Crystalline Lysine Research Articles

Effects of adding potassium bicarbonate to diets with high or low crystalline lysine to influence dietary cation-anion difference on finishing pig growth performance.

Dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD), calculated as Na+ + K+ - Cl- in mEq/kg of the diet, represents the influence that monovalent cations and anions from these minerals have on the acid-base status of the animal. However, the recommended range of DCAD for optimal grow-finish swine performance is variable, which may indicate an interaction between DCAD and other ingredients. The hypothesis for this study was that the addition of potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) to increase diet DCAD when high levels of l-Lys HCl (>0.35% diet) are used may potentially improve growth performance. A total of 1,944 pigs (PIC L337 × 1050, initially 35.2 ± 0.85 kg) were used in a 120-d study. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of KHCO3 (0% or 0.4%), and l-Lys HCl level (low or high). l-Lys HCl was included between 0.13% and 0.21% in low diets, and between 0.36% and 0.43% in high diets. There were 27 pigs per pen and 18 replicates per treatment. Treatment diets were corn-soybean meal-based and formulated in four dietary phases (35-60 kg, 60-85 kg, 85-105 kg, and 105-130 kg). Dietary treatments were formulated such that in each phase the diet containing a low level of l-Lys HCl without KHCO3 and the diet containing a high level of l-Lys HCl with KHCO3 had similar calculated DCAD values (169-232 mEq/kg). Additionally, the diet with a low level of l-Lys HCl with KHCO3 was formulated to have the highest DCAD in each phase (220-281 mEq/kg), while the diet with a high level of l-Lys HCl without KHCO3 was formulated to have the lowest DCAD (118-182 mEq/kg). Overall, there was no evidence (P > 0.10) for a KHCO3 × l-Lys HCl interaction or main effect for final BW or any observed growth response or carcass characteristics. The results of this study suggest that supplementing KHCO3 to finishing pig diets with either high or low levels of l-Lys HCl and the corresponding changes in DCAD values did not impact growth performance or carcass characteristics.

P54. A 30% extra dose crystalline lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan and valine in relation to the [LDQUO]Ideal-protein-concept[RDQUO] halves piglet diarrhoea outbreaks

P54. A 30% extra dose crystalline lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan and valine in relation to the [LDQUO]Ideal-protein-concept[RDQUO] halves piglet diarrhoea outbreaks

PSVI-20 Effects of Adding Potassium Bicarbonate to Diets with High or and Low Crystalline Lysine as a Way to Influence DCAD on Finishing Pig Growth Performance

Abstract This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of balancing dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD), via added potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), in diets containing low or high levels of L-Lys HCl on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 1,944 pigs (PIC L337 × 1050, initially 35.2±0.85 kg) were used in a 120-d study. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design arranged in a 2×2 factorial with main effects of KHCO3 (0 vs 0.4%), and L-Lys HCl level (low vs. high), with 27 pigs/pen and 18 replicates/treatment. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and formulated in 4 dietary phases (d 0-20, 30-58, 58-86, and 86-120). Diets were formulated in each phase such that the diet containing a low level of L-Lys HCl (0.14-0.21% depending on phase) without KHCO3, had similar calculated DCAD as the diet containing a high level of L-Lys HCl (0.36 to 0.43% depending on phase) with KHCO3. The DCAD for these 2 treatments were approximately 230, 200, 184, and 169 mEq/kg (phase 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively). The diets with low levels of L-Lys HCl with KHCO3 had the greatest DCAD in each phase (approximately 50 mEq/kg above the low L-Lys HCl without KHCO3 diet), while the diet with a high level of L-Lys HCl without KHCO3 had the least DCAD (approximately 50 mEq/kg below the high L-Lys HCl with KHCO3 diet). Overall, there was no evidence (P > 0.10) for a KHCO3 × L-Lys HCl interaction or main effect for any observed growth responses or carcass characteristics. The results of this study suggest that supplementing KHCO3 to finishing pig diets with either high or low levels of L-Lys HCl and the corresponding changes in DCAD values did not impact growth performance or carcass characteristics.

