Cryotherapy Treatment Research Articles

Ice application without water drainage supports optimal hoof cooling in adult horses.

Cryotherapy is often used to reduce inflammation in acute equine laminitis cases. Certain hoof temperatures have been suggested as effective in minimizing the inflammatory process; however, there is limited evidence on which methods are best at achieving these temperatures. Our objective was to determine how different methods of cryotherapy influence the rate and extent of cooling for the equine hoof wall. Four horses received three hoof cooling treatments and a control (CON; no treatment application) in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments included (1) ice surrounding the hoof in a 5 L fluid bag with water drainage holes (DB), (2) ice surrounding the hoof in an undrained bag (UB), and (3) ice in a commercial wader boot (CW). Hoof wall temperatures were collected via thermal imaging for 12 hours. Thermally imaged body temperatures and thermometer-based rectal temperatures, heat index, relative humidity, and ambient temperature were recorded. A treatment × time interaction (P < 0.001) was observed for all hoof temperatures. All treatments differed from CON after 2 hours post-application, with the UB treatment resulting in the greatest and most sustained reduction in hoof temperatures over the 12-hour period (a change of -23.7°C ± 1.6). The wader boot showed similar trends to the UB treatment but was poorly tolerated by the horses. Environmental effects differed between hoof and body surface. Our findings indicate that cryotherapy treatments that maintain an ice-water slurry around the hoof result in greater decreases in hoof temperatures 2 hours post-treatment compared to drained ice application.

Autonomic Responses to Cold Pain: Effect of Type, Duration, and Habituation in Cryotherapy.

Cold limb immersion, a form of cryotherapy, can cause cardiovascular changes due to cold-pain induced autonomic reflexes. This cryotherapy treatment side effect has received less attention but could have direct implications for physical rehabilitation of individuals with cardiovascular comorbidities. To test hypotheses related to the pressor effects of varied limb sites and surface areas of cryotherapy, two common lower limb injury sites (ankle and knee) were immersed into cold water (15 min, 1-3 °C) and then referenced to a standard cold pressor test (CPT). Beat-by-beat arterial blood pressure (finger photoplethysmography), heart rate (ECG), systemic vascular conductance (SVC; Modelflow), and calf vascular conductance (VC; venous occlusion plethysmography) were measured in 14 healthy participants. At 2 min, CPT increased mean arterial pressure (MAP; 21 ± 4 mmHg) more than either ankle or leg immersion (15 ± 4 and 15 ± 5 mmHg, respectively; P = 0.015). SVC and calf VC decreased but were not different across treatments (P = 0.417 and P = 0.086). MAP and SVC were not different from 2 min to 15 min of immersion (P = 0.164 and P = 0.522), but calf VC decreased further by the end of immersion (3.1 ± 0.5 to 2.8 ± 0.4 and 2.7 ± 3 to 1.7 ± 0.2 units; P = 0.028). MAP increases with CPT were similar with solely CPT and when CPT followed ankle or leg immersion (27 ± 5 and 23 ± 4 mmHg, respectively; P = 0.199). These data indicate robust pressor responses without autonomic reflex habituation and that cryotherapy immersion location but not surface area appears to mediate cardiovascular responses. This cryotherapy side effect may be an important consideration for patients with cardiovascular-related comorbidities.

