Infection Rate Of Cryptosporidium Research Articles

The Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in Marmota himalayana (Rodentia: Sciuridae) in the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau area, China.

Cryptosporidium and Giardia are well-known important intestinal zoonotic pathogens that can infect various hosts and cause diarrhoeal diseases. We aimed to determine the epidemiological prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species in Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana, class Marmota) in the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Area of Qinghai Province, Northwest China. Overall, 243 Himalayan marmot fecal samples were collected in 2017 and in 2019 and a two-step nested PCR technique was performed to amplify the fragments of the SSU rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium and 18S ribosomal RNA gene of Giardia. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium was performed with the primary primers NDIAGF2 and N-DIAGR2, the secondary primers CPB-DIAGF and CPB-DIAGR. Similarly, molecular characterization of Giardia was used the first primers Gia2029 and Gia2150c, the secondary primers RH11 and RH4. The positive PCR products were sequenced and the sequences were processed by Clustal Omega and BLAST. Phylogenetic analysis was achieved by NJ method in MEGA. The infection rate of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis was 4.9% (12/243) and 0.8% (2/243) in M. himalayana, respectively. Cryptosporidium spp. are characterized as novel genotypes Cryptosporidium marmot genotype I (n=3) and Cryptosporidium marmot genotype II (n=9); G. duodenalis assemblage A (n=2) was found in M. himalayana. This is the first report of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis infections in M. himalayana in Qinghai of Northwest China. The results indicate the existence of Cryptosporidium species and G. duodenalis infections that may have a potential public health significance.

Investigating the infection dynamics and molecular detection of Cryptosporidium in Buffaloes in Sylhet, Bangladesh

Cryptosporidiosis, a zoonotic infection impacting both livestock and humans, is inadequately understood in terms of its prevalence and transmission dynamics involving buffaloes in Bangladesh. This research, conducted in the Sylhet division, aimed to explore the prevalence and potential risk factors influencing Cryptosporidium spp. in the faecal samples of 392 buffaloes. Detection of the parasite utilized modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining, with molecular identification achieved through nested PCR (nPCR). The comprehensive analysis revealed 9.18% (36/392) prevalence at the individual animal level and 40.48% (17/42) at the herd level. Age-based analysis revealed fluctuating infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp. in buffaloes across distinct age brackets, with rates of 22.61% in those aged 0–6 months, 5.00% in those aged 6–12 months, and 1.03% in those aged 12–18 months. Diarrheic buffaloes showed a significantly (p < 0.001) higher infection rate (26.67%; 28/105) compared to non-diarrheic buffaloes (2.79%; 8/287). In risk factor analysis, binary logistic regression revealed that buffaloes aged 0–6 months were experiencing a likelihood that is 14.84 times higher to be affected by Cryptosporidium in contrast to their older counterparts (OR = 14.85; p = 0.02). Additionally, diarrhoeic buffaloes were found to be more susceptible to Cryptosporidium compared to healthy buffaloes (OR = 17.50; p < 0.001). A higher stocking density was associated with an increased likelihood of infection in buffaloes (OR = 11.20; p = 0.01). The results of this study emphasize the necessity for targeted interventions, considering factors like diarrheic condition and stocking density, to effectively manage and control cryptosporidiosis in Bangladesh.

The prevalence and genotypes of Cryptosporidium spp. in bar-headed goose (Anser indicus) in China

Cryptosporidium spp. is an important foodborne and waterborne pathogen in humans and animals, causing diarrhoea in humans and respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases in birds. However, reports of Cryptosporidium infection in bar–headed goose are limited. To determine the infection rate and species/genotypes of Cryptosporidium in bar–headed goose in China, a total of 358 fecal samples were collected from 3 regions. Nested PCR was used to amplify Cryptosporidium SSU rRNA regions from the fecal extracted–DNA samples. The total infection rate of Cryptosporidium in bar–headed in China was 3.9 % (14/358), with 4.2 % (5/120) in Aba (Ngawa) Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefect, Sichuan province, 7.6 % (9/119) in Maqu county, Gansu province, and 0.0 % (0/119) in Caohai, Wei ning county, Guizhou province. The differences in prevalence rate by region were statistically significant. All positive samples were identified as Cryptosporidium goose genotype I (n = 14). This is the first systematic investigation of the epidemiological status and dominant species/genotypes of Cryptosporidium in bar–headed goose in China, thereby enhancing our understanding of the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium infection in wild migratory birds.

Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in eleven wild rodent species in China: Common distribution, extensive genetic diversity and high zoonotic potential

Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are common zoonotic pathogens in humans and animals. Although rodents are important parts of the ecosystem and common hosts for these pathogens, little is known of the distribution, genetic diversity and zoonotic potential of these pathogens in wild rodents. A total of 442 fecal samples were collected from eleven wild rodent species in three provinces of China, and analyzed for these pathogens by PCR and DNA sequencing. The infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp. and E. bieneusi were 19.9% (88/442), 19.8% (75/378) and 12.2% (54/442), respectively. Altogether, 23 known Cryptosporidium species/genotypes were identified and their distribution varied among different sampling locations or rodent species. Subtyping of the zoonotic Cryptosporidium species identified two novel subtype families XVe and XVf in C. viatorum, the subtype family XIIh and a novel subtype family XIIj in C. ubiquitum, and the subtype family IId in C. parvum. Three Giardia species were identified, including G. microti (n = 57), G. muris (n = 15) and G. duodenalis (n = 3), with G. duodenalis assemblages A and G identified in brown rats in urban areas of Guangdong. In addition, 13 E. bieneusi genotypes including eight known and five novel ones were identified, belonging to Groups 1, 2, 10, 14 and 15. Within nine genotypes in the zoonotic Group 1, common human-pathogenic genotypes D, Type IV, PigEbITS7 and Peru8 were detected only in brown rats and Lesser rice-field rats in urban areas of Guangdong. Apparent host adaptation and geographical differences were observed among Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp. and E. bieneusi genotypes in wild rodents in the present study. Furthermore, the zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and E. bieneusi genotypes commonly found here suggest a high zoonotic potential of these pathogens in wild rodents, especially in brown rats in urban areas. Hygiene and One Health measures should be implemented in urban streets and food stores to reduce the possible direct and indirect transmission of these rodent-related pathogens.

Cryptosporidium spp. in captive snakes from 26 provinces in China: Prevalence, molecular characterization, and symptoms.

Snakes are sometimes regarded as pets and are used in traditional Chinese medicine. Cryptosporidium spp. are frequently identified in snakes, representing an important pathogen and causing gastrointestinal diseases. Current data indicate that risk factors for infection and patterns of clinical symptom presentation may differ among Cryptosporidium spp. To better understand the infection status by Cryptosporidium spp., fecal samples were collected from 603 asymptomatic and 147 symptomatic snakes in 26 provinces of China. These samples came from Elaphe guttata, Elaphe obsoleta, Pituophis melanoleucus, Thamnophis sirtalis, Lampropeltis getulus, and Heterodon nasicus. The partial small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene was amplified using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to investigate the infection rate of Cryptosporidium spp., and to assess evolutionary relationships and genetic characterization. A prevalence of 20% was recorded in asymptomatic snakes, with age identified as a significant risk factor. In contrast, 70% of symptomatic snakes were positive for Cryptosporidium spp., with Cryptosporidium serpentis and Cryptosporidium varanii (syn. C. saurophilum). Further analysis revealed a potential association between C. serpentis and regurgitation, and C. varanii and diarrhea, while neither species was linked to flatulence. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report Cryptosporidium spp. and associated clinical signs in symptomatic snakes in China. This study aims to enhance the understanding of Cryptosporidium infections, risk factors, and clinical manifestations in snakes, providing data crucial for the control and prevention of cryptosporidiosis.

Detection of Cryptosporidium‎‎ spp in Bobwhite Quails (Coturnix coturnix) by ‎Traditional Methods in Baghdad City, Iraq

Cryptosporidiosis is one of the most important zoonosis diseases distributed ‎worldwide causes severe diarrhea in animals and is lethal in quails. This study detected ‎Cryptosporidium‎‎ spp. in quails in Baghdad province Iraq by flotation and staining methods ‎and compared these results with PCR results from the previous study. This research was ‎carried out from January 2022 to September 2022. Out of 180 quails (Coturnix coturnix) in ‎total were investigated. The overall infection rate of Cryptosporidium‎‎ spp. in quails was ‎‎23.9% (43/180). Young quail had a greater infection rate of 44.2% (19/43) while adult ‎quails had a lower infection rate of 17.2% (24/137). Finding from the research revealed that there were ‎no significant differences between males and females and highly significant differences ‎among the months of study with the highest infection rate being 45% (9/20) in April, and ‎the lowest infection rate being 10% in June and July. This disease was presented in birds ‎and birds act as a mechanical carrier of Cryptosporidium‎‎ spp. between a conventional acid-‎fast staining procedure and PCR test, PCR can not only detect Cryptosporidium‎‎ but is also ‎able to differentiate between what appear to be host-adapted genotypes of the parasite with ‎high sensitivity and specificity‎‎‎.

