Crushed Raw Materials Research Articles

The experimental substantiation of the main parameters of the extraction of gaillardia herb (Gaillardia pulchella L.)

In the structure of the pharmaceutical market, the share of drugs based on the medicinal plant raw material (MPRM) is growing. Therefore, it is relevant to create a standardized domestic substance of natural origin – a liquid extract of gaillardia herb (Gaillardia pulchela L.) and develop new medicines based on it. Aim. To obtain a liquid extract by experimentally substantiating the main parameters of gaillardia herb extraction. Materials and methods. The study object was the raw material of gaillardia herb collected in the flowering phase at the Botanical Garden of the Poltava National Pedagogical University named after V. G. Korolenko (Poltava) in July and August 2022-2023, dried by the air-shade method and crushed by the rolling method. The crushed raw material was sifted through a sieve with a hole size of 10 mm. The millet was used for further research. The study of pharmaco-technological indicators was carried out according to the standard methods of the SPhU. Results and discussion. Since the complex of active substances of gaillardia herb was mainly represented by water-soluble BAS, it was necessary to choose a solvent that would remove this group of substances from the raw material as completely as possible. The experimental data obtained show that the ability to extract the BAS complex from gaillardia herb is preferred by purified water, which provides the maximum yield of extractive substances. The next stage of our research was to study the determination of the multiplicity of extraction, based on the determination of the maximum yield of extractive substances. Each of the extracts was selected fractionally with a step of DER 1:1 (drug extract ratio – the ratio of the starting material to the resulting extract). According to the data obtained, the amount of extractives passing during the extraction into the hood increases gradually up to 5 samples. Analyzing extracts from 6 to 10, it can be seen that the amount of extractives and a dry residue varies slightly; percolation with the extraction of more than 5 will lead to an increase in the consumption of the extractant and a decrease in the yield of active substances for the entire volume of the extractant. Conclusions. Based on the results of the studies conducted, the technological parameters of gaillardia herb have been determined (the volume mass – 0.453 ± 0.016 g/cm3; the bulk mass – 0.071 ± 0.001 g/cm3, the specific gravity – 1.214 ± 0.032 g/cm3, the water absorption coefficient – 1.68 ± 0.08). It has been experimentally proven that when extracting with purified water, the maximum yield of extractive substances is observed in the second volume, the yield of extractive substances is smooth, without sharp fluctuations in concentrations (in contrast to 40 and 70% ethanol). Therefore, the studies have determined an effective extractant for obtaining the extract, namely purified water. As a result of the pharmaco-technological tests conducted, the effective multiplicity of gaillardia herb extraction has been determined, which is equal to 5. The data will be taken into account when developing the technology of a liquid extract from gaillardia herb and choosing equipment for its production.

МЕХАНИЗМЫ РАЗРУШЕНИЯ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОГО СЫРЬЯ В ВАЛКОВОЙ ДРОБИЛКЕ С НАБОРНЫМИ ПЛАСТИНАМИ В ФОРМЕ РК-ПРОФИЛЯ

The purpose of the study is to substantiate the application of a new kinematic scheme for crushing plant materials (cereals and fruit plants) to implement the design of a roller crusher with composite plates in the form of an RT-profile. To achieve the objective of research, a number of tasks were set to study the main object – the kinematic scheme of crushing. The paper examines in detail the specified crushing scheme as a static and kinematic scheme of interaction between the elements of the crusher and the crushed raw material; the possibility of combining a number of different destruction mechanisms in this scheme is noted, namely: compression, tension, abrasion, impact action; the effect of constant change in the direction and magnitude of the forces acting on the crushed material is noted; geometric and power characteristics of the new design of the roller crusher are investigated. The analysis of the new kinematic scheme of grinding allows us to draw the following conclusion: alternating loads appear in the system, ac-ting on the raw material being ground as a result of various destructive forces, which allow us to achieve an additional increase in the intensity of material (raw material) grinding and, as a consequence, an increase in the efficiency of the grinding process as a whole. The substantiation of the kinematic and force effects affecting the raw material being ground in the crushing zone is also given, taking into account the elastic-plastic properties of various types of agricultural products. The result of the analysis of the stress-strain state of the rolls in the grinding zone is given, taking into account the most unfavorable conditions of the impact of substances with different mechanical properties on the working parts of the crusher. The necessity of implementing a new grinding scheme is substantiated and design options are proposed in the form of a crusher with set plates in the form of an RT-profile.

