect to number of shock pulses due to shock wave induced dynamic re-crystallization. Hence, the present problem is worthy enough to unearth and understand the anisotropic nature of the ADP crystal and their structural modifications at shock wave loaded conditions.