Formation Of Crystalline Phases Research Articles

Quercetin-Glycolic Acid Cocrystalization Using Solvent Evaporation and Slurry Methods

Quercetin is a flavonoid compound with the highest antioxidant activity and has the potential to treat various diseases. However, quercetin has poor solubility in water which causes low bioavailability of the drug in the body. One of the modifications that can be made to improve the solubility of a drug is solid modification, for example cocrystals. Cocrystal is a crystalline system between drug and coformer which interacts through hydrogen bonding. Glycolic acid is a compound that can function as a coformer because it has functional groups that have the potential to interact through hydrogen bonds with quercetin molecules. Quercetin-glycolic acid cocrystals were prepared in two molar ratios, namely 1:1 and 1:2, and through two methods of preparation, namely solvent evaporation and slurry. The results of the crystallinity analysis and thermal analysis of the sample indicated that a new solid phase was formed in the sample that was specific and different from the two constituent components. Samples with a molar ratio of 1:2 and the slurry preparation method are known to be samples with the most optimal new crystalline phase formation.

Phosphate's second life: Upcycling phosphogypsum and clay by-product through acid geopolymer technology

The present study explores the repurposing of large amounts of phosphoric acid by-products, specifically phosphogypsum (PG), by evaluating its effectiveness as a precursor in acid-activated geopolymer technology. Geopolymers were elaborated using PG and calcined clays, activated with phosphoric acid. The research focused on evaluating the mechanical properties and microstructure of these geopolymers after a 28-day curing period. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the formation of new crystalline phases, including brushite, newberite, and berlinite. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of P-O and Si-O-Al bonds, indicative of successful geopolymerization. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging demonstrated a dense, cohesive microstructure in optimized samples. Based on the response surface methodology, the study identified optimal conditions for maximum compressive strength: 28.83% PG content, 14.39mol/L phosphoric acid concentration, and a curing temperature of 72.45°C. This optimized formulation produced a dense, cohesive microstructure with a notable compressive strength of 21.46MPa. The leaching test confirmed that no harmful substances were released from the geopolymer samples. These results suggest that PG can be effectively recycled through geopolymer technology for use in the construction industry.

Limitation and Potential of Lignin-Assisted Stabilisation of Oriented Liquid Crystalline Cellulosic Mesophase

This study aimed at progressing in the fundamental understanding of the lignin-assisted microstructural stabilisation observed in solution-processed materials based on the polymer blend of hydroxypropyl cellulose and hardwood organosolv lignin. Mechanical analysis, polarised infrared spectroscopy and wide-angle X-ray scattering of shear cast blend films revealed that the effect of lignin on the flow-oriented cellulosic mesophase is also valid for blends composed of ethyl cellulose as liquid crystalline matrix polymer and lignin derived oligomers from base-catalysed depolymerisation as dispersed “microstructural cementing agent”. The results underline the significant role of the solvent diffusion between the continuous cellulosic and the dispersed lignin phase, which is ascribed to polymer-/oligomer-solvent interactions. An abundance of the solvent within the lignin phase caused the disruption of the microstructural stabilisation effect. The concept of a balanced proton-donor activity was introduced linking the solvent diffusion with the lyotropic liquid crystalline phase formation, the macro- and microstructural blend morphology and aspects regarding the solution processing.

High-Temperature Steam Oxidation and Surface Microstructure Evolution of Fe13Cr6Al(1–4)Mo0.15Y Alloys

The current study investigated the microstructure evolution and anti-corrosion behavior of low Y doping alloys of Fe13Cr6Al(1–4)Mo0.15Y subjected to high-temperature steam (800 °C to 1300 °C). The results indicate that steam oxidation induces the growth of high-quality oxidation film that is thermodynamically driven, with rapid increases in the thickness from 800 °C to 1300 °C without film convolution and spallation. The film convolution and spallation were successfully suppressed through on-site formation of the high-temperature stable ternary crystalline phase (Y2Mo3O12) and decreasing of the thickness of α-Al2O3 oxidation film during the fabrication and oxidation scenario. The on-site steam oxidation rate has been significantly suppressed, with lower weight gain and less oxidizing film convolution than monolithic FeCrAlMo alloy, through the addition of a low concentration of Y.