Overview of the human papilloma virus: types and its treatment

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease in the United States and one of the most common causes of sexually transmitted infections (STDs) globally. Warts are cutaneous and occasionally mucous lesions brought on by HPV, with 2-20% of elementary school students getting them. There are three types of warts: non-genital warts, flat warts, and plantar warts. Non-genital warts are hyperkeratotic, exophytic, dome-shaped papules or plaques commonly associated with HPV-1, 2, 4, 27, or 57. Flat warts appear as flesh-coloured, erythematous to brown, or hyperpigmented smooth papules with a flat top and a diameter of 2 to 5 mm. Plantar warts, also known as verrucae plantaris, are cutaneous lesions on the plantar aspect of the foot that result from a human papillomavirus infection of keratinocytes (HPV).Genital warts are transmitted through sexual contact, while autoinoculation and vertical transfer do occasionally happen. After engaging in sexual activity with an infected partner, about 70% of people experience anogenital warts. Treatment for HPV includes imiquimod cream formulations, photodynamic treatment (PDT), green tea, chemical cautery, fluorouracil cream, cryotherapy, and surgical treatment. Common warts are hyperkeratotic, exophytic, dome-shaped papules or plaques commonly found in fingers, dorsal surfaces of hands, knees, or elbows. Flat warts are flesh-coloured, erythematous to brown, or hyperpigmented smooth papules with a flat top and a diameter of 2 to 5 mm. Plantar warts are unique in their location and appearance, primarily affecting high-pressure locations on the palms and soles and are uniquely linked to HPV type 1.

Efficacy of Interalesional Botulinum Toxin Type A vs Cryotherapy in Treatment of Keloids: Comparative Clinical, Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Study

Abstract Background Keloid is a common dermatological complaint produced by disruption of the normal wound healing process. Several treatment modalities for keloids are available with variable degrees of response such as surgical excision, topical and intralesional corticosteroids, interferon, botulinum toxin, cryotherapy and laser therapy. Aim of the Study The aim of the present study is to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of intralesional botulinum toxin type A and cryotherapy in the treatment of keloids. Patients and Methods This study included 10 patients complaining of keloids (at least 2 lesions). Keloids were treated by either cryotherapy (one session every two weeks) or intralesional BTX-A (5 IU/cm2 once every 4 weeks). Punch biopsy was done for every lesion before the start of treatment and repeated 4 weeks after the end of treatment. Results Both treatment modalities achieved statistically significant clinical response (keloid pliability, height and VSS score) histological response (epidermal thickness) and immunohistochemical response (fibronectin spot count). Both treatments were well tolerated and satisfying to included patients.

Needling Technique (with or without Cryotherapy) versus Cryotherapy Alone in Treatment of Multiple Plantar Warts

Abstract Background Plantar warts are common benign tumors caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) infection of the epidermal cells with an estimated annual incidence of 14%. Needling, a novel therapeutic approach, stimulates the immune system resulting in clearance of even untreated lesions, in several patients. Introduction of human papilloma virus infected keratinocytes into the subcutaneous layer may facilitate a desired immune response. On the other hand, Cryotherapy, an inexpensive and simple traditional provider administered procedure using liquid nitrogen in a spray or cryoprobe, is frequently used in many countries as a first line of treatment of plantar warts. Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of immunotherapeutic modality (needling) versus locally destructive modality (cryotherapy), as well as combination of both immunotherapeutic modality and locally destructive modality (cryotherapy) in treatment of multiple plantar warts. Methods This is a randomized therapeutical prospective clinical study included 60 patients aged from 19 to 55 years with planter warts (&amp;gt;2) who haven't received treatment for the condition within the previous month, divided into 3 groups, 20 patients per group, one group subjected to needling procedure, another group subjected to cryotherapy and the third group subjected to a combination treatment of both needling and cryotherapy. Results Regarding patients' satisfaction, there was a statstical significant difference between the 3 studied groups as regard patients' satisfaction (median/range), being higher in cryotherapy and combined treatment groups than in needling group. This is the rapid effect of cryotherapy in warts treatment which shows higher scores in the 8th week. Also, not all patients are satisfied with needling since it is not commonly used as cryotherapy, which makes patients question its efficacy especially when used alone. As it is a painful procedure that has to be performed with local anesthetic which consumes a lot of time. Regarding reported side effects of our study, patients of needling group experienced pain, mild bleeding and mild infection. While patients of cryotherapy group experienced pain, blistering, infection and high recurrence rates. Patients of the combination treatment group experienced pain, mild bleeding and blistering. Conclusion Combining cryotherapy (locally destructive method) and needling (immunotherapeutic method) provides promising results as it combines benefits of cryotherapy, being rapid, safe and shows rapid response together with benefits of needling, being an immuno-stimulant that provides effective, long lasting, minimally invasive, low-cost treatment with excellent safety profile and low recurrence rates for treatment of plantar warts.