Practical application of the ideal protein concept in pigs

Objective: To determine the importance of the formulation of “ideal protein” diets for starting-growing pigs. Design/methodology/approach: A bibliographic review of the concept of ideal protein and low-protein in pig diets was carried out to determine their practical application in commercial production. Results: Low-protein diets in pig production are an environmentally friendly strategy. The 3 percentage units of reduction in CP is the maximum level, when only crystalline lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan are available. However, when there is a greater number of synthetic amino acids, the reduction in CP can range from 4 to 5 percentage units. Study limitations/implications: Market conditions allow the incorporation of lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan into the diet. Potentially, owing to its availability and price, valine could be considered as part of commercial diets in a short time. However, the inclusion of other AA is not currently viable, as a result of their low availability and high market price. Findings/conclusions: Low-protein diets should be used in pig production, since they maintain or improve the productive variables and reduce the environmental impact, as a result of the reduction of nitrogen excretion to the environment

Impacts of Age, Genotype and Feeding Low-Protein Diets on the N-Balance Parameters of Fattening Pigs

The effects of feeding low-protein (LP) diets and the age and genotype of fattening pigs were evaluated in an N-balance trial. Sixty weaned piglets of two genotypes were allotted to three different diets. Besides the control diets for the crossbred Topigs 20 × DanBred Duroc (TD) and Hungarian Large White (HLW) pigs, two LP diets were fed containing 1.5 (T1.5) and 3% (T3) less dietary protein than the control. The LP diets were supplemented with crystalline lysine, threonine, tryptophan, and methionine to equalize their digestible amino acid contents. Starter diets were fed between 20–30, grower I between 30–40, grower II between 40–80 and finisher between 80–110 kg live weights. Pigs were kept in floor pens, with 10 animals per pen. In all phases, six pigs with similar live weight were placed into individual balance cages and in the frame of a seven-day long balance trial, the daily N-intake, fecal and urinary N-excretion were measured. From the data N-digestibility, the total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) and N-retention were calculated. All the investigated main factors, the genotype and age of pigs and the protein content of the diets had significant effects on the N-balance of fattening pigs. The determinacy of the factors depended on the investigated parameter. Fecal N-excretion and N-digestibility were steadier compared with the urinary N-exertion and TAN percentage. N-digestibility increased and the urinary N-excretion decreased when LP diets were fed. The urinary N-decreasing effect of LP diets was not linear. Compared with the control (19.6 gN/day), T1.5 treatment resulted in 14.5, treatment T3 in 12.4 g daily urinary N-excretion. The TAN and the N-retention of HLW pigs were more favorable than those of TD pigs. Based on our results, it can be concluded that the accuracy of the nitrogen and TAN excretion values of pigs, used in the calculation of the national NH3 inventories, could be improved if the genotype, the more detailed age categories and the different protein levels of feeds are considered.

Effects of Added Potassium to Diets with High or and Low Crystalline Lysine on Finishing Pig Growth Performance

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of balancing dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) levels, via added potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), to diets containing low or high levels of L-Lys HCL on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 1,944 pigs (PIC L337 × 1050; initially 77.6 ± 1.88 lb BW) were used in a 120-d study to determine the effect of added potassium bicarbonate to diets containing low or high levels of crystalline lysine on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of KHCO3 (0 vs. 0.4%), and L-Lys HCl level (low vs. high). There were 27 pigs per pen and 18 replicates per treatment and a similar number of barrows and gilts placed in each pen. Treatment diets were corn-soybean meal-based and formulated in four dietary phases (approximately 80 to 130 lb, 130 to 185 lb, 185 to 230 lb, and 230 to 285 lb). Dietary treatments were formulated such that in each phase the diet containing a low level of L-Lys HCl without KHCO3 and the diet containing a high level of L-Lys HCl with KHCO3, had similar calculated DCAD values. Additionally, the diet with a low level of L-Lys HCl with KHCO3 was formulated to have the highest DCAD in each phase, while the diet with a high level of L-Lys HCl without KHCO3 was formulated to have the lowest DCAD. Overall, there was no evidence (P > 0.10) for a KHCO3 × L-Lys HCl interaction or main effect for final BW or any observed growth response or carcass characteristics. The results of this study suggest that supplementing KHCO3 to finishing pig diets with either high or low levels of L-Lys HCl and the corresponding changes in DCAD values did not impact growth performance or carcass characteristics.