Photoluminescence and photocatalytic activity of sol gel synthesized Mg doped TiO2 nanoparticles

The influence of magnesium doping on the optical properties, structural characteristics, and photocatalytic performance of TiO2 nanoparticles was investigated. Pure and Mg-doped TiO2 nanoparticles with varying weight percentages of magnesium were synthesized via the sol–gel method, followed by calcination at 100 °C for 12 h and annealing at 400 °C for 2 h to promote crystallization. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses confirmed the formation of crystalline mixed phases of anatase and rutile TiO2 nanoparticles, exhibiting their crystalline nature upon synthesis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were employed to study the morphological features of the samples, while energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) provided insights into their elemental composition. Photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra revealed ultraviolet (UV) to visible region emission for both pure and doped TiO2 samples. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by monitoring the degradation of methyl orange under natural sunlight irradiation, elucidating the impact of visible light exposure. Furthermore, investigations were conducted to assess the influence of catalyst loading, initial dye concentration, and pH of the dye solution on the methyl orange removal efficiency. The 3 wt% Mg doped TiO2 exhibited 95 % of decolorization of Methyl Orange. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements was performed to verify the elemental composition and chemical valence states of each element. The scavenger test in photodegradation mechanism revealed that the main reactive species was superoxide species. The electron species resonance (ESR) measurement demonstrate that the synthesized sample shows the low spin state of Mg2+ in TiO2. The correlation between Mg doping on photocatalytic activity and crystal structure were studied. Theoretical calculations were performed to gain insights into the potential mechanism underlying the tuning of luminescent and photocatalytic properties of Mg-doped TiO2 nanoparticles, enabling a comprehensive discussion.

Anomalous release of indoles from amorphous solid dispersion formed with a polymeric network

AbstractAmorphous solid dispersion (ASDs) is a technique used in the pharmaceutical industry to enhance the solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Polymeric materials, and recently polymer gels form and stabilize the amorphous structure by inhibiting the aggregation/precipitation of such drugs. In this work indole, 5-aminoindole and 5-hydroxyindole loaded poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) hydrogels were studied. Swelling and uptake measurements, X-ray diffraction (XRD), liquid and solid phase nuclear magnetic spectroscopy (NMR) and high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were applied to understand the drug – matrix interactions affecting the release. We confirmed that the hydrogel fostered the fine uniform distribution of the hydrophobic probe molecules and successfully prevented any crystalline or amorphous phase formation during water removal, leading to a glassy solution, a special form of ASD. Despite the limited difference between their chemical composition the probe molecules showed dissimilar drug release behavior from dried loaded gel disks. While Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement Spectroscopy (NOESY) measurements revealed a “bidental” interaction between 5-hydroxiindole and the polymer, no localized interactions were found for indole. The release of the bidentally linked derivatives is rapid and complete: they act as molecular spacers, promoting the rehydration of the chains. In contrast, part of the indole remains irreversibly trapped being confined between the chains without any orientation, shedding light on the role of the steric consequences of the interaction. Our findings also indicate that such drug delivery compositions should be treated as ternary systems (carrier + drug + liquid) already in the design stages of drug release systems.

Photoluminescence studies of Sr3P4O13: Eu3+ phosphor prepared by wet chemical method: Structural properties, charge compensation via alkali metal ions and Judd-Ofelt analysis