Molecular evaluation of Cryptosporidium spp. in sheep in southern Xinjiang, China.

Cryptosporidium spp. are diarrheagenic intestinal parasites with multiple hosts worldwide. A total of 1252 fresh fecal samples of sheep were collected from 10 large-scale farms in southern Xinjiang. Based on the small subunit ribosomal (SSU rRNA) gene of Cryptosporidium, 100 Cryptosporidium-positive samples (8.0%, 100/1252) were detected by PCR. Nine out of 10 farms were positive for Cryptosporidium, with the highest infection rate being 18.4% (23/125) on farm 9 in Qira. The infection rates of Cryptosporidium in pre-weaned lambs, weaned lambs, fattening sheep, and adult sheep were 20.3% (61/301), 10.3% (34/329), 0.9% (3/327), and 0.7% (2/295), respectively. Three Cryptosporidium species were identified, namely, C. xiaoi (n=61), C. parvum (n=22), and C. ubiquitum (n=17). Of them, C. xiaoi was detected on all positive farms and in different age groups of sheep. The subtypes of C. parvum and C. ubiquitum were identified by PCR at the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Two C. parvum subtypes were identified: IIdA19G1 (n = 21) and IIdA15G1 (n = 1). One C. ubiquitum subtype was identified with XIIa (n = 17). These results indicated the common transmission and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium in sheep in southern Xinjiang, and further investigations are needed on the zoonotic potential of C. parvum and C. ubiquitum in this region.

Dominant infection of Cryptosporidium baileyi in broiler chickens in Zhejiang Province, China.

Cryptosporidium is a common enteric parasite in chickens. A total of 812 fecal specimens were collected from 11 broiler farms in Zhejiang Province, China, and analyzed by nested PCR amplification based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. The overall infection rate of Cryptosporidium was 6.3% (51/812), and five of 11 farms were Cryptosporidium positive. Broilers aged > 90 days accounted for the highest infection rate of 16.1% (6/56), followed by those aged 30-60 days (10.6%, 38/358) and 60-90 days (4/378, 1.1%). Two Cryptosporidium species were identified by sequence analysis, with the predominant species being C. baileyi (96.1%, 49/51) and the minor infection being C. meleagridis (3.9%, 2/51). Based on the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene, two C. meleagridis-positive isolates were identified as one known subtype, IIIbA24G1R1. This study indicated the common occurrence of C. baileyi in broiler chickens in this region and low zoonotic transmission potential of Cryptosporidium to humans.

Molecular diagnostics of &lt;i&gt;Cryptosporidium&lt;/i&gt; species in pigs on private farms in the Vologda Region of the North-Western Federal District of the Russian Federation

The purpose of the researchis to determine infection rate and oocyst isolation degree followed by identification of taxa of Cryptosporidium species in piglets of different age groups using the latest molecular genetic methods, on private farms in the Vologda Region of the North-Western Federal District of the Russian Federation.Materials and methods. These studies were performed in the Russian Federation for the first time. The research was performed on private pig farms located in the Vologda Region of the North-Western Federal District of the Russian Federation from January to September 2022. Feces were taken from piglets of different age groups, namely, sucklings under the age of 1 month, weaners (1–3 months), feeder pigs (4 months and older), as well as from milking sows. Age groups were formed taking into consideration technological parameters of keeping animals on farms. Using microscopic research methods, “positive” samples were detected in which Cryptosporidium oocysts were found, and the number of oocysts was determined. Subsequently, the samples were studied using the equipment of the resource center «Genomic Technologies, Proteomics and Cell Biology» of ARRIAM. Cryptosporidium species were identified in samples of animal feces using high-throughput sequencing of 18S rRNA gene fragment amplicon libraries as obtained by nested PCR.Results and discussion. Cryptosporidium species were identified in each studied age group both in the animal’s presenting indigestion and the animals without any clinical sign of the disease. The average cryptosporidium infection rate was 32.4% in the animals on private farms. The most infected with cryptosporidium oocysts were feeder pigs aged 4–6 months (72%). As a result of sequencing of 18S rRNA gene fragment amplicon libraries obtained using selected primers and subsequent taxonomic analysis of the resulting nucleotide sequences, it was shown that only representatives of theCryptosporidium scrofarumspecies were present in all the studied samples.