Impact of lysine supplementation on growth and development ofHermetia illucens larvae

Hermetia illucens larvae are able to convert a broad range of organic substrates into animal protein and are believed to have the potential to help solving the supply problem for animal protein in the future. Many farmed animals such as poultry or pigs need an adequate amount of essential amino acids like lysine for optimal growth and performance. In most diets for farmed animals, essential amino acids are supplemented as feed additive to avoid excessive protein intake while ensuring a sufficient supply of essential amino acids. There is no information on the requirements of lysine for the growth ofH. illucens larvae. Furthermore, it remains open whether lysine may have an extra effect on growth and development in the cultivation of such larvae. The aim of the study was to evaluate, if an addition of lysine to their feed substrate will affect these parameters. Therefore, in the present study up to 3.0% crystalline lysine was added to a basic substrate and survival, growth, and development of larvae were recorded. Furthermore, larval nutritional values like crude fat, crude protein, and lysine content were analysed. The addition of lysine did not improve growth, development or nutritional values ofH. illucens larvae. In contrast, the addition of lysine led to reduced larval size, survival and prepupal rates, especially when high amounts of lysine were provided. The results of this study indicate that a lysine content of 0.3% in the substrate is sufficient for optimal larval growth. UsingH. illucens larvae for animal protein production could, therefore, be accomplished with less lysine compared to many other farmed animals.

Metabolic Availability of Lysine in Milk and a Vegetarian Cereal–Legume Meal Determined by the Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Method in Indian Men

Lysine rich foods such as milk and legumes serve as important food additions to the lysine deficient cereal-based diets of vegetarian populations in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to alleviate the risk of quality corrected dietary protein inadequacy. Dietary protein quality can be determined by estimating the metabolic availability (MA) of lysine. The study aimed to estimate the MA of lysine in spray-dried cow milk powder (SMP), heat-treated spray-dried cow milk powder (HSMP), and a habitually consumed cereal-legume based vegetarian meal (VM), using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) slope-ratio method. The MA of lysine in SMP, HSMP, and VM was estimated in 7 healthy young men aged 19-24 y with BMI of 21.5±0.5kg/m2 in a repeated measures design. The IAAO response slopes with 2 graded lysine intakes (10.5 and 15.0 mg·kg-1·d-1) from the SMP and VM were compared with the response slope generated with 3 graded crystalline lysine intakes (6.0, 10.5, and 15.0 mg·kg-1·d-1) at the subrequirement level. To produce HSMP, pasteurized cow milk was heat treated and spray dried. The MA of lysine in HSMP was tested at a single level of lysine intake (15 mg·kg-1·d-1). A total of 8 IAAO experiments were conducted on each participant in randomized order. The IAAO slopes were estimated using a linear mixed-effect regression model. The MA of lysine in SMP, HSMP, and VM was 91.9%, 69.9%, and 86.6% respectively. Heat treatment reduced the MA of lysine by 22% in HSMP compared with SMP in healthy Indian adults. The lysine MA estimates can be used to optimize lysine limited cereal-based diets, with the addition of appropriately processed legumes and milk powder, to meet the protein requirement. This trial was registered at Clinical Trials Registry of India (http://ctri.nic.in) as CTRI/2019/08/020568.