Research of the hydraulic resistance of a layer of crushed plant waste during screw transportation in an installation for the production of activated carbon

Calculations of the required power of an inclined screw conveyor with a given productivity, taking into account the hydraulic resistance when transporting dry crushed raw materials are performed. It is shown that the hydraulic resistance of the transported raw materials significantly depends on the angle of inclination of the conveyor. As the diameter of the screw increases, the hydraulic resistance decreases, therefore, with a high bulk density, the diameter of the screw should be increased. Keywords:auger conveyor, hydraulic resistance, bulk material, activated carbon, plant waste safin@kstu.ru, vcvcvc12345678@gmail.com

ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ПО ПОВЫШЕНИЮ АБРАЗИВНОЙ ИЗНОСОСТОЙКОСТИ ПАЛЬЦЕВ ДЕЗИНТЕГРАТОРА

A method for assessing the wear resistance of round impact elements of a disintegrator is considered using the example of grinding highly abrasive mica-crystalline materials (expanded vermiculite and its concentrate) in a disintegrator. A constructive method for protecting the working surfaces of impact elements from abrasive wear when dispersing similar materials in a disintegrator of a developed design is presented. Using mathematical expressions to estimate the wear parameters of the impact elements of the mill, experimental values of the wear of the impact elements were obtained depending on the linear speed of the impact element, the reduced productivity of the disintegrator, the weighted average size of the crushed particles, the strength of the crushed raw materials and the hardness of the material from which the impact elements are made. The differentiated influence of variable factors on the process of abrasive wear of the surfaces of the impact elements of the disintegrator has been determined. Using a graphical interpretation of the results of experimental studies of the process of abrasive wear of the impact elements of the disintegrator, it was established that the wear of the impact elements mainly depends on the productivity of the unit (mill throughput). As the productivity of the disintegrator increases, the specific wear of the working elements decreases due to a decrease in the flow density of the moving material inside the mill, regardless of its high absolute speed inside the grinding chamber. In order to reduce the surface abrasive wear of the impact elements of the disintegrator, the effectiveness of using special protective bushings made of baddeleyite-corundum materials, resistant to abrasive wear by silicate mica-crystalline rocks, was proposed and experimentally confirmed. A comparison was made of the proposed design solution for protecting the working surfaces of impact elements with previously used impact elements made of grade 45 steel hardened to HRC 50.

Ceramic traditions on the territory of the Permian Urals during the Great Migration of Peoples: application of technical, technological and statistical analyses

The article presents the results of technical, technological and statistical analyses of ceramics from the epoch of the Great Migration of Peoples found on the monuments of the Permian Urals. The technical and technological analysis was carried out within the framework of the historical and cultural approach developed by A.A. Bobrinsky. Statistical analysis of the sample, including 136 vessels from 10 archaeological sites, using the k-means method allowed us to talk about a motley and diverse cultural palette of the population of the studied territory. The authors identified 8 clusters, each of which can be identified with a particular cultural tradition of pottery making. The analyzed ceramic material allows us to talk about the mixing of at least two groups of the population, one of which is associated with the tradition of using crushed shells in the production of ceramics, and the second – manure, organic solution, chamotte and dry processing of the initial plastic raw materials. The intertwining of traditions is clearly recorded by the facts of the identification of mixed multicomponent compositions of molding masses (clay + crushed shell + organic solution; clay + crushed shell + chamotte; clay + crushed shell + chamotte + organic solution). According to the results of the analysis, local ceramic traditions were also recorded, demonstrating the high dependence of ceramic production technology on available raw materials (sanded clay raw materials; silty clays). In the course of the study, the tradition of using crushed raw materials in the production of ceramics was described and interpreted, the origins of which may be associated with the area of distribution of the Mazunin culture.