The Sr3P4O13:Eu3+ phosphors co-doped with alkali metal ions (A+ = Li+, Na+ and K+) were prepared by wet chemical method. The comparison with standard JCPDS data confirmed the formation of a triclinic crystalline phase with P-1(2) space group for the Eu3+ doped Sr3P4O13 phosphor and co-doped with alkali metal ions. The Li+ co-doped Sr3P4O13:Eu3+ phosphor has comparatively sharp and intense XRD patterns. The scanning electron microstructural analysis confirmed the formation of the particles size of 5 -50 μm. The comparative study of photoluminescence properties depicted that the peak positions were similar for all the prepared samples. The photoluminescence analysis of Sr3P4O13:Eu3+ phosphors show the emission in the red-orange region under the excitation of 394 nm (7F0→5L6) wavelength. Further, the charge compensation using alkali metal ions shows the larger photoluminescence intensity observed in the case of the Li+ co-doped Sr3P4O13:Eu3+ phosphors suggesting that the Li+ ion is better charge compensator among the studied alkali metal ions. Further, Judd-Ofelt (J-O) parameters were estimated for the Sr3P4O13:Eu3+ phosphors and co-doped with alkali metal ions in a series of samples. The comparison of Sr3P4O13:Eu3+ phosphors co-doped with alkali metal ions alongwith the J-O estimated parameters have been presented in the article.

Surface Solid Dispersion of Ketoconazole on Trehalose Dihydrate using Spray Drying to Achieve Enhanced Dissolution Rate.

Ketoconazole (K) is a poorly water-soluble drug that faces significant challenges in achieving therapeutic efficacy. This study aimed to enhance the dissolution rate of ketoconazole by depositing spray-dried ketoconazole (SK) onto the surface of ground trehalose dihydrate (T) using spray drying. Ketoconazole-trehalose surface solid dispersions (SKTs) were prepared in ratios of 1:1 (SK1T1), 1:4 (SK1T4), and 1:10 (SK1T10), and characterized them using particle size analysis, scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and in vitro dissolution studies. Results showed that the dissolution rates of the dispersions were significantly higher than those of pure ketoconazole, with the 1:10 ratio showing the highest dissolution rate. The improved dissolution was attributed to the formation of a new crystalline phase and better dispersion of ketoconazole particles. These findings suggest that the surface solid dispersion approach could be a valuable method for enhancing the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs.

Effect of MgO on solidification crystallisation behaviour of high SiO2 content MnO–SiO2–Al2O3-based inclusions in Si–Mn-killed steel

Aiming at avoiding the formation of high-hardness crystalline phase in inclusions, the effect of MgO on the solidification crystallisation behaviour of high SiO2 content MnO–SiO2–Al2O3-based inclusions was investigated. The results showed that the high SiO2 content MnO–SiO2–Al2O3 inclusions precipitated the pure SiO2 phase during the solidification process. With the increase of MgO content in inclusions, the content of the SiO2 phase decreased continuously, while the MgSiO3 phase began to precipitate and the content increased gradually. Besides, 20 wt.% MgO content inclusions first precipitated the Mg2SiO4 phase, and the MgSiO3 phase was formed in the subsequent solidification process. Thermodynamic calculation results indicated that the beginning of crystallisation temperature first decreased and then increased with the increase of MgO content in inclusions. However, the calculation results were partially different from the experiment results, because inclusions became the undercooling system during solidification and led to crystallisation hysteresis. The increase of MgO content in inclusions decreased the content of bridging oxygen and resulted in the depolymerisation of complex network structures, which promoted the crystallisation of inclusions. Moreover, the crystalline phase formed in inclusions transformed along the route of “SiO2 phase–MgSiO3 phase–Mg2SiO4 phase” with the increase of MgO content in inclusions.

Influences of additives on the properties of geopolymer matrix composites (GMCS) for high-temperature applications (1150 °C)

In this study, the influence of different additives on a geopolymer matrix composite (GMC) was explored as an alternative to a ceramic matrix composite (CMC) for thermostructural applications. Different GMCs using an N610 textile (10 × 10 cm2) and various additives (SrCO3, BaCO3, BaSO4, MgO and Al2O3 and mullite-rich powder) were cured under 6 MPa at 120 °C for 2 h. The mechanical, microstructural and structural data of the composites were compared with those of the geopolymer matrix after thermal treatment at 1150 °C. The results showed that the addition of alkali-earth barium carbonate or sulfate to the geopolymer matrix facilitated the formation of alkali-earth aluminosilicate crystalline phases and a higher viscous flow apparition temperature (990 °C), which did not enhance its mechanical properties (50 MPa) due to poor impregnation of the textile. Refractory additives such as MgO and Al2O3 in the geopolymer matrix support fiber impregnation with a low-viscous-flow apparition temperature (865 °C) and the formation of crystalline phases such as forsterite, spinel and sapphirine, which act as reinforcements, allowing a flexural strength up to 80 MPa. The addition of a refractory compound, such as mullite, leads to better embedding of fibers and a flexural strength reaching 100 MPa. To conclude, mixing the geopolymer matrix with refractory compounds results in a successful thermo-structural geopolymer composite.

