Removal Of Crystal Violet Research Articles

Green synthesis of Ag-Cr-AC nanocomposites by Azadirachta indica and its application for the simultaneous removal of binary mixture of dyes by ultrasonicated assisted adsorption process using Response Surface Methodology

In the present studies the Ag-Cr-AC nanocomposites were synthesized by Azadirachta indica leaves extract. They were inoculated on the amorphous surface of activated carbon. The surface morphology and structural identification was determined by SEM, FTIR and XRD techniques. The simultaneous removal of binary dye system of Reactive Red and Crystal Violet were performed by ultrasonicated assisted adsorption process utilizing Ag-Cr-AC nanocomposites. Central Composite Design (CCD) having 5 factors of time, pH, amount of Ag-Cr-AC (adsorbent), concentrations of Reactive Red (RR) and Crystal Violet (CV) was employed. Response Surface Methodology was applied to study the Optimum Operating Parameters (OOP) for the adsorption process. The current studies showed that they can be efficiently employed to remove the coloured effluent from aqueous media as the simultaneous removal of dyes was observed to be 64.92% and 82.47% for RR and CV dyes respectively. Adsorption equilibrium was studied by Freundlich, Langmuir, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Temkin and Harkins-Jura Isotherm Models. The Langmuir isotherm was observed to be followed by the RR-Ag-Cr-AC system while CV-Ag-Cr-AC followed Harkins-Jura Isotherm model. For the binary system, the removal of CV and RR dyes by the nanocomposites obeyed Harkins-Jura model at temperature of 40°C. Thermodynamics studies affirmed the spontaneous nature of adsorption process. pHpzc was evaluated to be 6.29. The purification cost per cubic meter of the effluent was evaluated to be US$ 85.08. The proposed method might prove to be an efficient and cost effective way to eradicate color from the binary mixture of RR and CV dyes.

Optimization of cellulose and sugarcane bagasse oxidation: Application for adsorptive removal of crystal violet and auramine-O from aqueous solution

Cellulose (Cel) and sugarcane bagasse (SB) were oxidized with an H3PO4-NaNO2 mixture to obtain adsorbent materials with high contents of carboxylic groups. The oxidation reactions of Cel and SB were optimized using design of experiments (DOE) and response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized synthesis conditions yielded Cox and SBox with 4.8mmol/g and 4.5mmol/g of carboxylic acid groups, respectively. Cox and SBox were characterized by FTIR, TGA, PZC and solid-state 13C NMR. The adsorption of the model cationic dyes crystal violet (CV) and auramine-O (AO) on Cox and SBox in aqueous solution was investigated as a function of the solution pH, the contact time and the initial dye concentration. The adsorption of CV and AO on Cox was described by the Elovich equation and the pseudo-first-order kinetic model respectively, while the adsorption of CV and AO on SBox was described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Adsorption isotherms were well fitted by the Langmuir and Konda models, with maximum adsorption capacities (Qmax) of 1117.8mg/g of CV and 1223.3mg/g of AO on Cox and 1018.2mg/g of CV and 682.8mg/g of AO on SBox. Desorption efficiencies were in the range of 50–52% and re-adsorption capacities varied from 65 to 81%, showing the possibility of reuse of both adsorbent materials.

Efficient removal of crystal violet and methylene blue from wastewater by ultrasound nanoparticles Cu-MOF in comparison with mechanosynthesis method

The present investigation reports the synthesis of CuBTC (BTC=1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate) metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) under solid-state conditions and ultrasound irradiation. Herein, we study uptake and release properties of crystal violet (CV) and methylene blue (MB) from ultrasound nano-CuBTC MOF in comparison with mechanosynthesis method (bulk structure). The ultrasound-assisted methods give a decrease in the surface area as calculated from the reduced nitrogen adsorption capability. In comparison, the uptake of guest molecules on ultrasound nano-CuBTC is remarkable and clearly exceeds that of bulk structure in the aqueous solution of guests. In bulk compound the channel length is increased so that the amount of adsorption is decreased a little. The small guest enters and leaves the cavity rapidly, whereas larger guests enter slowly due to their size relative to the size of the gaps in the capsule. As a result, the uptake and release of MB from CuBTC is faster than that of CV.