Investigation of the polyphenol composition of red oak (Quercus rubra L.) raw materials

The aim of the work was to determine the main groups of polyphenolic compounds in Quercus rubra L. raw materials.
 Materials and methods. The leaves and annual shoots of Northern Red Oak used for research were collected in August in Lisnyky village of Obuhiv district of Kyiv Oblast (Ukraine). Determination of the component composition and quantitative content of flavonoids (including separately catechins), hydroxycinnamic acids, and phenolic acids were carried out in the samples of air-shade-dried crushed raw material to a particle size of 3 mm by the method of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Agilent Technologies 1200 liquid chromatograph was used for liquid chromatography.Results. Using the HPLC method, 18 polyphenolic compounds were identified in leaves and annual shoots of Northern Red Oak, in particular, flavonoids: rutin, quercetin-3-β-glucoside, luteolin, neohesperidin; catechins: catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, gallocatechin; hydroxycinnamic acids: chlorogenic, caffeic, trans-ferulic, trans-cinnamic, p-coumaric, hydroxyphenylacetic, benzoic, syringic, sinapic acids; phenolic acid is gallic acid. The dominant component among flavonoids is rutin (323.43 mg/100 g) (in the composition of catechins, epicatechin gallate (25.45 mg/100 g) prevails); among hydroxycinnamic acids in Northern Red Oak raw materials, chlorogenic acid (139.62 mg/100 g) and sinapic acid (74.64 mg/100 g) prevail.Conclusions. The obtained results point to the prospects of further phytochemical and pharmacological studies of Quercus rubra raw materials, with the aim of creating new plant substances based on it with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activity

DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGULATORY DOCUMENTATION FOR HERB АSTRAGALUS DASYАNTHUS РАLL.

Relevance. Astragalus dasyanthus is widely used in folk and official medicine as a remedy for the treatment and prevention of various diseases. Re-quirements for the quality of this medicinal plant material are contained in SP 42-533-72. However, the specified regulatory documentation has lost its relevance, it lacks all the necessary data for the standardization of raw materials in accordance with modern requirements. Therefore, the purpose of our work is to determine the quality indicators for the standardization of the herb Astragalus dasyanthus and to prepare a new pharmacopoeial mono-graph that meets the requirements of the modern regulatory framework. Materials and methods. The object of the study was Astragalus dasyanthus Pall., collected in the phase of mass flowering and dried grass of a per-ennial wild herbaceous plant Astragalus dasyanthus Pall., of the legume family Fabaceae. Macro- and microscopic analysis of raw materials was carried out according to the methods of SP 14. The development of numerical indicators of the quality of Astragalus woolly-flowered grass was carried out on the basis of SP 42-533-72. Determination of indicators "Moisture", "Total ash", "Ash in-soluble in hydrochloric acid", "Determination of the content of extractive substances extracted by water" was carried out for whole, crushed raw mate-rials and powder according to the methods of the relevant general pharmacopoeial articles (GPA) of the State Pharmacopoeia 14 editions. Also, in ac-cordance with the requirements of SP 14, grinding standards were established for whole, crushed and powdered raw materials, and the content of im-purities for whole and crushed raw materials. To quantify the content of the sum of flavonoids in the herb Astragalus dasyanthus, the method of direct spectrophotometry was used. Results. The result of the scientific research carried out is the development of a pharmacopoeial article «Astragalus dasyanthus», which contains the data given in PA 42-533-72, as well as new standard indicators established taking into account the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia 14th edi-tion. The macro- and microdiagnostic signs of the herb Astragalus dasyanthus were revealed, allowing to carry out the diagnostics of raw materials. The norms for the content of moisture, total ash, ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid, impurities, extractive substances extracted by water, flavonoids in terms of hyperoside, as well as the limits of the degree of grinding of raw materials in the raw materials were determined. Conclusion. The results obtained make it possible to standardize whole, crushed and powdered raw materials in accordance with the requirements of current regulatory documentation for medicinal raw materials of plant origin.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ НЕКОТОРЫХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ КАЧЕСТВА ЛИСТЬЕВ КРОВОХЛЕБКИ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННОЙ (SANGUISÓRBA OFFICINÁLIS L.)