High thermal stability of the microwave dielectric properties of ZnNb2O6 with CaTiO3 addition

This paper presents a study of the dielectric properties of ZnNb2O6 (ZNO) with added CaTiO3 (CTO) in the microwave (MW) region. An X-ray diffraction analysis is performed, and a reaction between ZNO and CTO is demonstrated that results in the formation of other crystalline phases. The dielectric properties in the MW region show no significant change in permittivity (ε'r), whereas the addition of CTO results in an increase in the dielectric loss (tan δ). The thermal stability is also measured, and the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) is varied from −88.95 to −8.16 ppm °C−1. Numerical simulations are carried out to evaluate these materials for use as a dielectric resonator antenna, and the results show a reflection coefficient (|S11|) of below −10 dB, a radiation efficiency above 96 %, a bandwidth ranging from 100 to 170 MHz, and a gain of above 4.50 dBi. The values obtained here show that these materials could be employed in electronic devices acting in the C- and S-bands.

Micro-arc driven porous ZrO2 coating for tailoring surface properties of titanium for dental implants application

Titanium (Ti) is an ideal material for dental implants due to its excellent properties. However, corrosion and mechanical wear lead to Ti ions and particles release, triggering inflammatory responses and bone resorption. To overcome these challenges, surface modification techniques are used, including micro-arc oxidation (MAO). MAO creates adherent, porous coatings on Ti implants with diverse chemical compositions. In this context, zirconia element stands out in its wear and corrosion properties associated with low friction and chemical stability. Therefore, we investigated the impact of adding zirconium oxide (ZrO2) to Ti surfaces through MAO, aiming for improved electrochemical and mechanical properties. Additionally, the antimicrobial and modulatory potentials, cytocompatibility, and proteomic profile of surfaces were investigated. Ti discs were divided into four groups: machined – control (cpTi), treated by MAO with 0.04 M KOH – control (KOH), and two experimental groups incorporating ZrO2 at concentrations of 0.04 M and 0.08 M, composing the KOH@Zr4 and KOH@Zr8 groups. KOH@Zr8 showed higher surface porosity and roughness, even distribution of zirconia, formation of crystalline phases like ZrTiO4, and hydrophilicity. ZrO2 groups showed better mechanical performance including higher hardness values, lower wear area and mass loss, and higher friction coefficient under tribological conditions. The formation of a more compact oxide layer was observed, which favors the electrochemical stability of ZrO2 surfaces. Besides not inducing greater biofilm formation, ZrO2 surfaces reduced the load of pathogenic bacteria evidenced by the DNA-DNA checkerboard analysis. ZrO2 surfaces were cytocompatible with pre-osteoblastic cells. The saliva proteomic profile, evaluated by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, was slightly changed by zirconia, with more proteins adsorbed. KOH@Zr8 group notably absorbed proteins crucial for implant biological responses, like albumin and fibronectin. Incorporating ZrO2 improved the mechanical and electrochemical behavior of Ti surfaces, as well as modulated biofilm composition and provided suitable biological responses.

HIGH-TEMPERATURE PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE COMPOSITION “KAOLIN-DOLOMITE-ALUMINA”

The article presents the results of a study of phase transformations in sintered compositions “kaolin-dolomite-alumina”. It has been established that the nature of the location of melting isotherms on the triple diagram indicates the spread of neoformation processes into the region of the internal compositions of the triangle and the formation of crystalline phases of the mineral’s spinel, corundum, mullite. It is shown that based on alumina-containing waste and kaolin, as well as partially introduced dolomite, it is possible to develop compositions of low-temperature sintering ceramic masses for technical materials.