Encapsulated crystalline lysine and DL-methionine have higher efficiency than the crystalline form in broilers

Crystalline amino acids (AAs) exhibit high nutritional values when supplemented AA-deficient diets. However, the AAs in crystalline form in the diet are absorbed quickly than protein-bound AAs, which may take an effect on AA utilization efficiency. In this study, 2 experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of encapsulated lysine-HCl (Lys) and DL-methionine (DL-Met) on the growth performance of broiler chickens. In experiment 1, a total of 432 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers were subjected to 3 dietary treatments (27 pens; 16 birds per pen) for 42 d. The control group was basal diets supplemented with crystalline Lys and DL-Met, and treatment groups had basal diets supplemented with encapsulated Lys and DL-Met at the levels of 80% and 60% of control diets (80CLM, 60CLM), respectively. The growth performance, intestinal development, and transcription of AA transporters were determined. In experiment 2, 24 broiler chickens were subjected to the same treatments as in experiment 1. The plasma concentrations of free AAs were measured 0, 2, 4, and 6 h after feeding. The results showed that 80CLM treatment had no significant influence on production performance, carcass characteristics, and plasma free AAs content during the experiment compared with the control group (P > 0.05). In addition, the 80CLM group moderately enhanced gut morphology development and increased AAs' absorption capacity. However, broilers fed the 60CLM diet had lower production performance and breast muscle weight than the control group (P < 0.05), but increased villi height and B0AT mRNA expression level (P < 0.05). At h 4 after feeding, the 60CLM broilers exhibited higher concentration of Ala, Cys, and total dispensable AAs than the control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the result suggests that the supplemental levels of crystalline Lys and DL-Met can be effectively saved approximately for 20% by using the encapsulated form in broilers, with improvements to AAs utilization efficiency, while posing no detrimental effects on production performance. Encapsulated Lys and DL-Met would have greater potential for application when replacing crystalline AAs in broiler chickens.

Application of the Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Method for the Determination of the Metabolic Availability of Lysine from Indian Sorghum Protein in Young Adult Men (P08-069-19)

ObjectivesTo measure the protein quality of cooked sorghum by determining the metabolic availability (MA) of lysine; the first limiting indispensable amino acid. Additionally, we aimed to assess the effect of complementation by combining lentils and sorghum in a mixed meal format. MethodsIn a repeated measures design, the MA of lysine in sorghum was studied using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method with L-[1–13C] phenylalanine as the indicator at four levels of lysine: 5, 8, 12, 15 mg. kg−1. d−1 in five healthy adult men. These intakes represent 13, 21, 32 and 40%, respectively, of the lysine requirement (37 mg. kg−1. d−1) for adult men. Each subject participated in 8 experimental diets: 4 lysine intakes as L-lysine from crystalline amino acid, 3 intakes of lysine from sorghum prepared by moist cooking and 1 experiment to discern the effects of complementation with lentils. The principles of slope-ratio were applied to calculate the MA of lysine in sorghum by comparing the IAAO response to varying intakes of lysine in cooked sorghum relative to the IAAO response to free crystalline lysine in the reference protein which was modelled after egg protein. ResultsThe MA of lysine from cooked sorghum was found to be 94%. Upon complementation with lentils, there was a decline in the oxidation of L-[1–13C] phenylalanine, reflecting an increased uptake of lysine for the synthesis of protein. ConclusionsThe findings demonstrate that most of the lysine in cooked sorghum, the fifth most commonly consumed cereal grain, is available for protein synthesis despite being of limiting concentration. Upon complementation with lentils, there was a decrease in oxidation which highlights the effectiveness of complementation. A combination of sorghum and lentil protein in a 2:1 ratio is a viable strategy to improve the protein quality for individuals consuming a plant-based sorghum and lentil diet. Funding SourcesSupported by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research. Pfizer Consumer Healthcare (Mississauga, Ontario) donated the multivitamins. Mead Johnson Nutritionals donated the protein-free powder for experimental diets.