Analyzing the modern scientific literature, the authors note the growing interest of researchers in studying the quality indicators of non-pharmacopoeial plant raw materials, the procurement of which is carried out from pharmacopoeial and food plants. Such plants are often characterized by a wide range of biologically active substances, which allows them to be considered as promising raw materials for use in medicine and pharmacy. The object of the study was the leaves of the medicinal hemophlebus (Sanguisórba officinalis L.). To determine the authenticity of raw materials, the authors conducted studies of morphological and anatomical features. The analysis of external signs was carried out in accordance with the GFA. 1.5.1.0003.15 "Leaves", the analysis of microdiagnostic signs was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the GFA.1.5.3.0003.15 "Technique of microscopic and microchemical examination of medicinal plant raw materials and medicinal plant preparations" on a medical binocular microscope MICMED 5 (uv.×40) and a Microvizor Mkvizo – 103 (uv. ×100). The appearance was determined for whole and crushed raw materials, the leaves of the hemophlebus. Whole raw materials are characterized by a complex structure of the leaf with 7-25 leaflets, while the size of the leaf blade is from 3 to 7 cm long, from 2 to 4 cm wide. The raw material of the hemophlebone is characterized by an unpaired and oblong-ovate shape of the leaf blade with a heart-shaped base. The edge of the leaf blade is pointed or serrated. The venation of the leaf is pinnate. There is a petiole, the length of which is from 1.5 to 3 cm, diameter: from 1 to 2 mm. The petiole is characterized by a developed ribbed surface and the presence of a vagina and stipules, the length of which is from 0.5 to 1.5 cm. The absence of pubescence is characteristic for both the leaf blade of the hemophlebus and the petiole. Leaf color: the upper part is shiny dark green, and the lower part is dull bluish-green. The smell is pleasant cucumber, specific, astringent taste, characteristic external signs were identified that allow identifying raw materials. When studying the microscopic features of the raw materials of the hemoptysis, diagnostically significant signs were established that allow us to establish authenticity indicators, represented by the features of the structure of the epidermis with sinuous thickened walls, the anomocytic type of the structure of the stomatal complex, the presence of receptacles with yellow contents, trichomes represented by simple and glabrous hairs, as well as calcium oxalate druses concentrated mainly along the veins.

Effect of the height of grain layer in the feed hopper on pressure created by hammers in the grinding chamber

Hammer crushers are used for grinding grain due to the simplicity of their designs and reliability. When crusher rotor rotates in the grinding chamber, air flows are created, which, due to the forces of air aerodynamic resistance, pick up particles of the crushed raw materials. The hammer crusher with an increased separating surface, where the working chamber is formed by two end sieves and one peripheral sieve, was developed in the laboratory of SBEI HE Nizhniy Novgorod State Engineering and Economic University. Hammers shaped as longitudinally bent steel plates straight hammers and a combination of straight hammers and angled blades installed between them were used as the working parts of the hammer crusher.