S568 Repeated Liquid Nitrogen Spray Cryotherapy Treatment Results in Sustained Palliation for Some Patients With Esophageal Cancer

S568 Repeated Liquid Nitrogen Spray Cryotherapy Treatment Results in Sustained Palliation for Some Patients With Esophageal Cancer

Enhancing Gingival Aesthetics: A Case Report on Gingival Depigmentation

Abstract The beauty of a smile is not solely defined by the teeth’s shape, position and colour, but also by the condition of the gingival tissues. While melanin pigmentation of the gingiva poses no medical risk, complaints about ‘black gums’ are common, particularly amongst individuals with a high smile line. Consequently, treatment approaches in periodontal aesthetics aim to establish a harmonious balance between the pink hues of the gums and the white of the teeth, a crucial aspect of all dental procedures. Various methods for gingival depigmentation have been documented, including bur abrasion, scraping, partial thickness flap surgery, cryotherapy, electrosurgery and laser treatment. In this case report, scraping, electrosurgery and diode laser techniques were employed for depigmentation, chosen for their simplicity, effectiveness and ability to deliver satisfactory results, thereby ensuring patient contentment.

From thinning to disappearance: A case report on the healing pattern of multiple and giant plantar warts.

Plantar warts, caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, are a common skin condition on the plantar surface. Despite the availability of various treatments, achieving satisfactory outcomes remains elusive. This study explores a novel therapeutic approach combining traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) soaking therapy with cryotherapy to address this challenge. This study focuses on 3 patients who presented with multiple and giant plantar warts, each with a disease duration exceeding 2 years. These patients had undergone numerous unsuccessful cryotherapy treatments, leaving them with persistent and troublesome warts. All 3 patients were diagnosed with multiple and giant plantar warts caused by HPV infection. Following unsuccessful cryotherapies, the patients were administered TCM soaking therapy as an adjunct treatment. Remarkably, all 3 patients achieved complete remission of their plantar warts within 2 to 4 months after combining cryotherapy with TCM soaking therapy. Our findings suggest that relying solely on cryotherapy is insufficient for effectively treating plantar warts. The key to successful treatment lies in inhibiting wart proliferation and continuously thinning them, which can be achieved through soaking in TCM. This study demonstrates the potential of combining cryotherapy with TCM soaking as a novel and effective therapeutic approach for treating multiple and giant plantar warts.

The influence of circulating cold water cryotherapy with or without intermittent pneumatic compression on shoulder joint position sense (JPS) in recreationally active adults: A randomized crossover trial

ObjectivesCryotherapy is a widely used intervention in sports settings to facilitate the return of injured athletes to competition, despite a lack of high-quality evidence. Given the possibility cryotherapy may increase the risk of injury, by reducing nerve conduction velocity, muscle force production, and proprioceptive afferent information, further research is needed to evaluate its effects on proprioception, particularly in the shoulder joint, which has the greatest range of motion of any joint in the body, where there is a dearth of studies. MethodsWe conducted a pre-registered, 1:1 block randomized, baseline controlled, double blind (outcome assessor and statistician), crossover trial of cryotherapy without compression and cryotherapy with compression. ResultsAnalysis indicated there were no statistically significant changes in the accuracy of achieving the target angle because of either the cryotherapy or compression intervention. The small effect sizes observed between the groups indicate that cryotherapy is unlikely to have a clinically significant negative impact on shoulder joint position sense. ConclusionConsequently, returning athletes to the field of play after cryotherapy treatment is not expected to pose an increased risk of injury due to proprioceptive deficits. These findings align with the majority of studies investigating the effects of cryotherapy on proprioception. Impact statementThis pre-registered, randomized, crossover trial on the effects of cryotherapy on joint position sense (JPS) in physical therapy and rehabilitation provides valuable insights into a widely used treatment modality. The small effect sizes observed in our study suggest that cryotherapy is unlikely to have a clinically significant negative effect on shoulder JPS. Cryotherapy remains a viable therapeutic option, without concerns for adverse effects or further injury risk, in returning athletes to the field of play.

