Crude Phenolic Extracts Research Articles

Crude Blueberry Phenolic Extracts Improve Gut Barrier Integrity and Exert Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Activity in an In Vitro Weaning Stress Model.

Piglet weaning is accompanied by gastrointestinal tract (GIT) dysfunction, resulting in post-weaning diarrhea (PWD). The treatment involves antibiotics due to the susceptibility of the weaned GIT to pathogens. However, antibiotic resistance has shifted attitudes toward a nutraceutical approach by enriching feed with functional compounds. Polyphenols are touted for their antimicrobial activity and ability to improve GIT function. Thus, we investigated the protective effects of crude blueberry phenolic extracts (BPE) in vitro using porcine cells challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a weaning model. Cells were pretreated with 1 µg/mL and 2.5 µg/mL BPE for 24 h, followed by 10 µg/mL LPS stimulation for 6 h. Antioxidant status, paracellular permeability, the gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and tight junction proteins were measured. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was evaluated against porcine pathogens. The pretreatment of cells with 1 µg/mL BPE preserved catalase (CAT) activity. Reduced paracellular permeability was observed in a dose-dependent manner. The BPE preserved the relative mRNA abundance of tight junctions and reduced inflammatory cytokine expression. Pretreatment with the BPE was able to preserve occludin (OCLN) protein levels. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the BPE against Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and Salmonella typhimurium (ST) was 62.50 µg/mL. These findings indicate that blueberry polyphenols hold potential as feed additives in swine weaning.

Unlocking the potential of spent coffee grounds via a comprehensive biorefinery approach: production of microbial oil and carotenoids under fed-batch fermentation.

The valorization of renewable feedstock to produce a plethora of value-added products could promote the transition towards a circular bioeconomy. This study presents the development of cascade processes to bioconvert spent coffee grounds (SCGs) into microbial oil and carotenoids employing sustainable practices. The stepwise recovery of crude phenolic extract and coffee oil was carried out using green or recyclable solvents, i.e., aqueous ethanol and hexane. Palmitic acid (43.3%) and linoleic acid (38.9%) were the major fatty acids in the oil fraction of SCGs. The LC-MS analysis of crude phenolic extracts revealed that chlorogenic acid dominated (45.7%), while neochlorogenic acid was also detected in substantial amounts (24.0%). SCGs free of coffee oil and phenolic compounds were subjected to microwave-assisted pretreatment under different irradiations and solvents to enhance subsequent enzymatic saccharification. Microwave/water pretreatment at 400 W, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with proteases, hemicellulases, and cellulases, at 50g/L initial SCGs, led to satisfying overall yields of cellulose (75.4%), hemicellulose (50.3%), and holocellulose (55.3%). Mannan was the most extractable polysaccharide followed by galactan and arabinan. SCGs hydrolysate was used in fed-batch bioreactor fermentations with Rhodosporidium toruloides to produce 24.0g/L microbial oil and carotenoids of 432.9μg/g biomass.

Chemical Characterization of Crude Phenolic Leaf Extract of Acalypha wilkesiana

Acalypha wilkesiana is a widely eaten vegetable, reportedly used traditionally in the management of hypertension, diabetes and as an antimicrobial agent, probably because of its rich phenolic composition. The phytochemical and phenolic profiles of the crude leaf extract of the plant were assessed using standard methods, and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Qualitative phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, tannin, steroids and saponins. GC-FID analysis revealed the presence of dihydrocytisine, ammodendrine, spartein, hydroxylupanine, ribalinidine, anthocyanin, flavone, flavonones, aphylidine, proanthocyanidin, isolupanine, narigenin, sapogenin, cardiac glycoside, tannin, and cyanogenic glycoside in varying proportions. GC-MS analysis identified 14 constituents with major ones being 2,6-Octadienal, 3,7-dimethyl-, (Z) Citral (14.88 %), citral 2,6-Octadienal, 3,7-dimethyl-, (E) (16.9 %), cis-3-Hexenyl cis-3-hexenoate (10.59 %), trans-2,7-Dimethyl-4,6-octadien-2-ol (20.56 %) and 3,8,11-Trioxatetracyclo[4.4.1.0(2,4).0(7,9)] undecane (11.69 %). This study has shown that crude phenolic leaf extract of A. wilkesiana contains pharmacologically active compounds which support its traditional use in the treatment of oxidative stress related diseases and hence a potential candidate for drug discovery. Keywords: Acalypha wilkesiana, phytochemicals, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Secondary metabolites.

