Crude Protein Content Of Silage Research Articles

The Effect of Different Forms of Titanium Dioxide on the Yield, Chemical and Microbiological Parameters of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) Herbage and Silage

The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of three forms of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and their effect on the yield, chemical and microbiological quality of perennial ryegrass herbage and silage. Two types of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) and a commercial product, labeled here as TiO2Com, were selected for the studies. The yield and chemical parameters of herbage did not improve significantly in response to the TiO2 treatment, in comparison to the control group (CONT). The crude protein content of silage was significantly lower in the TiO2Com-treated group than in the TiO2NPs2 group (117 vs. 129 g kg−1 dry matter (DM)). The use of water-soluble carbohydrates during fermentation was limited in the TiO2NPs2 and TiO2Com groups. The fermentation pattern was similar for each investigated group, and a significant difference in pH values was noted between the TiO2NPs2 (pH = 4.49) and CONT (pH = 4.68) group. Lactic acid concentration was the highest in the TiO2NPs1 group (94.8 g kg−1 DM), and the difference relative to the CONT group (83.2 g kg−1 DM) was statistically significant. It was concluded that TiO2 and its nanoparticles have the potential to improve the physicochemical and microbiological quality of herbage and silage.

The Effect of Temulawak (Curcuma xhantorrhiza) Dose on Tofu Dreg Plus Complete Feed Silage With Methane Relative Mitigation: In-Vitro

Temulawak is an antimicrobial herb that can preserve the proteins in the feed from deamination and decay during the silage period. Tofu dregs are a feed ingredient that is difficult to preserve because they have high water content and protein. Temulawak powder may decrease deamination during the silage process because it has the ability as an antimicrobe and protein binder. Temulawak can reduce methane emissions by diminishing the number of protozoa that serve as hosts for methanogenic archaea. Temulawak with a harvest age of 3 months after planting, then dried at 65°C to constant weight, grounded, and tested on mix ration silage at doses of 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75 %, and 1% from feed dry matter (DM). The experiment was carried out four times using a complete random design and in vitro silage was evaluated in the following 14 days. The results indicated that adding temulawak would reduce ammonia production with p<0.01, significantly increase the crude protein content of silage P<0.05 and decrease rumen ammonia P<0.01. The treatment increased total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production P<0.01), and reduced methane level P<0.01. The methane relative to dry matter (DM), organic matter, and total gas revealed a significant decrease with P<0.05. The 0.25% treatment level had the lowest total methane concentration and relative. Concluded that the optimal dose of temulawak addition to complete feed plus tofu dreg silage is 0.25% from DM.

Silage from high protein value white corn (Zea mays L.) with and without ears associated with two annual legumes, lablab (Lablab purpureus L.) and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.)

In this study we evaluated the dry matter yield (DMY) and botanical composition of high protein value (QPM) white maize (Zea mays L.) with and without ear removal and associated or not with the annual legumes lablab (Lablab purpureus L.) and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), and determined the nutritional value and products of fermentation of silage of these associations. The experiment was conducted in the Experimental Substation at Isabela, Puerto Rico, between January and April 2010 in an Oxisol soil. Lablab and sunn hemp were intercropped with white QPM corn in a randomized complete block design with six treatments and four replications. Ears with grain in the milky stage were removed from the plant at 90-d post seeding; the next day the crop was ensiled in three of the treatments [Monoculture (CWOE), associated with lablab (CLWOE) and with crotalaria (CCWOE)]. There were three analogous treatments of corn with ears present (CE, CLE and CCE). Among the latter, DMY increased with intercropping from 9,890 kg/ha (CE) to 11,256 kg/ha (CLE) and 14,786 kg/ha (CCE) whereas among the treatments without ears the increases were from 7,270 kg/ha (CWOE) to 8,667 kg/ha (CLWOE) and 10,641 kg/ha (CCWOE), thus indicating DMY losses of 2,620 kg/ha, 2,589 kg/ha and 4,145 kg/ha as a result of ear removal, for the three respective comparisons. A greater benefit to DMY occurred when sunn hemp was the intercrop (4,134 kg/ha) compared with that of lablab (1,382 kg/ha). Intercropping with sunn hemp was also more effective in reducing the proportion of weeds in the crop than with lablab (CE, 20.5%; CLE, 17.1%; CCE, 9.9%). Relative to monoculture silage, the intercropped legumes resulted in a slight reduction in dry matter (26.6 to 25.9%), but an increase is crude protein (CP) (10.0 to 11.9%) (P < 0.05). The neutral detergent fiber content of the silages was not affected, but acid detergent fiber increased from 32.9% in monoculture to 38.3% when intercropped with legume; this effect was more pronounced in the absence of ears. Corn-legume intercropping benefited weed control and increased DMY in the field and CP content of silage, without affecting the fermentation process, even when the corn ears were removed before ensiling.

Can soybean biomass addition optimize corn silage quality?

Maize silage is the main conserved roughage used in animal feed in Brazil and improving its quality has great relevance. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the characteristics of maize silage, containing different percentages of soybean biomass. In this way, different percentages of soybean green biomass added to maize ensilage (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% - experiment 1 and 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% in experiment 2) were evaluated. Experiments were laid out as a completely randomized. Variables were submitted to analysis of variance and when it present significance was applied regression analysis. Silage ashes increased as soybean biomass increased. Regarding to the neutral and acid detergent fiber and the amount of total digestible nutrients, there was no effect of the treatments. At experiment 1, silage crude protein increased from 7.5 to 12.6% from sole maize silage to the silage with 39.2% of soybean dry biomass, which represent an increase of 67.24%. At experiment 2, it increased from 6.77 to 12.09%, which represent 78.58% more protein at the treatment with 50% of soybean green biomass (41% dry matter of soybean) in relation to the sole maize silage. At experiment 2, for every 1% increase in soybean dry matter biomass addition, there was an increase of 0.1% of maize silage crude protein. The addition of soybean biomass to corn silage increases the ashes and crude protein content of silage.

Supply of nutrients and productive responses in dairy cows given diets based on restrictively fermented silage

The objective of this paper is to review research which has evaluated the feeding of dairy cows with diets containing large proportions of grass silage. In Finland, milk production systems evolved are based on the use of restrictively fermented silages. Higher potential yields, smaller production risks than with cereal grains, short grazing period and high digestibility of grasses grown in northern latitudes have facilitated this development. Factors affecting nutrient supply from these diets are discussed. Digestibility is determined mainly by the stage of maturity at harvesting and it is not markedly affected by the level of energy and protein supplementation. Intake of grass silage is influenced both by digestibility and fermentation characteristics. Efficiency of microbial synthesis is high in animals given diets based on restrictively fermented silage but rumen fermentation pattern is characterised by low molar proportions of propionate. Production responses to additional concentrate are relatively small, especially when the amount of concentrate exceeds 10 kg day-1. High substitution of silage dry matter (DM), negative associative effects on digestion and partitioning of energy towards body tissues account for small production responses. Protein supplementation has consistently increased milk protein yield but responses do not appear to be related to the level of milk production, silage crude protein content, amount of concentrate or stage of lactation. The new protein evaluation system provides an accurate prediction of protein yield with the typical Finnish dairy cow diets. The high slopes (ca. 0.5) between protein supply and milk protein yield within experiments suggest that protein supply is suboptimal and protein supplements are used with a high efficiency.