Screening of Lipophilic Fractions of Botanical Forms of Celery by GC/MS Method

Introduction. The search for new tools for the treatment and prevention of obesity – a socially significant disease characterized by high prevalence and the presence of a number of complications – is an urgent area of research. Literature data indicate the presence of pharmacological activity in different groups of BAC of plant origin – flavonoids, phenolic acids, phytosterols, etc. in relation to obesity and its associated diseases. In view of the significant accumulation of target groups of compounds, as well as the availability of a large and renewable raw material base, celery was chosen for research as a potential raw source of BAC contributing to the regulation of metabolic disorders.Aim. To investigate the component composition of lipophilic fractions of botanical forms of celery by GC/MS and to predict the pharmacological activity of identified compounds within the target group of pathologies using the web resource PASS Оnline.Materials and methods. Lipophilic fractions were prepared by chloroform extraction of dry crushed raw material of celery root, stalks and leaves in a Soxhlet apparatus. Obtained extracts were analyzed on gas chromatography-mass spectrometer "Clarus 600T" (PerkinElmer, USA) on the basis of the Collaborative Centre "Analytical Center" equipment. Interpretation of the mass spectra of the peaks on the chromatograms was carried out using the NIST-14 library, for further prediction of biological activity of the identified compounds we used web-resource PASS online.Results and discussion. The composition of lipophilic fractions of celery botanical forms is represented by terpenes, benzofurans, coumarins, fatty acids and their derivatives, phytosterols. A total of 50 compounds were found in extracts from celery root, of which 68 % were identified, stalks – 36 and 61 %; leaves – 22 and 64 %, respectively. Prediction of the pharmacological activity of individual compounds of celery showed the possibility of their use for the regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, cardiovascular disorders and liver diseases, which confirms the prospects of this study.Conclusion. The results have shown that celery roots and stalks are a source of terpenes, coumarins and benzofuran derivatives, in addition, the above-ground part of the plant shows high accumulation of phytosterols, which may have metabolic regulation activity and be used in the complex therapy and prevention of obesity.

Biological aspects of cultivation and application of active metabolites of B. subtilis probiotic

Relevance. In modern research, the topic of metabiotics is considered as one of the current directions in the development of probiotics, in the future — as a new class of metabiotics. The article presents the results of studies during the cultivation of the probiotic microorganism B. subtilis in a grain nutrient medium from naked oats, and a scientific and practical substantiation of an experimental probiotic suspension during the formation of microbiocenosis and metabolism of the gastrointestinal tract in early weaning piglets.Methods. As the basis of nutrient media for obtaining metabolites of the probiotic culture of Bacillus subtilis, sprouted and non-sprouted oat grains of the naked variety Nemchinovsky were used at the rate of 100 g of crushed raw material per 3 l of water. The mass fraction of proteinogenic amino acids in experimental probiotic suspensions (EPS) was studied by capillary electrophoresis. The scientific and economic experiment was carried out according to the method of A.I. Ovsyanikov, 1976.Results. In nutrient media based on oats (O, OP), the number of CFU of probiotic microorganisms has a certain variability. The increase in the abundance of B. subtilis CFU continued up to 6 days, in the OP sample it reached 5.8·107 CFU/cm, after what it decreased until 8th day down to 15.5·106 CFU/cm3. At the same time, the synthesis of amino acids is higher compared to control (germinated grain): lysine — in the range of 7.85–10.53 g/l, methionine — 2.03–2.35 g/l, leucine + isoleucine — in the range 5.79– 9.7 g/l. Indicators of protein metabolism are within the physiological norm in piglets of experimental groups. In piglets that received an experimental probiotic suspension, a more pronounced antagonistic effect, during the formation of microbiocenosis, was manifested to conditionally pathogenic bacteriaif they were given B. subtilis, obtained on a medium based on sprouted oats.

Phytochemical Analysis of <i>Elaeagnus argentea</i> Leaves

Introduction. Currently, close attention in the field of pharmacy and medicine is directed to the search for new sources of biologically active substances of various origins, including vegetable. The woody plant Elaeagnus argentea is considered as a promising source. Despite its widespread use in the food industry, folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory, restorative, antimicrobial agent, the chemical composition of this plant has not been sufficiently studied.Aim. Qualitative and quantitative determination of the main groups of biologically active substances (BAS) in the raw material (leaves) of Elaeagnus argentea growing on the territory of the Astrakhan region for further development of a methodology for standardizing the raw material of this plant.Materials and methods. The leaves of Elaeagnus argentea were harvested in the spring in the eastern part of the delta of the Astrakhan region (Volga region). Drying of raw materials was carried out in natural conditions. In the study, unified methods were used: to determine the amount of flavonoids and saponins, the spectrophotometric method was used, ascorbic acid - the titrimetric method. For the analysis of flavonoids in the leaves of Elaeagnus argentea, an aqueous-alcoholic solution of 70 % concentration was used as an extractant. The quantitative content of flavonoids was determined in the obtained raw material extract in terms of luteolin-7-glucoside. The amount of saponins in the leaves of Elaeagnus argentea was determined in terms of oleanolic acid. 96 % ethanol was used as an extractant. The quantitative determination of ascorbic acid in the aqueous extract of crushed raw materials was carried out by titrimetry based on the ability to reduce 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol.Results and discussion. In the pharmacognostic study of biologically active substances in the leaves of Elaeagnus argentea, the content of ascorbic acid was found to be at least 0.32 %, the amount of flavonoids in terms of luteolin-7-glucoside was at least 1.92 %; saponins - 2.38 %; which indicates the need for a more detailed study of the phytochemical composition of other morphological groups of the plant Elaeagnus argentea growing in the Astrakhan region.Conclusion. The data obtained during the study can be used to confirm the quality of raw materials (leaves) of Elaeagnus argentea. A more detailed study of leaves for the presence of other groups of biologically active substances will make it possible to use the obtained data for the development of regulatory documents for medicinal plant raw materials «Elaeagnus argentea leaves».

