Crude Pulp Research Articles

High-Quality Indigo Naturalis Obtained with Automatic Foam Separation.

Indigo Naturalis is not only an ancient plant dye but also a famous herbal medicine with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. In traditional processes, thousands of manual stirring separate the high-quality Indigo Naturalis from the crude pulp system. However, this method is time-consuming and labor-intensive, resulting in an unstable quality and low yield, which cannot meet the requirements of modern industrial production. In this study, foam-separation technology was used to increase the industrial applicability of high-quality Indigo Naturalis. The process parameters were optimized based on the content of active ingredients, skin irritation effects, and antioxidative stress activity. The results showed that the optimal process of the foam separation achieved the liquid level difference of 40 cm and the foaming intensity of 0.35 MPa. Compared with the original sample, the indigo and indirubin contents in purified Indigo Naturalis were 1.6 and 3 times higher, the total ash content decreased from 86 to 70%, the pH value decreased from 12.18 to 9.71, and the leachate doubled. Animal experiments suggested the significantly reduced irritation (p < 0.01) and enhanced antioxidative stress activity (p < 0.01) of Indigo Naturalis after foam separation. Therefore, the foam-separation equipment developed in this study enabled the refinement of active ingredients in Indigo Naturalis, which greatly improved the production efficiency and quality.

Fish products developed from ground rainbow trout and tilapia fillet mixtures: Physico-chemical, microbiological and toxicological analyses

ABSTRACT Constant fishing industry innovations in response to consumer demands for novel, balanced healthy products exhibiting high nutritional value, as well as easy to prepare and ready to consume, have led to the emergence of new technologies. Among them, the development of products based on ground beef and fish mixtures are noteworthy. In this context, the purpose of this study was to develop products from different ground rainbow trout and tilapia fillet ratios, in the form of meatballs and nuggets, determining their proximate composition and physico-chemical, microbiological and toxicological characteristics. The average dry matter percentage of the developed products was 29.20±2.30%, while mineral content was 1.45±0.55%, lipid pulp content, 3.70±0.30% and crude pulp protein, 16.60±2.04%. Total psychotropic counts remained below 102 CFU/g, for standard counting on aerobic microorganism plates. Histamine and sulfur-based compounds were not detected in any of the prepared samples. The purpose of the work proposal was to develop foods and technologies that can serve as standards, allowing for simple handling products that apply ground meat mixtures from different fish species to maintain adequate nutritional indices after processing.

Corn stover valorization by one-step formic acid fractionation and formylation for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and high guaiacyl lignin production

One-step fractionation with concentrated formic acid at elevated temperatures with short retention time was investigated for corn stover valorization. Crude pulp (CP) with high purity of cellulose and FA-lignin (FAL) with high guaiacyl content were fractionated through one-step mild pretreatment. Formylation reaction on both CP and FAL fractions occurred during the pretreatment and improved the hydrophobicity and thermal stability of CPs and FALs. The presence of formyl group on CPs significantly inhibited the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency for sugar production, however, the formylated cellulose showed super high reactivity and selectivity for HMF production through catalysis by maleic acid and aluminum chloride in acetonitrile-water co-solvent system. In addition, the fractionated FAL fraction exhibited a loose structure which is prominent for its further catalytic conversion into chemicals and energy.

Assessment of commercial acidic ion-exchange resin for ethyl esters synthesis from Acrocomia aculeata (Macaúba) crude oil