Evaluation of optimal lysine level in Myanmar local breed and DYL crossed breed pig

A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was comprised 2x3 factorial arrangements of two breeds (DYL and local breed) and three different lysine levels. The 12 weeks old, nine castrated DYL and nine castrated local breed were randomly allocated in each individual pen to six treatment groups with three replicates into 18 pens. Two breeds of pigs (DYL and local breed) were exposed to the three different dietary treatments, L1- basal diet without lysine supplementation, L2- basal diet with 1.15% total lysine for grower and L3- basal diet with 1.65% total lysine for grower. The growth performance and feed intake were determined for growing pigs. In this study, no significant difference (p&gt;0.05) was found in feed intake among the three different treatments. However, significantly better body weight, weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in pigs fed L2 and L3 but were not significantly (p&gt;0.05) differ from each other. Otherwise, diets without lysine supplementation (L1) showed no better effect on the growth performances of both DYL and local breeds. It could be noted that L2 was the best level to obtain optimal growth performances and farm efficiency. Between the two breeds, body weight of DYL was superior over that of local breed. The interactions were observed between lysine levels and different breeds regard for body weight and cumulative weight gain. To wrap up, it was noticeable that crystalline lysine supplementation helped to improve growth performance in both breeds.

Effects of feeding level and dietary supplementation with crystalline amino acids on digestible, metabolizable and net energy values of corn in growing pigs

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding level and dietary supplementation with crystalline amino acids (AA) on the determination of energy contents in corn for growing pigs. A total of 36 barrows with an average initial body weight of 41.4 ± 2.0 kg were allocated across six treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement that included 2 feeding levels (2400 kJ ME/kg BW0.6 per day or ad libitum) and 3 dietary AA supplementation patterns (corn diet with no AA; corn + 3AA diet with addition of lysine, threonine and tryptophan; corn + 5AA diet with greater levels of crystalline lysine, threonine and tryptophan supplementation than those in corn + 3AA diet plus crystalline methionine and isoleucine supplementation). The experiment was conducted in 6 consecutive periods. During each period, 6 pigs were allotted to 1 of 6 treatments, and each treatment corresponded to 1 of 6 respiration chambers. In each period, pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates and fed their respective diets at two feeding levels for 13 d, including 7 d adaptation to the feed, metabolism crate and environmental conditions. On d 8, the pigs were transferred to respiration chambers. Total feces and urine samples were collected and heat production was measured from d 8 to 12. On the last day of each period, the pigs were fasted for 24 h and fasting heat production was subsequently measured. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and gross energy (GE) in diets and corn were not affected by feeding level; however, increasing feeding level tended (P = 0.09) to decrease the ATTD of crude protein (CP). Nitrogen retention increased (P < 0.05) with increasing feeding level and dietary AA supplementation. The heat production (HP) and retention of energy (RE) were increased (P < 0.05) and the fasting heat production (FHP) tended (P = 0.09) to increase with increasing feeding level. Feeding level did not affect the DE, ME and NE in corn. Dietary AA supplementation tended to increase ME intake (P = 0.05) and significantly (P < 0.05) increased HP and energy retained as protein (REP). Dietary supplementation with AA did not influence the DE and ME values in the corn but tended (P = 0.07) to increase NE values in the corn.

Short communication: Lysine retained among 2 lipid-coated lysine products after exposure to alfalfa or corn silage with different amounts of acidity

We conducted 2 experiments to determine lysine loss from 2 lipid-coated lysine products after mixing with silage. In our first experiment, we mixed 2 lipid-coated lysine products, crystalline lysine or crystalline lysine and amounts of lipid identical to amounts included in lipid-coated lysine products, with alfalfa or corn silage that had 2 different amounts of acidity. Lysine appeared to disassociate from lipid-coated lysine products in a nonlinear manner after mixing with either alfalfa or corn silage at different amounts of acidity. Additionally, silage source and acidity affected amounts of lysine released from lipid-coated lysine products after mixing. In a corresponding experiment, in vitro estimates of lysine available to ruminal microbiota after mixing with alfalfa or corn silage at different amounts of acidity were measured by ammonia release. In vitro measures were conducted with or without monensin to allow estimates of effects of monensin on amounts of lysine released from the 2 lipid-coated lysine products. It is unclear whether in vitro estimates of lysine fermentation from lipid-coated lysine are truly reflective of ruminal degradation of lysine from lipid-coated lysine because amounts of time needed to measure differences between different lysine sources were greater than typical estimates of mean ruminal particulate retention time. Nonetheless, monensin apparently reduced ammonia release from lysine, but ammonia release from lipid-coated lysine did not differ from crystalline lysine. Clearly, methods of manufacture together with physical and chemical characteristics of diet can affect amounts of lysine provided from lipid-coated lysine products to ruminants.