Pharmacognostic analysis of Salvia hispanica L. seeds

The aim. The aim of this work was to conduct a microscopic and phytochemical study of the seeds of chia (Salvia hispanica L.).
 Materials and methods. Chia seeds were examined macroscopically and microscopically. To study the qualitative composition of the main groups of biologically active substances, histochemical, microchemical and chemical reactions were used. Hydroxycinnamic acids were identified by paper chromatography. To obtain a lipophilic extract, a Soxhlet apparatus and an exhaustive chloroform extraction method were used. The study of the quantitative content of fatty acids was carried out by gas chromatography. The content of polysaccharides in the raw material was determined by the gravimetric method. According to the SPhU method, the raw material swelling index was determined.
 Results. The main macro- and microscopic features of chia seeds have been established. Histochemical reactions, microchemical reactions made it possible to establish the presence of mucus and fatty oils in chia seeds. With the help of chemical reactions, the presence of flavonoids in the raw material was established. The quantitative content of fatty oils is 24.0±1.2 %. The content of water-soluble polysaccharides in the whole raw material was 4.01±0.07 %, in the crushed raw material - 5.04 ± 0.05 %. As a result of determining the swelling index, it was found that this indicator for the whole chia seeds was 20, and for the crushed ones – 17. The content of hydroxycinnamic acids in the chia seeds was 1.07±0.03 %. 9 fatty acids have been identified, among which linoleic acid predominates in terms of content.
 Conclusions. The presence and quantitative content of mucus, fatty oils, water-soluble polysaccharides, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, fatty acids was confirmed in the seeds of chia (Salvia hispanica L.). The obtained data can be used to develop regulatory documentation for chia seeds in order to use this raw material in pharmacy and medicine

RESISTÊNCIA MECÂNICA DE TIJOLOS ADOBE REFORÇADOS COM RESÍDUO DE CASCA DE OVO

The civil construction sector directly impacts the development of a nation. On the other hand, it consumes a large amount of energy, natural resources and the sector with the highest waste disposal. The concern with the environmental impact caused by the development of this field has been the subject of several researches. Most of the studies converge on the recycling of waste generated and the reinsertion of these materials in the construction cycle. In this work we investigated the loss of moisture and the resistance to mechanical compression of adobes produced with recyclable mortar, crushed eggshell residues and hydrated with different dosages of vinasse and water. The materials were processed manually, pressed in a hydraulic press and cured for 7 and 14days. The study of the granulometry of the crushed raw material was carried out. During the curing process, moisture loss was studied. The specimens were tested by measures of resistance to mechanical compression. The results of moisture loss and mechanical tests showed, for one of theproposed features, values close to the standards required by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards, indicating that these residues can be a promising alternative for the manufacture of bricks and contribute to reducing the impact environmental and water resource savings.