Study by transmition electron microscopy of Co-WC/Ni interface produced by solid state bonding

The microstructure of the interface and inter-diffusion behavior during bonding plays an important role to understand and to control the joining process for better mechanical properties of an interface. In this work, the microstructure of the formed interlayer between cermet WC-Co and metallic Ni after solid state bonding (the WC-Co/Ni interface) was analyzed by scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy, and characteristic energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The WC-Co/Ni joint was produced at 980°C for 25 minutes in argon atmosphere. For SEM observation, the samples were mechanically polished and etched. TEM samples were produced parallel (sample P), perpendicular (sample T) and oblique (sample TP) to the interface by focused ion beam (FIB). The EDS results indicate the inter-diffusion at the interface of W, Ni, Co and C and the segregation of Ni and Co, together with the formation of crystalline phases and an amorphous carbon layer. W follows a homogeneous diffusion while Ni and Co show a non-homogeneous diffusion behavior.

Growth of Ni-Ga oxalate nanoparticles on 3D current collector as a supercapacitive electrode

Metal oxalate materials have been explored for electrochemical energy storage (EES) applications. Herein, Ni-incorporated gallium oxalate (Ni-Ga-C2O4) based binder-free electrode was fabricated through a facile process. The electrode gathers the benefit of Ni foam contributed as a conductive substrate and also acting as a Ni source with binder-free approach. The Ni-Ga-C2O4 crystalline phase formation was confirmed through X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). The morphological properties and elemnetal quantification were studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron spectroscopy (TEM). Importantly, electrochemical energy storage investigation revealed the Ni-Ga-C2O4 electrode exhibits battery behavior with capacity retention of 85.5 % and possessed the highest specific capacity of 319 C g−1 at 1 A g−1. Overall, the additional contribution of Ni during the synthesis has boosted the physicochemical properties and electrochemical energy storage performance of the Ni-Ga-C2O4 electrode.

In-situ scattering and calorimetric studies of crystallization pathway and kinetics in a Cu-Zr-Al bulk metallic glass

The crystallization route and kinetics of a Cu-Zr-Al bulk metallic glass (BMG), based on Cu50Zr50, were investigated using in-situ synchrotron small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS), in-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The acquisition of kinetic diagrams of SAXS/WAXS enables the direct construction of the overall phase transformation route from room temperature to the onset temperature of solid state phase transformation upon heating. It is revealed that the studied alloy undergoes multiple steps (at least five steps) before reaching the high-temperature thermodynamic equilibrium. This is distinct from the commonly believed simple path of glass → Cu10Zr7 + CuZr2 → B2-CuZr predicted by the Cu-Zr equilibrium phase diagram. In addition to thermodynamics, we emphasize that kinetic factors play a prominent role in the phase transformation process of Cu-Zr-Al BMGs. Furthermore, isothermal crystallization kinetics analyses conducted by in-situ HEXRD and DSC indicate that the formation of the initial crystalline phase, specifically the Cu10Zr7, follows an interface-controlled quasi-polymorphic process with an increasing nucleation rate. The findings of this study may provide novel insights into the crystallization mechanism of glass-forming supercooled liquids from a thermophysical perspective.

The Effect of Calcium and Iron (III) Oxides on Lead Spent Plates: Spectroscopic, Voltametric, and EIS Investigations.

In this study, xCaO‧5Fe2O3‧(95-x)Pb glasses and vitroceramics containing various concentrations of calcium ions (from 0 to 50 mol% CaO) were prepared using the spent anodic plate of a car battery. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed changes in the network structure as a function of CaO content. The intensities of the IR bands due to the sulfate and sulfite units were lowered, indicating a decrease in the sulfurization degree within the lead network. In the UV-vis spectra, the presence of electronic transitions of the Fe3+, Pb2+, and Fe2+ ions were identified. The EPR spectra were characterized by resonance signals centered at about g ~ 2 and 4.3, corresponding to the trivalent iron ions. For the samples with 5 ≤ x ≤ 12, the signals decreased abruptly, suggesting a Fe3+→Fe2+ interconversion and the formation of the Fe3O4 crystalline phase. A considerable increase in the intensity of the signal centered around g ~ 2 was observed as the CaO concentration increased to 30% in the host matrix. Our results confirm that the higher CaO levels of 3 mol% are responsible for the increase in the radius of curvature of the semicircle arcs in the EIS plots and the decrease in their conductivity.