Cryotherapy Treatment Effect on Heat-Treated Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) Rotary Single-File System: An In Vitro Comparative Study by Finite Element Analysis.

Background The use of endodontic files multiple times can cause fatigue in them and can lead to their separation in the root canal. The purpose of this study was to achieve a reduction in cyclic fatigue stress in a newly introduced nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary single-file system.The study aimed to determine whether cryotherapy could help reduce cyclic fatigue and stress on rotary files after multiple uses during root canal treatment. By utilizing finite element analysis (FEA), the study provided a comprehensive evaluation of how cryotherapy might enhance the performance and longevity of these instruments, ultimately benefiting patients undergoing root canal therapy. Methodology This in vitro comparative studyused scanned plastic teeth with genuine root canal anatomy and FEAto investigate the mechanical response to cyclic fatigue and stress of NiTi rotary file system. The endodontic file (Procodile, Komet) was created through the complex root canal geometries, for which mandibular tooth models were scanned and created by a computer software (IDEAS11 NX; UGSiPlano, TX). The total sample size was 34, divided into two groups, with each group comprising 17 participants (n = 17).The results were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Results The results revealed that the p-values were more than 0.525, indicating no significant reduction in cyclic fatigue when the NiTi rotary single-file system (Procodile, Komet) was treated with cryotherapy (eight cycles). However, stress reduction was observed in the NiTi rotary single-file system when it was treated with cryotherapy. Conclusion This in vitro comparative study concluded that cryotherapy helps to reduce the stress of NiTi rotary single-file system. Nonetheless, more research is needed to understand the clinical significance of the findings of the current in vitro study.

Comparing the efficacy of fluconazole and cryotherapy Versus cryotherapy alone on treating cutaneous leishmaniasis: a triple-blind randomized clinical trial

ObjectiveCutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the highly prevalent endemic diseases in the Middle East. The disease is a complex skin infection imposing a heavy burden on many developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of adding oral fluconazole to topical cryotherapy on the treatment efficacy and time to achieve complete recovery of CL lesions.MethodThis triple-blind randomized clinical trial included 52 participants with CL. Participants were allocated to receive either weekly cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen and oral fluconazole at a dose of 6 mg/kg daily at a maximum of 400 mg for 6 weeks as the interventional arm or weekly cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen plus the placebo for the same period of 6 weeks as the control arm.ResultsFifty-two eligible participants enrolled the study, with a CL lesion count of 1 to 8 (mean 1.96), and served as the interventional (n = 28) and control (n = 24) arms. The trend of the mean surface area of the lesions was significantly decreasing in both arms (P < 0.001), with no statistically significant difference between arms (P = 0.133) or all assessed time point pairwise comparisons (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference between the treatment arms in terms of the end-point recovery status (P = 0.491) or the frequency of post-treatment secretion (P = 0.437). No adverse effect was observed.ConclusionDespite a slightly higher reduction in the lesion surface in the cryotherapy and fluconazole treatment arm, the addition of fluconazole did not provide statistically significant therapeutic value to cryotherapy in the treatment of CL. However, with adjustment for the initial lesion size, the efficacy of the regimen in the interventional arm was more pronounced, though it was still insignificant.