The introduction of alfalfa varieties and their flavonoids

Flavonoids have attracted the phytochemical scientists attention since their discovery. Today, with the COVID-19 pandemic, have been information about a favorable therapeutic effect in the treatment dynamics of simultaneously taking treatment protocol drugs with traditional Chinese medicine (dietary supplements of plant origin, separate isolated natural compounds) for more than 85% of Chinese patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.
 Have been presence and content of flavonoids as a class of natural compounds genetically related to the development and accumulation of benzo-α-pyrone derivatives in the aerial part of 20 alfalfa varieties from different breeding sites in the South of Ukraine introduction. The studies were carried out in 2015–2019. Accounting for the main traits and phenological observations of plant development were carried out according to the method field and laboratory research. The cultivation has been carried out on the territory of the southern part left bank Ukraine (on the border of the forest steppe and steppe zones).
 The raw material for analysis (alfalfa herb) was harvested by cutting off the plants in the flowering stage, dried in the shade, under a canopy, turned over periodically.
 Solutions for the flavonoids determination were obtained by boiling a crushed raw materials sample with ethanol (70% v/v).
 Chromatographic separation has been performed on a Shimadzu LC-20 Prominence liquid chromatograph (Shimadzu, Japan) with a Phenomenex Luna C18 column (2); column temperature 35 °C; detection wavelength – from 270 nm to 520 nm; the separation mode is gradient with a constant rate flow of the mobile phase 1 ml/min. The injection volume is 0.5 μl.
 The compounds presence and content in the alfalfa varieties obtained extracts vary widely enough under the same conditions of sowing, processing, and growing.
 The Tajik variety Vakhshskaya 233 is the leader in the content of luteolin-7-glucoside. The American variety WL 508 is the richest in routine (0.50920 mg/g). Cinnamic acid was found in maximum quantities in the Mexican variety Tanhuato (0.24406 mg/g), and this component is completely absent in the Ukrainian variety Sinyukha.

Determination of Nettle Leaves Extracts Antioxidant Activity by Various Methods

Introduction . Recently, much attention has been paid in the literature to the primary assessment of the pharmacological effect of various drugs using in vivo and in vitro tests. Great interest in determining the antioxidant activity ( АА ) of drugs, including herbal remedies, medicinal plant materials and their biologically active substances (BAS). It is known that such an officinal medicinal plant, like dioica nettle, is rich in natural antioxidants ( АО ) in its phytochemical composition: flavonoids, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, etc. In some publications, there is information about the АА of nettle leaves and preparations based on it. However, information on the comparative characteristics of the use of various methods for determining the АА of this type of medicinal plant material and the results obtained are not found in the scientific literature. Aim . The aim of this work was a comparative determination of the АА of medicinal plant raw materials of nettle dioica by various methods. Materials and methods . The object of the study was the finished crushed raw material of dioica nettle leaves (Folia Urticae) in filter bags produced by a domestic manufacturer. AA of water and water-alcohol extracts was determined titrimetrically according to the method developed by T. V. Maksimova with co-authors; the ability to inhibit the autooxidation of adrenaline in vitro. The Paramecium caudatum cell culture was also used as a biological model to determine the АА of aqueous extracts from the studied raw material on a living cell. The determination of the qualitative and quantitative composition of phenolic AO was determined by HPLC-DMD-MS. Results and discussion . The total АА of water and water-alcohol extracts from dioica nettle leaves was determined using various techniques recommended in the literature. The effect of the extractant polarity on the value of АА was investigated and an inversely proportional relationship was revealed. It was found that the highest content of АО in the extraction is observed when using 96% ethanol as an extractant. Evaluation of the АА of the test object by the biological method was carried out in accordance with the values of the index of biological activity. HPLC-DMD-MS analysis of water-methanol extraction from nettle leaves showed the presence of 17 substances - representatives of the group of phenolic compounds. Conclusion . Using four independent methods, the prospects of using dioica nettle leaves and preparations based on it as a source of AO are shown. The data obtained undoubtedly open up new possibilities for the use of a long-known plant and confirm the feasibility and prospects of its use for obtaining new dosage forms.

Alternative energy in vegetable and crushed wood raw materials drying processes

The article describes an self-contained complex energy-saving plant for remote areas, that provides heat and electricity for the needs of a condenser kiln by thermochemical gasification of logging, woodworking, and agricultural waste. A special feature of the proposed plant is the condenser kiln which allows minimizing the cost of heat energy by using a compression heat pump and implementing pulse drying modes consisting of alternate stages of heating and drying. A pulse process helps avoid the use of water vapor while maintaining the quality characteristics of the materials to be dried. It was found that the use of torrefied crushed raw materials as an alternative energy source can increase the productivity of the entire self-contained drying plant.