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in children from China: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cryptosporidium is an important zoonotic pathogen that causes diarrhea in humans and animals, and a leading cause of diarrhea morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years old. However, the meta-analysis of Cryptosporidium infection in children in China has not been published. We searched the databases for articles published on the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in children in China since the inception of these databases to 31 October 2022. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in children was estimated using a random effects model. The results showed that 111 datasets from 24 provinces were selected for the final quantitative analysis. The estimated pooled Cryptosporidium infection prevalence in children in China was 2.9% (3300/126,381). The highest prevalence rate was in southwestern China (4.8%, 365/7766). Subgroup analysis indicated that the Cryptosporidium infection rate in children aged < 3 years (4.9%, 330/8428) was significantly higher than that in children aged 3–6 years (2.5%, 609/26,080) and >6 years (2.6%, 647/27,586). Six Cryptosporidium species were detected in children in China from the selected studies. C. hominis was the dominant species (77.1%, 145/188) and the proportions of subgenotype IaA14R4 of C. hominis was highest (42.8%, 62/145). The findings suggest that Chinese children is in a low level of Cryptosporidium infection, however, the geographical distribution of the infection is extensive. We suggest that measures should be taken to ensure the healthy growth of Chinese children by improving the water environment, increasing public health facilities, strengthening children's health education, and developing sound Cryptosporidium infection control programs.

Global prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in pigs: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Cryptosporidium spp. are significant opportunistic pathogens causing diarrhoea in humans and animals. Pigs are one of the most important potential hosts for Cryptosporidium. We evaluated the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in pigs globally using published information and a random-effects model. In total, 131 datasets from 36 countries were included in the final quantitative analysis. The global prevalence of Cryptosporidium in pigs was 16.3% (8560/64 809; 95% confidence interval [CI] 15.0–17.6%). The highest prevalence of Cryptosporidium in pigs was 40.8% (478/1271) in Africa. Post-weaned pigs had a significantly higher prevalence (25.8%; 2739/11 824) than pre-weaned, fattening and adult pigs. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium was higher in pigs with no diarrhoea (12.2%; 371/3501) than in pigs that had diarrhoea (8.0%; 348/4874). Seven Cryptosporidium species (Cryptosporidium scrofarum, Cryptosporidium suis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium muris, Cryptosporidium tyzzeri, Cryptosporidium andersoni and Cryptosporidium struthioni) were detected in pigs globally. The proportion of C. scrofarum was 34.3% (1491/4351); the proportion of C. suis was 31.8% (1385/4351) and the proportion of C. parvum was 2.3% (98/4351). The influence of different geographic factors (latitude, longitude, mean yearly temperature, mean yearly relative humidity and mean yearly precipitation) on the infection rate of Cryptosporidium in pigs was also analysed. The results indicate that C. suis is the dominant species in pre-weaned pigs, while C. scrofarum is the dominant species in fattening and adult pigs. The findings highlight the role of pigs as possible potential hosts of zoonotic cryptosporidiosis and the need for additional studies on the prevalence, transmission and control of Cryptosporidium in pigs.

Molecular characterization and prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in sheep and goats in western Inner Mongolia, China

Cryptosporidium spp. are zoonotic intestinal parasites that infect fish, birds, reptiles and mammals. Cryptosporidium spp. are common cause of diarrhea. In this study, a total of 1032 fecal samples were collected from the rectums of sheep and goats. The samples were analyzed using nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene of Cryptosporidium spp. The average infection rate of Cryptosporidium spp. was 2.23% (n = 23), and three Cryptosporidium species were identified, namely Cryptosporidium ubiquitum (8/23), Cryptosporidium andersoni (5/23) and Cryptosporidium xiaoi (10/23). Subtyping of C. ubiquitum and C. xiaoi was carried out by DNA sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Eight C. ubiquitum isolates were identified as zoonotic subtype XIIa. Nine C. xiaoi isolates were identified as subtypes XXIIIc (n = 1), XXIIIf (n = 3) and XXIIIg (n = 5). Subtype XXIIIg was first found in Chinese sheep. C. ubiquitum subtype XIIa was found in both sheep and goats, suggesting that sheep and goats are important sources of C. ubiquitum infections.