Evaluation of nanosilica, extracted from stem sweep, as a new adsorbent for simultaneous removal of crystal violet and methylene blue from aqueous solutions

Evaluation of nanosilica, extracted from stem sweep, as a new adsorbent for simultaneous removal of crystal violet and methylene blue from aqueous solutions

Kinetic and thermodynamic study on adsorption characteristics of ash derived from distilled waste of aromatic crop Mentha piperita: a low-cost, efficient adsorbent for crystal violet removal

Kinetic and thermodynamic study on adsorption characteristics of ash derived from distilled waste of aromatic crop Mentha piperita: a low-cost, efficient adsorbent for crystal violet removal

Parkia speciosa (Petai) pod as a potential low-cost adsorbent for the removal of toxic crystal violet dye

This study focused on the use of Parkia speciosa (Petai) pod as a potential adsorbent for the removal of crystal violet (CV) dye. Batch adsorption isotherm experiments carried out under optimized conditions were fitted to six isotherm models, namely Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Redlich-Peterson and Sips. Of these, the Sips model best described the adsorption isotherm of Petai pod for the removal of CV dye, giving a desirable adsorption capacity (qmax) of 163.2 mg g-1. Adsorption kinetics was found to follow the pseudo-second order, and further, intra-particle diffusion played a significant role. This study also revealed that the adsorption of CV by Petai pod is influenced by the ionic strength of the medium. However, Petai pod showed resilience towards changes in medium pH.

Enhanced adsorption of crystal violet by synthesized and characterized chitin nano whiskers from shrimp shell

Chitin nanowhiskers (ChNW) were extracted from shrimp shell and subjected to alkali, bleaching and acid hydrolysis treatment. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra confirmed the functional group moieties present at each stage of the purification process. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis determined the crystallinity of the ChNW. The scanning electron microscopic (SEM), transmission electron microscopic (TEM) and atomic force microscopic (AFM) studies were carried out to examine and compare the morphology of the products at each stage of purification. The synthesized ChNW were used for the crystal violet adsorption studies. Along with ChNW, a series of adsorbent materials like chitin-Fe3O4, cellulose, and cellulose − Fe3O4 were used for comparing the results and for the better understanding of adsorption phenomena. The absorbance of the solution during a time interval was investigated using UV–vis spectrophotometry. The prepared ChNW showed higher removal efficiency (79.13%) and adsorption capacity (39.56mgg−1) compared to other adsorbents. The results proved that ChNW can be a potential candidate for the removal of crystal violet from contaminated water.

Leptothrix sp. sheaths modified with iron oxide particles: Magnetically responsive, high aspect ratio functional material

Smart materials of biological origin are attracting a lot of attention nowadays, especially as catalysts, carriers or adsorbents. Among them, magnetically modified biomaterials are especially important due to their response to external magnetic field. This report demonstrates that naturally occurring micrometer sized, high aspect ratio material (native and autoclaved Leptothrix sp. sheaths) efficiently bind synthetically prepared magnetite and maghemite nanoparticles and their aggregates. Magnetic modification of Leptothrix sheaths enables to prepare a promising material for advanced biotechnology and environmental technology applications. The prepared magnetically responsive sheaths were tested as inexpensive adsorbent for crystal violet removal from aqueous solutions. The observed maximum adsorption capacity was 243.1mg of dye per 1g of adsorbent.

Partial removal and detoxification of Malachite Green and Crystal Violet from laboratory artificially contaminated water by Pleurotus ostreatus

<p>The triphenylmethane dyes Malachite Green (MG) and Crystal Violet (CV) are cationic dyes and mix with domestic wastewater when dumped; increasing, among others, the chemical and biological demand of oxygen and can cause acute toxicity at different trophic levels. Promoting the removal (decolorization) of MG and CV, and laccase activity (54.8 ± 8.9 and 30.6 ± 2.9 UL-1 respectively) by using <em>P. ostreatus</em> viable biomass needed parameters such as pH (4.5 and 6.0), temperature (25 to 30 °C), stirring speed (120 rpm), percentage of inoculum (2% v/v), and dye concentration (20 and 10 mg L-1). In adsorption studies, it was showed that an acidic pH favors the adsorption of both dyes and the model of pseudo-second order describes best the phenomenon of adsorption. Finally, the germination index (GI), using <em>Lactuca sativa</em> seeds for the initial dyes solutions, was <50%; demonstrating its high phytotoxic effect. When dye solutions were treated with viable biomass, the GI increased, leaving open the possibility to performing future research to determine if the aqueous solutions, post-treated with <em>P. ostreatus</em>, could be used in treatments that generate less toxic water which could be used in processes that do not require potable water.</p>

Magnetically modified bacterial cellulose: A promising carrier for immobilization of affinity ligands, enzymes, and cells