Efficacy and Safety of Thermocoagulation vs. Cryotherapy for Cervical Precancerous Lesions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently endorsed thermal coagulation as an alternative to cryotherapy for cervical precancerous lesions. However, the comparative efficacy and safety of these two treatments lack robust support from large-sample data. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of thermocoagulation compared to cryotherapy in the treatment of cervical precancerous lesions. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), and ClinicalTrials.gov was conducted from inception. Additional trials were identified through the reference lists of published reviews. Inclusion criteria encompassed original data studies with colposcopically, biopsied, cytologically, or visually inspected (VIA/VILI) identified patients. Studies were required to have a follow-up duration of at least 6 months, a sample size exceeding 20 patients, a follow-up attendance rate exceeding 50%, and involve cryotherapy or thermocoagulation treatments. Results: Inclusive of all patients, thermocoagulation demonstrated a significantly higher pooled cure proportion compared to cryotherapy (85% vs. 81%, z = 2.245, p = 0.025). However, for VIA-positive patients alone, the difference was not statistically significant (80.0% vs. 79%, z = 1.932, p = 0.053). The incidence of pain was comparable between the two treatment arms, while both exhibited a high incidence of vaginal discharge. Thermocoagulation displayed a lower complication rate for intraoperative pain and postoperative vaginal discharge than cryotherapy, providing a higher level of patient comfort. Conclusions: Thermal coagulation proves to be more effective for patients with cervical precancerous lesions, but the effectiveness of the two regimens is similar if only for VIA-positive patients. In terms of complications, thermocoagulation exhibits a similar rate of intraoperative pain and a lower rate of postoperative vaginal discharge than cryotherapy, enhancing patient comfort.

Effects of an Early Exercise Program with Cryotherapy on Range of Motion, Pain, Swelling, and Gait in Patients with Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effects of cryotherapy on range of motion, pain, swelling, and gait in patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty. Methods: Forty-three patients who underwent TKA (total knee arthroplasty) and met the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental (n = 21) and control (n = 22) groups underwent cryotherapy and non-cryotherapy treatments, respectively, six times a week for two weeks, and once each before and after exercise for 3 min. Both groups followed a similar initial rehabilitation exercise program using a continuous passive motion device. Results: The results showed a significant difference in knee flexion range of motion, pain, edema, and 10 MWT comparisons from pre- to post-test (p < 0.001). The above values were also significantly different in the comparison between the two groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Therefore, this study confirmed that an initial rehabilitation exercise program accompanied by cryotherapy could be an effective intervention method for range of motion, pain, edema, and walking in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty.

Use of Support Vector Machine(SVM) in Prediction of Success of Wart Treatment Methods

Abstract: Warts are common noncancerous benign tumors caused by the Human Papilloma Virus. They can be treated using various methods, including cryotherapy and immunotherapy. However, the success rates of these treatment methods are not consistent and can vary from patient to patient. To address this issue, we have developed a reliable machine learning model that can accurately predict the success of immunotherapy and cryotherapy for individual patients based on their demographic and clinical characteristics. By utilizing a dataset of 180 patients who received either immunotherapy or cryotherapy for their warts, we employed a support vector machine classifier with a radial basis function kernel for the immunotherapy treatment method (Nugroho et al., 2018) . This model takes into account factors such as sex, age, time, number of warts, type, area, and response to treatment to make predictions about the likelihood of treatment success. Through this model, healthcare professionals can have a better understanding of which treatment method is more likely to be effective for a specific patient. The accuracy of our machine learning model for predicting the success of immunotherapy and cryotherapy for warts is expected to be high, as previous studies using similar datasets have reported classification accuracies of up to 90 (Rahman et al., 2020). Our model builds upon previous research in the field, such as the fuzzy logic rule-based method developed by Khozeimeh et al and the AdaBoost with classification and regression tree and random forest algorithms employed by Putra et al. Using our machine learning model, healthcare professionals can make more informed decisions about the treatment approach for individual patients with warts, increasing the likelihood of successful outcomes and improving overall patient care. In conclusion, our machine learning model offers a promising approach to predict the success of immunotherapy and cryotherapy treatments for warts.

Warts Among Patients Visited Two Private Dermatology Clinics in Aden, Yemen: A Retrospective, Descriptive Study