Longitudinal surveillance of Cryptosporidium spp. in broiler chickens in Xinjiang, northwest China: genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium meleagridis subtypes.

Cryptosporidium spp. are common enteric parasites in humans and animals. Herein, 175 faecal specimens were collected from a broiler farm in Xinjiang, China, including seven repeated samplings at 10-day intervals of broilers aged 10 to 70days. Cryptosporidium was detected and identified by PCR-RFLP analysis. The overall infection rate of Cryptosporidium in broilers was 23.4% (41/175), with the highest infection rate of 48.0% (12/25) at 40days of age, and no infection was detected at 10days of age. Two Cryptosporidium species were confirmed, namely, C. baileyi (3.4%, 6/175) and C. meleagridis (20%, 35/175). In total, 21 of 35 C. meleagridis isolates were successfully subtyped based on the gp60 gene, and one known subtype, IIIgA22G3R1 (n = 1), and three novel subtypes, IIIbA25G1R1 (n = 10), IIIgA24G3R1 (n = 9) and IIIgA25G2R1 (n = 1), were identified. Our findings highlight the genetic diversity of C. meleagridis in Xinjiang and the potential endemic characteristics of the subtypes.

Divergent Cryptosporidium species and host-adapted Cryptosporidium canis subtypes in farmed minks, raccoon dogs and foxes in Shandong, China.

Cryptosporidium spp. are common parasitic pathogens causing diarrhea in humans and various animals. Fur animals are widely farmed in Shandong Province, China, but the prevalence and genetic identity of Cryptosporidium spp. in them are unclear. In this study, 1,211 fecal samples were collected from 602 minks, 310 raccoon dogs and 299 foxes on two farms in Shandong and analyzed for Cryptosporidium spp. by nested PCR and sequence analyses of the small subunit rRNA gene. The overall infection rate of Cryptosporidium spp. was 31.5% (381/1,211), with a higher infection rate in raccoon dogs (37.7%, 117/310) than in foxes (32.4%, 97/299) and minks (27.7%, 167/602). By age, the highest infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp. were observed in raccoon dogs of 1-2 months, minks of 5-6 months, and foxes of > 12 months. Three Cryptosporidium species and genotypes were detected, including C. canis (n = 279), C. meleagridis (n = 65) and Cryptosporidium mink genotype (n = 37). Among the three major host species, raccoon dogs were infected with C. canis only (n = 117), while foxes were infected with both C. canis (n = 32) and C. meleagridis (n = 65), and minks with C. canis (n = 130) and Cryptosporidium mink genotype (n = 37). Subtyping of C. canis by sequence analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene identified eight subtypes. They belonged to two known subtype families, XXa and XXd, and two novel subtype families XXf and XXg, with host adaptation at the subtype family level. Notably, C. canis from foxes was genetically distant from those in other hosts. Further subtyping analysis identified three subtypes (IIIeA21G2R1, IIIeA19G2R1 and IIIeA17G2R1) of C. meleagridis and two novel subtype families Xf and Xg of the Cryptosporidium mink genotype. The presence of zoonotic C. canis subtypes in raccoon dogs and C. meleagridis subtypes in foxes suggests that these fur animals might be potential reservoirs for human-pathogenic Cryptosporidium spp.

Detection and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in pet hairless guinea pigs (Cavia Porcellus) from China.

Cryptosporidium spp. are common protozoan parasites that can infect humans and animals worldwide. Recently, the hairless guinea pigs (also called Skinny pigs) were introduced into China as pets. However, Cryptosporidium species and their prevalence in these exotic animals were not studied. In this study, fecal samples were collected from a total of 324 hairless guinea pigs from a pet market and four breeding facilities in four provinces of China. The infection rate of Cryptosporidium was 6.8% (22/324). Three Cryptosporidium species were identified, including Cryptosporidium homai (n = 16), Cryptosporidium wrairi (n = 5), and Cryptosporidium hominis plus C. homai (n = 1). Sequence analysis of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene showed that the C. hominis isolate was a C. hominis variant, which mostly infects equine animals. However, the identification of C. hominis was not supported by the analysis of other genetic loci. The C. hominis isolate was characterized as C. homai at both 70-kDa heat shock protein (hsp70) and actin genes, indicating a mixed infection. At the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene, subtyping of the C. hominis isolate was not successful. Five C. wrairi isolates were identified as subtype VIIaA13T1, which was previously reported in a guinea pig in the USA. The Cryptosporidium spp. identified in this study have no or low zoonotic potential.