Replacing fish meal with vegetable protein sources in feed for juvenile red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii : Effects of amino acids supplementation on growth and feed utilization

An 8-week growth trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fish meal replacement with a vegetable mixture of soybean meal and rapeseed meal (1:1) on growth of juvenile red swamp crayfish. Nine isonitrogenous diets were designed: V0, V34, V50, V65, V73 and V81 with six levels of vegetable proteins, and VA48, VA63 and VA78 by further adding crystalline lysine and methionine into V50, V65 and V81. Compared with V0, V34 significantly improved the specific growth rate (SGR), while V65, V73, V81 and VA78 depressed the SGR (p < .05). Feeding rate showed a decreasing trend as dietary vegetable protein level increased (p < .05), except that in VA48 group. Significantly lower FCR and higher PER were observed in V34 group, whereas all vegetable protein diets depressed the feed utilization of crayfish (p < .05). Crayfish fed with diets containing vegetable proteins showed significantly lower hepatosomatic indices and higher condition factors than the control (p < .05). Muscle lipid content was significantly (p < .05) lowered in V81 group, but not in VA78 group. The results suggested that 338 g/kg vegetable protein improved growth performance of crayfish. Excessive vegetable protein depressed the growth of crayfish, which could be prevented by lysine and methionine supplementation except for the all vegetable protein diets.

Effects of complete fish meal replacement by rice protein concentrate with or without lysine supplement on growth performance, muscle development and flesh quality of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala )

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of fish meal (FM) replacement by rice protein concentrate (RPC) with supplementation of microcapsule lysine (ML) or crystalline lysine (CL) on growth performance, muscle development and flesh quality of blunt snout bream. Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated, including FM diet (containing 50 g/kg FM), RPC diet (FM replaced by RPC), MRPC diet (FM replaced by RPC with ML supplementation) and CRPC diet (FM replaced by RPC with CL supplementation). Fish fed FM diet had significantly higher weight gain, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and nitrogen and energy utilization than that of RPC group, but showed no statistical difference with other treatments. In addition, fish fed RPC diet showed higher muscle fibre frequency in the 20- to 50-μm class but lower >50-μm class and higher cooking loss than that of the other groups. Furthermore, no significant difference was found in whole-body proximate compositions, frequency distribution of <20-μm-diameter fibres, texture, muscle content, collagen, pH 24 hr post-mortem and sensory quality. The results showed that RPC supplemented with ML or CL could replace fishmeal without any adverse effects on growth performance and flesh quality for blunt snout bream.

Starch and protein digestive dynamics in low-protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids

Digestive dynamics of starch and protein is defined as digestion of starch and protein, absorption of glucose and amino acids from the gut lumen and their transition across enterocytes to enter the portal circulation. Digestive dynamics consider the extent, rate and site of nutrient digestion along the small intestine and the bilateral, post-enteral bioavailability of glucose and amino acids. The underlying premise is that glucose and amino acids should be made available in appropriately balanced quantities at the sites of protein synthesis for efficient protein deposition and growth performance. Previous studies have suggested that feed conversion efficiency may be enhanced by rapidly digestible protein and that crystalline amino acids could be considered sources of ‘rapid protein’. At present, crystalline lysine, methionine and threonine are routinely included in broiler diets; moreover, an increasing array of both essential and non-essential crystalline amino acids is becoming commercially available. Despite unrestricted feed access in commercial chicken-meat production systems during the period of illumination, it appears that the intermittent feed consumption patterns of broiler chickens still provide scope for asynchronies in digestion and absorption of nutrients, which affects broiler performance. A better understanding of the post-enteral, bilateral bioavailability of glucose and amino acids in low-protein diets containing high levels of synthetic amino acids is clearly desirable and this applies equally to the relationship between crystalline and protein-bound amino acids.