Enhancing the performance of nanostructured PVA/SA scaffolds through incorporation of macromolecules: From synergistic effects to advanced multifunctionalities

The increasing use of biomaterial scaffolds in tissue engineering applications demands a comprehensive understanding and precise control of their overall properties. This work analyzes the synergy of naturally occurring biological macromolecules on the swelling, and thermal and mechanical properties of ionically crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/sodium alginate (SA) fibrous scaffolds. The presence of collagen (COL) or hyaluronic acid (HA) contributed not only to increasing the hydrogen-bond density but also to induce the crystalline PVA phase formation. Consequently, the swelling, thermal degradation, elastic modulus, and nanohardness of the scaffolds were significantly enhanced. By considering COL and HA the relevance in diverse cellular processes and tissue functions, the PVA-scaffolds here introduced are promising materials by providing advanced multifunctionalities.

Exciting Novel Polyaspartates: Design, Synthesis, and Photo-Responsive Behavior in Solution and Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Phase Upon Irradiation with Visible Light.

Many polypeptides form stable, helical secondary structures enabling the formation of lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) phases. Contrary to the well-studied polyglutamate, their counterparts based on polyaspartates exhibit a much lower helix inversion barrier. Therefore, the helix sense is not solely dictated by the chirality of the amino acid used, but additionally by the nature and conformation of the polymer sidechain. In this work, polymers responsive to irradiation with visible light are designed achieving conformational transitions from helix-to-coil and helix-to-helix. The synthesis and the application as LLC mesogens of several (co-)polyaspartates bearing ortho-fluorinated azobenzene (FAB) as a photochromic group are presented. Many of the obtained polymers undergo changes in their secondary structure upon E-Z-isomerization of the FAB-containing sidechain. Of special interest are copolymers that exhibit photo-responsive helix inversion without loss of their helical secondary structure. These copolymers form stable LLC phases in helicogenic solvents, where the effect of photo-switching on the macroscopic behavior is studied by NMR spectroscopy. Especially, the irradiation of the different LLC phases of the helix inversion polymers displays a change in the LLC order experienced by the solvent. These peculiar properties are promising for future applications as photo-responsive alignment media for structure elucidation in NMR.

Natural Rubber Latex-Modified Concrete with Bottom Ash for Sustainable Rigid Pavements

This article investigates the viability of using natural rubber latex (NRL)-modified concrete with bottom ash (BA) as a partial replacement for river sand in sustainable rigid pavements. Concrete mixes with 10% and 20% BA replacement ratios and varying NRL dosages (0%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% by weight of cement) were prepared and evaluated for their mechanical and microstructural characteristics. Results showed that BA substitution decreased the compressive strength of concrete. However, the addition of NRL at an optimal dosage of 1.0% significantly improved both the compressive and flexural strengths. The 10%BA+1.0%NRL and 20%BA+1.0%NRL mixes exhibited mechanical properties surpassing the control mix and meeting the minimum requirements for rigid pavement materials. However, excessive NRL content (1.5% and 2.0%) led to a reduction in mechanical strength. Scanning electron microscopy analysis exhibited a denser and more compact matrix in NRL-modified BA concrete, with NRL films enhancing the interfacial bonding and crack-bridging mechanism. Nonetheless, excessive NRL content resulted in the formation of abundant and thicker NRL films, which disrupted the continuity of the cement matrix and created weak zones. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the existence of crucial crystalline phases and their optimal balance in the 20%BA+1.0%NRL mix, contributing to its superior performance. Mixes with excessive NRL contents exhibited lower intensities of quartz, calcite, and portlandite peaks, indicating a disturbance in the proper formation and growth of essential crystalline phases. The findings demonstrated the potential of NRL-modified BA concrete as an eco-friendly and high-performance alternative for sustainable rigid pavements when using an optimal NRL dosage, promoting the employment of waste resources and reducing the environmental impact of the construction industry. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-08-05 Full Text: PDF