Molecular detection and genetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp. in Chinese racehorses.

Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite causing diarrhoea in humans and animals. Although Cryptosporidium has been found in domestic horses (farmed or kept at pasture), there has been only one published study of Cryptosporidium infections in Chinese racehorses, which was restricted to a very small geographical area. To investigate the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in the faeces of racehorses in China and to perform molecular characterisation of the parasite. Cross-sectional. A total of 621 fresh faecal samples were collected for DNA extraction from racehorses at 17 equestrian clubs from 12 provinces of China from December 2016 to May 2018. All the DNA were analysed for the presence of Cryptosporidium species/genotypes and subtypes by PCR amplification of the small subunit ribosomal RNA and 60 kDa glycoprotein genes respectively. PCR analysis revealed that 11 samples (1.8%) were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. Among them seven samples were identified as C. parvum and four were C. hominis. The C. parvum isolates were identified as subtype IIdA14G1 (n=4) and IIdA15G1 (n=3), while all C. hominis isolates were identified as subtype IkA18G1 (n=4). A single faecal sample from each horse was used instead of multiple samples that could improve the detection rates of the parasite. Although Cryptosporidium infection rate was relatively low in the investigated racehorses, the presence of zoonotic subtypes IIdA14G and 1IIdA15G1 of C. parvum and IkA18G1 of C. hominis, suggesting that these animals are a potential source of Cryptosporidium in humans.

Parasitological, Molecular, and Epidemiological Investigation of Cryptosporidium Infection Among Cattle and Buffalo Calves From Assiut Governorate, Upper Egypt: Current Status and Zoonotic Implications.

Details about the epidemiological patterns and real contributions of different reservoir animals in maintaining the transmission cycle of Cryptosporidium spp. in Upper Egypt remain lacking. This study was designed to investigate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle and buffalo (n = 608) from Upper Egypt. The parasite for the resulting positive samples by fecal examination was molecularly identified using nested PCR targeting the small subunit rRNA. Moreover, several explanatory variables, including animals' age, sex, condition, seasonal variations, were examined to describe the epidemiological pattern of the disease. Interestingly, the fecal examination revealed that 33.55% (204/608) of the animals under study were infected with Cryptosporidium, including 38.27% among cattle and 28.16% among buffalo. The parasite was molecularly identified using nested PCR, and their amplicons were identified in almost all fecal samples using microscopy (202/204). According to age as an individual variable factor, the infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle calves with ages of <1, 1–3, and >3 months were 39.13, 34.04, and 54.54%, respectively. Meanwhile, in buffalo calves, the occurrence rates were 28.57, 27.27, and 29.41%, respectively. Regarding sex, female cattle calves were more susceptible to Cryptosporidium infection (51.28%) than males (26.19%) (p < 0.05), whereas male buffalo calves had a higher infection rate (32.25%) than females (25%). According to seasonal variations, the infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle calves during spring, summer, autumn, and winter were 42.11, 30.43, 30, and 52.63%, respectively. In contrast, lower infection rates of 30, 21.42, 23.52, and 35% were reported in buffalo calves during spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. The rate of infection was 45.16% in diarrheic cattle calves and 15.78% in non-diarrheic ones (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the infection rate was 33.96% in diarrheic buffalo calves and 11.11% in non-diarrheic ones (p < 0.05). This study reported a higher occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection among the animals under study and revealed that buffalos and cattle can contribute to maintaining the transmission cycle of this zoonotic parasite in Upper Egypt.