Background: Cutaneous warts are benign lesions that occur in the mucosa and skin. Objectives: To find out the distribution of cutaneous warts related to sex and age, and to determine the occupation of patients, type of cutaneous warts, site, duration from onset of the disease, complication and treatment. Materials and methods: Two hundred and twelve patients were presented to our clinics in Aden, during the period January 2020 to December 2022 with cutaneous warts. Data including sex, age, occupation, type of warts, site of warts, duration from onset of warts, complications and treatment. Data are presented as mean values with the standard deviation (SD). Results: The study patients were 118 (55.7%) males and 94 (44.3%) females. The age of the study patients ranged between 4 to 65 years. The mean age of the study patients was 27.3 ± 13.7 years. Most of the patients 68 (32.1%) were of age group 21 – 30 years followed by the age group 31 - 40 years with 48 (22.7%) (p = 0.000). Most of occupation of the study patients were laborer (43.4%). Common types of cutaneous warts were predominant (40.6%) (p = 0.000). Face was predominant site in (28.3%) patients. Itching complications found in (25.5%) followed by cosmetic disfigurement (17.9%). Cryotherapy treatments were predominant with (52.8%). Conclusion: Cutaneous warts occurred in younger patients and located on face, upper and lower extremities, sole, genital site, and neck &amp; axilla. Most treatment was cryotherapy. Further studies are needed, to identify the epidemiology of these cutaneous diseases in Aden. Keywords: Cutaneous warts, patients, private clinic, Aden, Yemen.

Canine distichiasis cryoepilation using a liquid nitrogen‐cooled, closed probe transconjunctival triple‐freeze technique: Outcomes in 125 dogs (234 eyes)

AbstractPurposeTo describe a simple cryosurgical technique for treating canine distichiasis, its success rate and any associated complications.MethodsClinical records from canine patients undergoing treatment for distichiasis using a specific cryotherapy technique were retrospectively reviewed. The technique employed a triple freeze–thaw cycle via a transconjunctivally applied, liquid nitrogen‐cooled, 2‐mm diameter closed cryoprobe.ResultsThe cryotherapy technique was employed in 125 dogs with distichiasis over a period of 13 years, with 109 (87%) bilaterally and 16 (13%) unilaterally affected, totaling 234 eyes. The mean age at diagnosis was 1.9 years (4 months to 7.5 years), with Staffordshire bull terriers the most common breed (31%). Treatment was deemed successful if clinical signs related to distichiasis resolved, including blepharospasm, conjunctival hyperemia and excess lacrimation. A single triple‐freeze cryotherapy treatment eliminated distichiae in 195/234 (83%) eyes at a mean follow‐up of 4 months (2 weeks to 10 years). Minor recurrence of distichiae in previously treated regions was observed in 39/234 (17%) eyes. Repeat cryotherapy was required in 25/234 (11%) eyes, with the remaining eyes asymptomatic. The two most common postoperative complications were mild to moderate eyelid swelling in all eyes immediately following surgery and eyelid margin depigmentation in 59/234 eyes (25%) between two and 4 weeks postoperatively, both of which were temporary.ConclusionThis cryotherapy technique for treating canine distichiasis is relatively simple and safe to perform, has a high success rate and a low recorded complication rate, but would benefit from further assessment of any potential detrimental effects on qualitative tear film components.

The effect of a series of whole‑body cryotherapy treatments on the activity of antioxidant enzymes in healthy women and women with multiple sclerosis.

The study aimed to compare the effect of a series of 20 sessions of whole‑body cryotherapy (WBC) on the level of CAT, GPx and SOD in women with multiple sclerosis and healthy women. The consent of the Bioethics Committee at the Regional Medical Chamber in Krakow was obtained, and the trial was registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry. Thirty people took part in the study: the study group (MS) and the control group (CONT). All subjects participated in 20 cryotherapy sessions. Venous blood was collected for analysis before the WBC session and after 20 sessions. There were no changes in the examined parameters (CAT, GPx, SOD) after using WBC in the MS or control groups. There were also no differences between the groups in the first or the last study. There were no adverse changes in the parameters tested - WBC appeared to be a safe form of therapy, although the mechanisms of hypothermic protection are not fully understood.

Preliminary Results of Preoperative Planning Using 3D Printing and Augmented Reality in Cryotherapy Treatment of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone-CRIO2AR Project.