Bacterial cellulose (BC) produced by Komagataeibacter sucrofermentans was magnetically modified using perchloric acid stabilized magnetic fluid. Magnetic bacterial cellulose (MBC) was used as a carrier for the immobilization of affinity ligands, enzymes and cells. MBC with immobilized reactive copper phthalocyanine dye was an efficient adsorbent for crystal violet removal; the maximum adsorption capacity was 388mg/g. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were also determined. Model biocatalysts, namely bovine pancreas trypsin and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were immobilized on MBC using several strategies including adsorption with subsequent cross-linking with glutaraldehyde and covalent binding on previously activated MBC using sodium periodate or 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether. Immobilized yeast cells retained approximately 90% of their initial activity after 6 repeated cycles of sucrose solution hydrolysis. Trypsin covalently bound after MBC periodate activation was very stable during operational stability testing; it could be repeatedly used for ten cycles of low molecular weight substrate hydrolysis without loss of its initial activity.

Synthesis of poly(styrene-co-methacrylic acid)-coated magnetite nanoparticles as effective adsorbents for the removal of crystal violet and Rhodamine B: a comparative study

In this work, Fe3O4/Poly(styrene-co-methacrylic acid) (St-co-MAA) particles with different particle sizes (20 and 255 nm) were synthesized by miniemulsion polymerization via two routes. The synthesized particles were used as adsorbents for the removal of crystal violet (CV) and Rhodamine B (RB) from water solution. The as-prepared adsorbents were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, transmission electron microscope (TEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Magnetic measurements revealed that the obtained Fe3O4/Poly(St-co-MAA) with small particle size (20 nm) has superparamagnetism properties. The effects of various factors on the adsorption capacity, such as contact time, pH of dyes solution, and initial dyes concentration were investigated. The studies showed that the experimental data are fitted well with Langmuir model, indicating homogeneous monolayer adsorption process. Adsorption kinetics of Fe3O4/Poly(St-co-MAA) were well explained by the pseudo-second-order model, suggesting a chemical adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacities (qm) of CV and RB onto Fe3O4/Poly(St-co-MAA) with small particles size were 416.66 and 69.54 mg g−1, respectively, which were much higher than the adsorption capacities of adsorbent with large particle sizes (qm of CV = 207.9 and qm of RB = 38.91 mg g−1). The dye-adsorbed magnetic Poly(St-co-MAA) could be easily desorbed and reused for at least four cycles with a little decrease in adsorption capacity.

Adsorptive Removal of Aqueous Phase Crystal Violet Dye by Low-Cost Activated Carbon Obtained from Date Palm (L.) Dead Leaflets

Up to now, water pollution is still one of the important issues and challenges worldwide, due to its environmental, economic and human life impacts. It is also remains a challenge to environment scientists and technologists. Nowadays, the textile dyeing industry is considered one of the largest water consuming industries and produces large volumes of colored wastewater in its dyeing and finishing process. In this study, date palm tree leaflets (DPL) has been selected as a natural renewable source for the production of a new activated carbon (AC) utilized for the removal of crystal violet (CV) from water-dye system using a batch mode technique. The experiments studies were carried out at different initial dye concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose, and pH. The sorption exhibited high efficiency for CV adsorption and the equilibrium state could be achieved in 30 minutes for the different CV initial concentrations. CV removal was proved to increase with the increase in ACDL dose, pH, and contact time. Agitation rate and total volume of the reaction mixture were kept at 200 rpm and 20 mL respectively. The applicability of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations was investigated and it was found that experimental data fitted very well to both Freundlich and Langmuir models. The maximum adsorption capacity (qm) was found to be 36.63 mg/g.

Adsorption of Basic and Acidic Dyes onto Agricultural Wastes

The potential of almond leaves powder, (ALP) for the removal of Crystal violet (CV) and Congo red (CR) dyes from aqueous solution was investigated. The adsorbent (ALP) was characterized by FTIR and SEM analysis. Batch adsorption studies were conducted and various parameters such as contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, pH and temperature were studied to observe their effects in the dyes adsorption process. The optimum conditions for the adsorption of CV and CR dyes onto the adsorbent (ALP) was found to be: contact time (100mins), pH (10.0), temperature (343K) for an initial CV dye concentration of 50mg/L using adsorbent dose of 1.0g and contact time (100mins), pH (2.0), temperature (333K) for an initial CR dye concentration of 50mg/L using adsorbent dose 1.0g respectively. The experimental equilibrium adsorption data fitted best and well to the Freundlich isotherm model for both CV and CR dyes adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of ALP was found to be 22.96mg/g and 7.77mg/g for the adsorption of CV and CR dyes respectively. The kinetic data conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic quantities such as Gibbs free energy (ΔG0), enthalpy (ΔH0) and entropy (ΔS0) were evaluated and the negative values of ΔG0obtained for both dyes indicate the spontaneous nature of the adsorption process while the positive values of ΔH0and ΔS0obtained indicated the endothermic nature and increased randomness during the adsorption process respectively for the adsorption of CV and CR onto ALP. Based on the results obtained such as good adsorption capacity, rapid kinetics, and its low cost, ALP appears to be a promising adsorbent material for the removal of CV and CR dye stuff from aqueous media.