Effect of replacing fish meal with soybean protein concentrate on growth, body composition, serum biochemical indices, and liver histology of juvenile large yellow croaker ( Larimichthys crocea )

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 大豆浓缩蛋白替代鱼粉对大黄鱼幼鱼生长、体成分、血清生化指标及肝组织学的影响 DOI: 作者: 作者单位: 1. 浙江海洋大学 浙江省海洋养殖装备与工程技术重点实验室, 浙江 舟山 316022;2. 宁波大学 海洋学院, 浙江 宁波 315211 作者简介: 冯建(1989-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事海洋生物养殖学研究.E-mail:1449142020@qq.com 通讯作者: 中图分类号: S96 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（31602205）；浙江省自然科学重点基金项目（Z16E090006）；国家海洋公益性行业科研专项（201505025）；舟山市海洋专项（2015C41001）；浙江省重中之重学科开放基金项目（XKZSC1406）；浙江海洋大学省重中之重学科项目（20160105）. Effect of replacing fish meal with soybean protein concentrate on growth, body composition, serum biochemical indices, and liver histology of juvenile large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) Author: Affiliation: 1. Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Aquaculture Facilities and Engineering Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China;2. School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:为探索大豆浓缩蛋白（SPC）替代鱼粉水平对大黄鱼（）幼鱼生长、体成分和血清生化指标以及肝组织学的影响。以初始体重为（10.50±0.04）g的大黄鱼幼鱼为研究对象，用SPC替代基础饲料（含40%鱼粉）0%（FM）、25%（R25）、50%（R50）、75%（R75）、100%（R100）的鱼粉制作成5种等氮（粗蛋白水平为45%）等脂（粗脂肪水平为10%）的实验饲料。各实验组以对照组（FM）饲料蛋氨酸、赖氨酸含量为基准，分别添加适量的晶体赖氨酸和蛋氨酸。养殖实验在浙江省象山县西沪港区进行，每个处理随机分配3个网箱（1.5 m×1.5 m×2 m），每个网箱放养60尾，养殖周期为56 d。结果表明，与对照组相比（FM），SPC替代鱼粉水平对大黄鱼幼鱼的增重率（WGR）、特定生长率（SGR）、存活率（SR）以及饲料系数（FCR）没有显著影响（>0.05），肌肉粗脂肪和全鱼粗脂肪含量随替代比例的增加有下降的趋势，均以R100组含量最低，肌肉水分含量和全鱼水分有上升的趋势；血清各项指标没有显著性差异，但血清总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）含量有下降趋势，以R100组含量最低；血清胆固醇（CHOL）、甘油三酯（TG）的含量呈现出先升高后下降的趋势。从肝组织学观察中发现，SPC替代水平超过75%会对肝细胞产生损伤，引起肝细胞空泡化，脂肪堆积加重，肝细胞核逐渐溶解或缺失。综上所述，在本研究条件下，SPC替代饲料75%的鱼粉，不会对大黄鱼幼鱼的生长造成负面影响。 Abstract:A 56-d feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal in the diet with soy protein concentrate (SPC) on growth, body composition, serum biochemical indices, and liver histology of juvenile large yellow croaker, (initial weight 10.50 g±0.04 g). The basal diet contained 40% fish meal, and five isonitrogenous (crude protein 45%) and isolipidic (crude lipid 10%) diets were formulated by replacing 0%, 25%, 50%,75%, and 100% of the fish meal with SPC and were designated the FM, R25, R50, R75, and R100 groups, respectively. All diets were supplemented with the appropriate amounts of crystalline lysine and methionine, based on lysine and methionine contents in the control group. Each diet was assigned randomly to triplicate groups of 60 ind/cage. All larvae were stocked into experimental cages (1.5 m×1.5 m×2 m) at Xihugang, Xiangshan County, Ningbo city, Zhejiang Province, China. As results, none of the experimental diets had a significant effect on the weight gain rate, specific growth rate, survival rate, or feed conversion ratio compared with those of fish fed the FM diet (>0.05). Whole-body, muscle, and crude lipid contents decreased as the SPC replacement level was increased, and fish fed the R100 diet had the lowest contents. However, whole-body and muscle moisture contents increased as the SPC replacement level was increased. No differences in any of the serum biochemical indices were observed among the groups (>0.05); briefly, serum total protein and albumin contents decreased, and fish fed the R100 diet had the lowest contents. Cholesterol and triglycerides tended to increase initially, and then decreased. Liver histology revealed serious damage to hepatocytes when SPC reached 75% (R75), as large cytoplasmic vacuole-like spaces were present, indicating excess fat accumulation, and nuclei had dissolved gradually or were absent in many of these cells. These results suggest that protein from SPC can substitute for up to 75% of the fish meal protein in the diet without affecting growth of . 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