Giant Cell Tumor of Bone is a benign tumor with high local aggressive expansion, which, in rare cases, spreads metastasis. Surgical treatment, which often consists of wide curettage to reduce recurrence risk, can lower the quality of life for those affected. Along with aggressive surgery, adjuvant intraoperative techniques have been implemented such as PMMA and cryotherapy. One of the most widely used cryotherapy techniques involves the use of probes to generate ice balls, which have been scientifically shown to have various impacts on the tumor. Although this has been acknowledged, no one has yet tested a way to accurately plan the positioning of cryotherapy probes before surgery, according to the research conducted by the authors. CRIO2AR is a randomized clinical prospective ongoing study by which it will be experimented via preoperative planning of ice probes placement using AR and 3D printing technologies. By studying a single clinical case with these technologies, the surgeon gains better awareness of patient's anatomy and tumor localization. Preliminary results are shown in the article. The first results are confirming that these technologies are applicable in clinical practice. Secondly, preoperative planning is proving to be reliable, easily replicable, and useful for the surgeon.

Effect of Whole-Body Cryotherapy on Oxidant-Antioxidant Imbalance in Women with Multiple Sclerosis.

The aim of the study was to investigate whether 20 whole-body cryotherapy treatments have an effect on oxidative-antioxidant imbalances in women with multiple sclerosis. Fifty women aged 30-55 were examined: study group-15 women with multiple sclerosis, subjected to whole-body cryotherapy; first control group-20 women with multiple sclerosis who did not receive cryotherapy intervention; second control group-15 healthy women who participated in cryotherapy treatments. Blood from the examined women was collected twice (before and after the series of 20 cryotherapy sessions). An insignificant increase in the total antioxidant capacity (study group: p = 0.706; second control group: p = 0.602) was observed after the whole-body cryotherapy intervention. After the series of cryotherapy sessions, the total oxidative status/total oxidative capacity value was insignificantly decreased among the multiple sclerosis patients (decrease by 14.03%, p = 0.495). In women with multiple sclerosis, no significant cryotherapy impact was demonstrated on changes in the oxidant-antioxidant imbalance or concentrations of nitric oxide, uric acid, or matrix metalloproteinase-9.

Whole-Body Cryotherapy Alters Circulating MicroRNA Profile in Postmenopausal Women.

The incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases with age, especially in women. The role of microRNAs (miRs) in the regulation of metabolism is postulated. The aim of the study is to identify miRs that may be markers of MetS and to assess changes in miRs expression as a result of 10 and 20 whole-body cryotherapy treatments (WBC; 3 min, -120 °C) in postmenopausal women with MetS (M-60, BMI 30.56 ± 5.38 kg/m2), compared to healthy postmenopausal (H-60, BMI 25.57 ± 2.46 kg/m2) and healthy young women (H-20, BMI 22.90 ± 3.19 kg/m2). In a fasting state, before 1 WBC and after 10 WBCs, as well as 20 WBCs, the expression of miR-15a-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-23a-3p, miR-146a-5p, miR-197-3p, miR-223-3p, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and blood lipid profile were determined. miR-15a-5p and miR-21-5p were down-regulated in M-60, while miR-23a-3p and miR-197-3p were up-regulated, and miR-223-3p down-regulated in M-60 and H-60, compared to H-20. Significant positive correlations between up-regulated (mostly for miR-23-3p and miR-197-3p) and significant negative correlations between down-regulated (mostly for miR-15a-5p) miRs and markers of body composition as well as metabolic disorders were observed. After 20 WBCs, miR-15a-5p expression was up-regulated in all groups. In H-60, down-regulation of miR-197-3p expression occurred after 10 WBCs and 20 WBCs. Following 10 WBCs, FBG decreased in all groups, which intensified in M-60 post-20 WBCs. In our research, it has been shown that miR-23a-3p and miR-197-3p are accurate markers of MetS and MetS risk factors, while miR-15a-5p and miR-23a-3p are precise markers of body composition disorders. WBC is an effective treatment for up-regulating miR-15a-5p and lowering glucose levels in young and postmenopausal women and down-regulating miR-197-3p expression in postmenopausal women. It may be an adjunctive effective treatment method in MetS and hyperglycemia.