This study aimed to obtain ethyl esters (EEs) from macauba pulp crude oil, using heterogeneous-acid catalyst, varying the temperature of (trans)esterification, ethanol-to-oil molar ratio (MR) and catalyst content. Catalyst Amberlyst 15 characterization showed high concentrations of active sites of 3400 μmol g−1 and a surface area of 31.3 m2 g−1, which associated with the resin macroporous structure. A Central composite rotational design (CCRD) 2³ design and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to analyze the studied variables effects on the EEs production: temperature (80–180 °C), ethanol-to-oil MR (4–14) and catalyst Amberlyst 15 content (1–20 wt%). EEs formed were quantified by gas chromatography, and the RSM showed that the reaction presented EEs yields greater than 85% with a high index selectivity (817.4). The desirability procedure showed, that for both Free fatty acids (FFAs) conversion and EEs yield, the optimum conditions were the same, being 130 °C, ethanol-to-oil MR 9 and 16 wt% of catalyst. The biodiesel obtained was characterized and all the analyzed parameters agreed with the national biofuel-monitoring agency. The process conditions and the characterization of produced EEs showed that macauba crude pulp oil has good potential for biodiesel production using heterogeneous acid-catalyst.

Turbidity removal from surface water using &lt;i&gt;Tamarindus indica&lt;/i&gt; crude pulp extract

Plant-based coagulants are potential alternatives to chemical coagulants used in drinking water treatment. This paper examined the turbidity removal efficiency of Tamarindus indica fruit crude pulp extract (CPE) towards evaluating a low-cost option for drinking-water treatment. Laboratory analysis was carried out on high turbidity raw water samples (i.e. 478 NTU) using T. indica CPE of concentrations ranging from 500 to 3000 mg/L as natural coagulant, using jar tests. Results obtained showed turbidity removal efficiency of the coagulant ranging from 64 to 99%. An optimum dose of 3000 mg/L resulted in highest turbidity removal efficiency of 99%. However, the treated water samples were observed to be of high acidity with pH values lower than 3.0, suggesting the need for pH adjustment. Nevertheless, this study demonstrated the potentials of T. indica CPE in coagulating high turbidity surface water.Keywords: Coagulation; crude pulp extract, pH, turbidity removal, T. indica

Cytotoxic evaluation of Melia azedarach in comparison with, Azadirachta indica and its phytochemical investigation

BackgroundMelia azedarach L. is an important medicinal plant that is used for variety of ailments in Iranian traditional medicine. Azadirachta indica A. Juss is its allied species and possesses similar properties and effects. The present study was undertaken to investigate anticancer activity of these M. azedarach in comparison with A. indica on cancer cell lines and also to evaluate their safety in humans by testing them on normal cell line. The study also aimed to determine the active components that are responsible for medicinal effects of M. azedarach in traditional usages.MethodsIn this study, the cytotoxic activity of crude extracts from M. azedarach and A. indica leaves, pulps and seeds as well as three main fractions of their leaf extracts were assayed against HT-29, A-549, MCF-7 and HepG-2 and MDBK cell lines. MTT assay was used to evaluate their cytotoxic activities. Methanol leaf fraction of M. azedarach as the safest leaf fraction in terms of cytotoxicity was subjected for phytochemical study.ResultsResults of the present study indicated that seed kernel extract of M. azedarach had the highest cytotoxic activity and selectivity to cancer cell lines (IC50 range of 8.18- 60.10 μg mL-1). In contrast to crude seed extract of A. indica, crude pulp and crude leaf extracts of this plant showed remarkably stronger anti-prolifrative activity (IC50 ranges of 83.45 - 212.16 μg mL-1 and 34.11- 95.51 μg mL-1 respectively) than those of M. azedarach (all IC50 values of both plants > 650 μg mL-1). The phytochemical analysis led to the isolation of four flavonol 3-O-glycosides including rutin, kaempferol-3-O-robinobioside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside and isoquercetin along with a purin nucleoside, β-adenosine.ConclusionsThe anti-prolifrative potentials of extracts from different parts of M. azedarach and A. indica were determined. By comparison, methanol leaf fraction of M. azedarach seems to be safer in terms of cytotoxicity. Our study shows that flavonols are abundant in the leaves of M. azedarach and these compounds seem to be responsible for many of medicinal effects exploited in the traditional uses.