0957 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) responses to low protein diets supplemented with crystalline lysine, methionine, and threonine

0957 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) responses to low protein diets supplemented with crystalline lysine, methionine, and threonine

Comparison of crystalline lysine and intact lysine used as a supplement in practical diets of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The study was conducted using channel catfish and tilapia to evaluate the production performance of these fish to increasing levels of lysine from crystalline and intact lysine supplemented in practical diets. A practical lysine deficient basal diet was developed using corn protein concentrate (Empyreal® 75) as a primary protein source. To this diet either graded levels of crystalline lysine or similar levels from a high lysine corn protein concentrate (Lysto™) were added. In the channel catfish trial, the first five diets were designed to contain increasing levels of crystalline lysine (1.21%, 1.34%, 1.45%, 1.56%, and 1.72%) with an additional four diets using intact protein from a high lysine corn protein concentrate (1.40%, 1.57%, 1.77%, and 1.91% lysine). In the tilapia trial, lysine from two sources was added to 11 diets to produce analyzed lysine levels of 0.92%, 1.11%, 1.23%, 1.34%, 1.54% 1.65% in the first six diets using crystalline lysine and 1.13%, 1.38%, 1.61%, 1.81%, 2.02% in the last five diets using intact lysine. Results indicated that channel catfish and tilapia have positive performance with increasing lysine supplementation up to the requirement. Fish fed with the higher levels of lysine had the highest weight gain and lowest feed conversion ratio. The regression analysis on the increased level of inclusion of crystalline lysine and intact lysine showed no significant difference in slope. Based on the growth, feed conversion ratio and apparent net protein retention data obtained from this study, it can be concluded that the effectiveness of using intact lysine via high lysine corn protein concentrate as a lysine supplement is not significantly different from crystalline lysine. Thus, the high lysine corn protein concentrate is a feasible ingredient for aquaculture feeds, which can be used to balance the amino acid composition of the diet without addition of crystalline lysine. Statement of relevancePresent study shows that high lysine corn protein concentrate is a feasible ingredient for aquaculture feeds, which can be used to balance the amino acid composition of the diet without addition of crystalline lysine.

Efficacy of Crystalline Lysine in Alternative Diets for Pond‐raised Hybrid Catfish, ♀ Ictalurus punctatus × ♂ Ictalurus furcatus

AbstractA study was conducted to examine the efficacy of crystalline lysine in alternative diets for pond‐raised hybrid catfish, ♀ Ictalurus punctatus × ♂ Ictalurus furcatus. Two 28% protein alternative diets supplemented with l‐lysine HCl at the required level based on 62% (previously published value) or 100% lysine availability were compared with a traditional 28% protein control diet. Hybrid catfish fingerlings (mean initial weight = 43 g/fish) were stocked into 15 earthen ponds (0.04 ha) at a density of 14,826 fish/ha with five ponds per treatment. Fish were fed once daily to apparent satiation for a 173‐d growing season. There were no significant differences in total diet fed, net yield, weight gain, and survival among dietary treatments. There were also no significant differences in carcass yield, fillet yield, and fillet proximate composition and fillet lysine concentration among treatments. Fish fed the traditional control diet had slightly, but significantly, lower feed conversion ratio than fish fed alternative diets, which is likely related to higher dietary fiber levels in the alternative diets. Results from this study show that crystalline lysine can be considered 100% available when used to supplement lysine‐deficient diets for pond‐raised hybrid catfish.