РОЛЬ ЖЕЛЕЗО СОДЕРЖАЩЕГО КОМПОНЕНТА В СОСТАВЕ ПЕРЛИТОВОГО ГЕОПОЛИМЕРА НА ЕГО ФАЗОВЫЕ И СТРУКТУРНЫЕ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ

Normally, the component composition of building materials makes a significant contribution when formation of final performance properties of them. Moreover, new types of binding systems, in spite of their poor knowledge, this effect on the structural characteristics of final composites also takes place. In this work, perlite-based geopolymer binder as an example, was studied.
 In framework of the study, it was found that the application of grinding mill with a metal lining leads to the formation of Fe- milling yield, which is included into crushed raw materials (perlite) com-position.
 It was established that the particles of the resulting Fe- component are nanoscaled.
 The X-ray phase and chemical analyzes were used to determine the mechanism of the effect of the Fe- component on the properties of perlite-based geopolymer. 
 Microstructure of the hardened geopolymer paste were studied using SEM microscopy. Phase and mineral composition of geopolymer paste obtained by XRD-analysis showed, when the hardening process, nanosized iron hydroxide or bernalite Fe(OH)3(H2O)0.25 is formed in the geopolymer system, that is 5 times more than metallic iron. This is initiates the structure destruction and confirmed by the low values compressive strength of the geopolymer stone.
 Keywords: Fe-bearing component, metallic milling yield, geopolymer binder, friable structure, the Scherrer formula

PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CHITIN AND CHITOSAN FROM DIED HONEY BEES APIS MELLIFERA OF UZBEKISTAN

This article presents the results of obtaining biopolymers of chitin and chitosan from Uzbekistan a new promising source- honeybee bodies Apis Mellifera . To obtain chitin, at the first stage, the protein (deproteination) and mineral (demineralization) constituents of subpestilence, i.e. put them in soluble state and removed. Demineralization was carried out with 2 M hudrochloric acid for 5 hours at room temperature. The process of deproteination is carried out by processing the crushed raw materials with 1 N sodium hudroxide solution for 1 hour at a temperature of 800С. Each process was accompanied by washing the raw materials to a natural wash water reaction (pH=7). At the next stage, chitin deacetylation under the influence of a 35% aqueous NaOH solution at a temperature of 850С for 4 hours produced chitosan, which is a high molecular weight glucosamine polymer, and dried at 50-550С. The resulting mass was decolorized with a 3% H2O2 solution and washed ethanol.

Изучение свойств системы "вода–анионный ПАВ–настойка плодов голубики"

This study is dedicated to the development of a new shampoo based on plant raw material using water tinctures of high-quality blueberry fruit Vaccinium corymbosum L. We used blueberry fruit of Bluecrop sort, the choice of this variety is based on its popularity and wide spread in the Republic of Belarus. This paper introduces a method of obtaining the tincture of blueberry fruit: the size of crushed raw material is 0.3--1.0 mm; the raw material : extractant ratio is 1 : 10; the extractant is drinking-water; the infusion time is 1 day. We analyzed the complex of biologically active substances in the tincture, contained in it, such as anthocyanins, tannins, carbohydrates, flavonoids. To choose the concentration of anionic SAA, i.e., water solution of sodium laureth sulfate, its foam forming properties in a concentration range of 0.01--5.00 % (ln c from --4.6 to 1.6) were previously determined. It was established that optimal concentration of SAA which provides foam forming properties on the required level for hygienic detergents is 0.02%. The effect of the tincture of blueberry fruit on the properties of water solutions that contain SAA was also investigated. Findings of research show that to meet the requirements for hygienic detergents, which means that the foam number of shampoo should be at least 100 mm, and foam stability should be not less than 80 %, the concentration of the tincture of high-quality blueberry fruit in solution of sodium laureth sulfate should be no more than 10 %.