Aminopropyl-containing ionic liquid based organosilica as a novel and efficient adsorbent for removal of crystal violet from wastewaters

Abstract Herein a novel aminopropyl-containing ionic liquid based organosilica (ILOS-NH 2 ) is prepared, characterized and applied as effective adsorbent for removal of crystal violet (CV) dye from wastewater. The ILOS-NH 2 material was synthesized by hydrolysis and co-condensation of 1,3-bis-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)-imidazolium chloride (BTMSPIC) under acidic conditions followed by treatment with 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane in toluene under reflux conditions. This material was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The material was effectively used in the removal of crystal violet at ambient temperature and showed high capacity and stability under applied conditions. The efficacy of pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration, temperature, and isotherm studies and the applicability of pseudo-first, second order and Elovich kinetic models have also been investigated.

Adsorption of Basic and Acidic Dyes onto Agricultural Wastes

The potential of almond leaves powder, (ALP) for the removal of Crystal violet (CV) and Congo red (CR) dyes from aqueous solution was investigated. The adsorbent (ALP) was characterized by FTIR and SEM analysis. Batch adsorption studies were conducted and various parameters such as contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, pH and temperature were studied to observe their effects in the dyes adsorption process. The optimum conditions for the adsorption of CV and CR dyes onto the adsorbent (ALP) was found to be: contact time (100mins), pH (10.0), temperature (343K) for an initial CV dye concentration of 50mg/L using adsorbent dose of 1.0g and contact time (100mins), pH (2.0), temperature (333K) for an initial CR dye concentration of 50mg/L using adsorbent dose 1.0g respectively. The experimental equilibrium adsorption data fitted best and well to the Freundlich isotherm model for both CV and CR dyes adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of ALP was found to be 22.96mg/g and 7.77mg/g for the adsorption of CV and CR dyes respectively. The kinetic data conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic quantities such as Gibbs free energy (ΔG0), enthalpy (ΔH0) and entropy (ΔS0) were evaluated and the negative values of ΔG0obtained for both dyes indicate the spontaneous nature of the adsorption process while the positive values of ΔH0and ΔS0obtained indicated the endothermic nature and increased randomness during the adsorption process respectively for the adsorption of CV and CR onto ALP. Based on the results obtained such as good adsorption capacity, rapid kinetics, and its low cost, ALP appears to be a promising adsorbent material for the removal of CV and CR dye stuff from aqueous media.

Biochar pyrolyzed from MgAl-layered double hydroxides pre-coated ramie biomass (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud.): Characterization and application for crystal violet removal

A novel biochar/MgAl-layered double hydroxides composite (CB-LDH) was prepared for the removal of crystal violet from aqueous solution by pyrolyzing MgAl-LDH pre-coated ramie stem (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud.). Pyrolysis played dual role for both converting biomass into biochar and calcining MgAl-LDH during the pyrolysis process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and zeta potential analysis were used to characterize the CB-LDH. The results of characterization suggested that the calcined LDH was successfully synthesized and coated on biochar. The resulted CB-LDH had higher total pore volume and more functional groups than the pristine biochar. Adsorption experimental data fitted well with the pseudo-second order kinetics model and the Freundlich isotherm model. The rate-controlled step was controlled by film-diffusion initially and then followed by intra-particle diffusion. Thermodynamic analysis showed that the adsorption of crystal violet was a spontaneous and endothermic process. The higher pH and temperature of the solution enhanced the adsorption performance. CB-LDH could also have excellent ability for the removal of crystal violet from the actual industrial wastewater and groundwater with high ionic strength. LDH adsorption, electrostatic attraction, pore-filling, π–π interaction and hydrogen bond might be the main mechanisms for crystal violet adsorption on CB-LDH. The results of this study indicated that CB-LDH is a sustainable and green adsorbent with high performance for crystal violet contaminated wastewater treatment and groundwater remediation.