Physicochemical properties of a dressing-type o/w emulsion as influenced by orange pulp fiber incorporation

A low-in-oil dressing-type o/w emulsion incorporating a rich-in-fiber orange pulp commercial product, either in crude form or following comminution, was prepared and the rheological properties and physicochemical stability of the emulsion were studied. Interactions between the adsorbed at the droplet surfaces yolk proteins and the pulp surface constituents, possibly electrostatic in nature, resulted in extensive droplet aggregation. This was reflected in the dramatic increase of emulsion rheological parameter values, derived by applying the power or the Casson equation to shear stress-rate of shear data. Pulp incorporation resulted in an improvement of emulsion stability against creaming while the stability against droplet coalescence was only marginally affected. In addition, the rheological parameter values of the fortified with pulp emulsion exhibited an appreciable increase with storage, especially in the case of emulsions incorporating the crude pulp. These findings are combined with oil droplet or pulp particle size and ζ-potential data to probe the emulsion structure and explain its behavior during aging.

PARÁMETROS Y REGÍMENES DE HIDROTRANSPORTE DEL MINERAL LATERÍTICO APLICADOS EN LA EMPRESA MOA NÍQUEL S.A., HOLGUÍN, CUBA

Revela los parámetros fundamentales de las instalaciones de hidrotransporte de pulpa cruda de la industria Moa-Níquel, S.A. El trabajo contiene los resultados de la investigación sobre el hidrotransporte de la pulpa late-rítica, realizada con el objetivo de obtener los parámetros que permitan diseñar y explotar las instalaciones de hidrotransporte del mineral laterítico fundamentadas técnica y económicamente.La investigación experimental tuvo como escenario las instalaciones industriales en explotación y una instalación semiindustrial diseñada y construida en el ISMM. El comportamiento de los datos experimentales demostró la existencia de tres regímenes de movimiento de la pulpa laterítica: estructural, transitorio y turbulento.

Rheology of Star Fruit Pulp (Averrhoa Carambola L.)

Abstract Rheological properties of food fluids are useful for quality control, texture evaluation, and food structure determination. The rheological behavior is dependent on the size, form and concentration of solids in suspension and the system structure. Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) pulp was obtained from the crude fruit and treated enzymatically, pasteurized and homogenized at 11000 rpm for 2 min and 22000 rpm for 5 min. The pulp presented Newtonian characteristics with R2 values greater than 0.98. Enzymatic treatment under 55˚C for 1 h reduced the crude pulp viscosity from 1.84 to 1.22 mPa·s. Pasteurization under 100˚C for 10 min increased the viscosity at around 26% in relation to the crude pulp, resulting in a turbid and homogeneous product. To evaluate the influence of the insoluble solids, filtration or concentration to 50% from the initial volume were carried out using laboratory procedures. Filtration of the pasteurized pulp promoted a viscosity decrease of 60% while concentration increased the viscosity from 2.28 to 7.98 mPa·s.

Fractionation and Utilization of Kenaf for Conversion of Biomass

Kenaf basts with brown and green epidermis (Hibiscus cannabinis) were subjected to alkaline oxygen pulping to fill up a deficiency of softwood kraft pulp in future. Fifteen % NaOH of bast was necessary for the brown epidermis to decolorize during the pulping. However, the latter yielded crude pulp without colored epidermis by the pulping with 8-15% NaOH at 7kg/cm2 and 110°C for 1h. The crude pulps with kappa numbers of 44-54 in yields of 67-78% based on bast gave oxygen pulps with kappa numbers of 21-31 in yields of 56-59% based on bast when refluxed with 50-70% aqueous AcOH for 1 h. The oxygen pulps were full-bleached by sequence of 5% Pa-1% P-1% Pa-1% P and so forth. Strength properties of the oxygen pulp and full-bleached pulp obtained from both of the bast were compared to the properties of unbleached and bleached kraft pulps of softwood.