The infection and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in diarrheic pigs in southern China

Cryptosporidium spp. is recognized as an opportunistic zoonotic parasite that infects humans, wild and domestic animals, and is also a major cause of diarrhea-related disease in immunocompromised individuals, considered a global public health concern. Pig is considered as one of the reservoir hosts of Cryptosporidium spp. can transmit cryptosporidiosis to humans and other animals. However, limited studies on the distribution of Cryptosporidium spp. in diarrheic pigs have been published. Objective of the current study was to investigate the infection and species/genotypes of Cryptosporidium spp. from feces of diarrheic pigs in southern China. A total of 1254 fresh fecal samples were collected from 37 intensive pig farms in Jiangxi, Hunan and Fujian provinces, and were screened for Cryptosporidium spp. infection using a nested PCR assay targeted the small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) genes. The overall infection rate of Cryptosporidium spp. was 4.5% (57/1254), including 5.5% (17/307) in suckling piglets, 2.7% (8/299) in weaned piglets, 7.4% (7/95) in fattening pigs and 4.5% (25/553) in sows, respectively. In addition, two human-pathogenic species Cryptosporidium scrofarum (80.7%, 46/57) and Cryptosporidium suis (19.3%, 11/57) were identified. C. scrofarum and C. suis were observed in pigs tested in all age groups. Interestingly, a high colonization incidence of C. scrofarum (16/57) was observed in suckling piglets. This study revealed the prevalence and species of Cryptosporidium spp. in diarrheic pigs in three provinces of southern China, which suggested that diarrhea maybe not a direct factor affecting the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in pigs. More prevention and control of this parasite in pigs should receive greater attention from farmers in investigated provinces.

Occurrence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Blastocystis sp. in captive wild animals in zoos in Henan, China

BackgroundCaptive wild animals in zoos infected with Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Blastocystis sp. can be sources of zoonotic infections and diseases. Therefore, to investigate the distribution of these pathogens in captive wild animals of zoos in Henan, China, a total of 429 fresh fecal samples were collected from six zoos in Henan, China. The infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, E. bieneusi, and Blastocystis sp. were determined by PCR analysis of corresponding loci. Positive results for Cryptosporidium (C. parvum and C. hominis) were subtyped based on the (gp60) gene.ResultsThe overall prevalence was 43.1% (185/429), and the prevalence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Blastocystis sp. were 2.8% (12/429), 0.5% (2/429), 20.8% (89/429), and 19.1% (82/429), respectively. Five Cryptosporidium species, namely, C. hominis, C. parvum, C. muris, C. andersoni, and C. macropodum, were identified in this study. Cryptosporidium parvum was further subtyped as IIdA19G1. Two Giardia duodenalis assemblages (A and E) were also identified. A total of 20 Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes were detected, including 18 known (BEB6, D, HND-1, CD7, SDD1, Henan-IV, KIN-1, CHK1, Peru8, Henan-V, CHG11, CHG-1, CHS9, CHG21, Type-IV, CHC9, CM5, and CHB1) and 2 novel genotypes (CHWD1 and CHPM1). A total of nine subtypes of Blastocystis sp. (ST1, ST2, ST3, ST5, ST6, ST7, ST10, ST13, and ST14) were identified in captive wild animals in zoos in the present study. Cryptosporidium andersoni, nine Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes, and five Blastocystis subtypes were here first identified in new hosts.ConclusionsOur study has expanded the host ranges of these four pathogens. The data indicate that animals in zoos can commonly be infected with these four zoonotic pathogens, and animals in zoos are potential sources of zoonotic infections in humans.

Occurrence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis among captive mammals in the Bangladesh National Zoo.

Cryptosporidium and Giardia are protozoan parasites capable of causing gastrointestinal illness in humans and animals. The purpose of this research was to determine the occurrence, genetic characteristics, and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in captive mammals at the Bangladesh National Zoo. A total of 200 fresh fecal samples from 32 mammalian species were collected and examined for Cryptosporidium spp. using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene and G. duodenalis targeting the β-giardin (bg), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) genes. The overall infection rates of Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis among captive mammals in the zoo were 3.5% (7/200) and 5.5% (11/200), respectively. Five species/genotypes of Cryptosporidium (C. hominis, C. andersoni, C. muris, C. felis, and Cryptosporidium deer genotype) were identified. C. hominis was subtyped as IbA12G3 by sequence analysis of the glycoprotein 60 (gp60) gene. Multilocus genotyping of G. duodenalis revealed assemblages A, B, and D. Mixed infections of assemblages B and D and A and B were found in an Asiatic jackal and a Nilgiri langur, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence and genetic identity of the two parasites among zoo animals in Bangladesh. The results suggest that zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis are maintained in and transmitted between captive mammals. Therefore, washing, cleaning, and disinfection measures should be implemented to reduce the spread of Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis infections.