Removal of Crystal Violet Dye by Adsorption onto Picrilima Nitida Stem Bark Powder: Kinetics and Isotherm Studies

The removal of Crystal Violet (CV) dye with the powder of picrilima nitida stem bark (PNSBP) has been demonstrated based on adsorption parameters like contact time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, pH, and temperature. The adsorbent was characterized by FTIR and SEM analysis. Equilibrium amount of CV dye adsorbed per unit mass of PNSBP adsorbent, qe (mg/g), occurred after 60 min. contact time. The q e values increased with increasing initial CV dye concentration from 25 mg/L to 125 mg/L, and with pH increasing from 2 to 10. However, the qe value continuously decreased as temperature increased from 30 o C to 70 o C and PNSBP adsorbent dosage from 0.5 g to 4 g. Based on values of correlation coefficient (R 2 ), the Freundlich isotherm was more appropriate in explaining the mechanism of the CV adsorption onto PNSB. Kinetic studies showed that the CV dye adsorption onto PNSB adsorbent followed the pseudo second order reaction kinetics. Thermodynamic quantities were evaluated and the negative G 0 values obtained indicated spontaneous adsorption process. The negative H 0 and S 0 values obtained indicate the exothermic nature and decrease in

Evaluation of performance of chemically treated date stones: Application for the removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions

Chemically treated date stones (CTDS) used in this study as adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV) from aqueous solutions in batch system. The effect of contact time, initial dye pH, temperature and initial dye concentration on the adsorptive removal process was studied. The results show that the removal of MB and CV is rapid and superior adsorption efficiency of MB and CV onto CTDS. In this study Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were investigated for adsorption of MB and CV onto CTDS. The Langmuir isotherm has the highest correlations coefficients, with maximums monolayers capacities of MB and CV were 515.46mg/g and 543.47mg/g, at 50°C, respectively. Pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second- order models were studied to analyze adsorption kinetics. The result shows the adsorption kinetic is the best with pseudo-second-order model. Desorption and regeneration experiments using HNO3 (0.1N) eluent were only possible with CTDS, which performed well in four repeated cycles with high MB and CV removal efficiencies.

Decolorization of bismarck brown R and crystal violet in liquid phase using modified pea peels: non-linear isotherm and kinetics modeling

The batch adsorption studies to assess the adsorption efficiency of citric acid modified pea peels (CAPP) for uptake of bismarck brown R (BB) and crystal violet (CV) from liquid phase were performed. The dyes uptake was found to increase with increase in agitation time, adsorbent dosage, temperature, solution pH and with decreasing initial dyes concentrations. The non-linear isotherm modeling revealed that Freundlich and Sips isotherm model correlated the data well indicating multilayer adsorption onto heterogeneous CAPP surface. Langmuir adsorption capacity, Q m for BB and CV was 5.37 and 17.61 mg/g, respectively. The separation factor, R L 1 indicated favorable adsorption. The kinetic studies showed that the pseudo-second order rate equation correctly explained the adsorption process, supporting the adsorption of one dye molecule onto two adsorption sites, with intra-particle and liquid-film diffusion as the rate controlling steps. The negative values of ΔG° (−20 to 0 kJ/mol) suggested the spontaneous and physical adsorption. The positive ΔH° and ΔS° values suggested endothermic adsorption and increased entropy at solid-solution interface. The CAPP proved to be an inexpensive and efficient adsorbent for BB and CV removal from wastewater.

Synthesis of acrylic-lignosulfonate resin for crystal violet removal from aqueous solution

A new acrylic-lignosulfonate resin (ALR) was obtained by radical polymerization using calcium lignosulfonate (LS-Ca) and acrylic acid (AA) as raw materials. ALR was characterized using FT-IR, SEM, TG-DSC and N2 adsorption–desorption surface area and pore size analyzer. Batch adsorption, including initial concentration, time, pH, dosage and temperature on the adsorption of crystal violet (CV) by ALR, was systematically studied. The ALR contained porous structure and the specific surface area of ALR was 190.55 m2/g with average pore diameter 11.34 nm. The kinetic and equilibrium data fitted into the pseudo-second-order model and Freundlich isotherm model, respectively. The adsorption process was slightly influenced in the range of pH=3–12. The maximum adsorption capacity of CV was found to be as high as 150.40±4.80mg/g for 24 h at 25 °C. Thermodynamic parameters were evaluated, and their values indicated that adsorption of CV on ALR was an exothermic process and spontaneous.