β-Mannanase and xylanase of Bacillus subtilis 5H active for bleaching of crude pulp

A bacterial strain, 5H was isolated as a utilizer of locust bean gum (LBG) from soil in Chiang Mai, Thailand, and identified as Bacillus subtilis. Strain 5H produced β-mannanase and xylanase, which were purified to homogeneity from the culture filtrate by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The molecular weights of β-mannanase and xylanase were found to be 37,000 and 26,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfonate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively. The enzymatic properties of both were determined. Mannanase hydrolyzed LBG and konjak mannan endwisely, to a final hydrolytic degree of 15% and 21%, respectively, and the main products of both were disaccharides. Xylanase hydrolyzed larch wood xylan and oat spelt xylan, to a final hydrolytic degree of 19% and 38%, respectively, and produced mainly disaccharides. This culture filtrate (4.9 units/ml β-mannanase and 3.2 units/ml xylanase), a mixture of purified β-mannanase (4.9 units/ml) and xylanase (3.2 units/ml), and purified xylanase (3.2 units/ml) bleached crude paper pulp from 30% to 38% brightness, and xylanase was found to be more effective for paper-bleaching than β-mannanase.

Fruit Laxatives and Seed Passage Rates in Frugivores: Consequences for Plant Reproductive Success

To explore how plants may influence dispersal of their own seeds by manipulating the behavior and physiology of their dispersers, we studied the effect of a soluble chemical (or chemicals) in the fruits of Witheringia solanacea (Solanaceae), a Costa Rican cloud forest shrub, on passage of its seeds through the guts of one of its major dispersers, the Black—faced Solitaire, Myadestes melanops (Muscicapidae: Turdinae). Using artificial fruits containing natural seeds, we found that the presence of a crude pulp extract reduced the median seed retention time by nearly 50%. Estimation of seed dispersal distance as a function of retention time suggested that more rapid seed passage results in shorter average dispersal distances, especially for seeds retained &lt;20 min. At the same time, germination trials revealed that seeds voided rapidly were far more likely to germinate than those remaining longer in Myadestes guts. We propose that “laxative” chemical(s) in Witheringia fruits balance these positive and negative consequences of ingestion by Myadestes.

Discussion on the chemical analysis of crude pulp

Discussion on the chemical analysis of crude pulp

NEUTRAL SULFITE SEMI-CHEMICAL PULPING OF CINNAMOMUM CAMPHARA.

This paper covers my research on the manufacture by the neutral sodium sulphite method of semi-chemical pulp from Cinnamomum Camphora Neeset Eberm after camphor has been extracted therefrom.My study on this subject consisted in1) tests on the impregnation of cooking liquor into chips, 2) reactions of buffering agent (sodium carbonate), according to changes in its quantities, on chips, 3) relation between changes in the quantity of added chemicals and the quantity of recoverable sodium sulphite by side relief of the cooking liquor and, 4) properties of pulps (color and strength).The best result obtained was something like this: sodium sulphite 20% and sodium carbonate 0 to 1% were added to the oven dry chips, and 5 to 6% of sodium sulphite was recovered after impregnation at 120°C for one hour and then the chips were cooked at 170°C for 3 hours. The resultant crude pulp yield was high as 70%. The consumption of sodium sulphite was from 11 to 13%. (The above percentage figures are against the quantity of chips charged.)The pulp obtained by this method can be used for making mediumgrade wrapping paper by mixing with other pulps, in view of its favorable color and strength properties except for tearing and folding strength.

Standardization and Relative Purification Technique with Plant Virus Preparations.

The usual procedure in the preparation of an infective juice for inoculation or other experimental purposes, in the case of a virus like that of typical tobacco mosaic, consists first in thoroughly crushing or grinding the fresh tissue and then separating the coarser material by filtering off the clearer juice through cotton or cloth. Pressure also may be applied to the crude pulp. The crude juice thus prepared will contain the virus in what appears to be the original concentration. Often this procedure may be improved upon by a simple freezing and pressure technique. With the latter the softer tissues (young stems and leaves) are frozen for a few hours at—20°C. or below, for a period of 4 hours or less, then pressure of 10,000 lbs. or more per square inch is applied. With this treatment a clearer juice is obtainable.By the method of grinding commonly employed, the crude juice contains varying quantities of starch, proteins and other solid and highly viscous reserve products; likewise chlorophyll, plastid...