Testicular heat shock protein effects of Methanolic and Phenolic extracts of N. sativa seed in chronic heat-stressed male Wistar rats

In order to evaluate the efficacy of crude methanolic and phenolic extracts of Nigella sativa seed in modulating protective role response in mammals under chronic heat stress. Forty nine mature male Wister rats (weighted: 250 ± 10 g, aged: 8 weeks) has been randomly divided into 7 equal groups. Four groups were reared under normal room temperature (20±1ºC) which included negative control (Nc) was reared without any treatment, positive control (C) was drenched with drinking water, treated group (M) was drenched with metanolic extract of N. sativa (1 g/ kg bw), and treated group (P) was drenched with phenolic extract of N. sativa (0.3 g/ kg bw). Other three groups has been reared under high room temperature (35 ± 1 cº) which included heated positive control (Hc) was drenched drinking water, heated treated group (Hm) was drenched with methanolic extract of N. sativa (1 g/ kg bw), and heated treated group (Hp) was drenched with phenolic extract of N. sativa (0.3 g/ kg bw). The experiment extended for 18 days.Twenty four hours after the last day of experiment, male rats has been sacrificed and body organs testis was removed and weighted .Testis samples (100 mg) were quickly obtained and putted in liquid nitrogen for heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene expression analysis using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Revealed insignificant differences in testes weights among the experimental groups. RT-PCR results showed that level of mRNA expression of HSP70 gene in testis tissues in treatment groups methanolic extract (M, Hm) (1g/ kg, BW, daily) and phenolic compound (P, Hp, 0.3g/ kg, BW, daily) of Nigella sativa seed was significantly higher than that of non-treated groups (Nc, C, and Hc). We have suggested that crude methanolic extract and phenolic compounds obtained from Nigella sativa seed have an efficient role in modulating protective role response of mammals under chronic heat stress in mature male Wistar rats.

Cellular antioxidant and viability efficacy of Harpephyllum caffrum peel and Syzygium guineense seed extracts

Crude phenolic extracts of indigenous sub-Saharan fruit byproducts have potent antioxidant activity. Purification of these extracts and evaluation of their antioxidant activity and viability using appropriate biological models, has, however, not yet been completed. The current study quantitatively evaluated the phenolic composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of crude and purified extracts (PE) of Harpephyllum caffrum peel (HCP) and Syzygium guineense seed (SGS), and cellular antioxidant and viability efficacy of the PE. Phenols were extracted by 60% ethanol (v/v) solvent system and purified using XAD7HP macroporous adsorption resin. The UPLC/Q-TOF-MS was used for the characterization and identification of phenols. Cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assay was applied to assess the antioxidant efficacy and cytotoxicity of the PE. Analysis of variance of data was done using a generalized linear mixed model with fruit type, extract purity and their interaction as fixed effects. Purification increased (P ≤ 0.05) HCP total phenolic concentration (TPC) by over 200%, while SGS TPC decreased (P ≤ 0.05) by 20%. Regardless of fruit type, PE had higher (P ≤ 0.05) quantities of proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins than crude extracts. The HCP-PE had greater (P ≤ 0.05) in vitro antioxidant activity than the other extracts (P ≤ 0.05). Cellular antioxidant activity of HCP-PE was comparable to that of sodium metabisulphite (P > 0.05). Also, HCP-PE had lower (P ≤ 0.05) cytotoxic effects than SGS and sodium metabisulphite with increasing antioxidant concentration. It was concluded that HCP-PE is a potential source of safe natural antioxidants for nutraceutical applications.

The Phenolics and Antioxidant Properties of Black and Purple versus White Eggplant Cultivars.

The total phenolic content, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, antioxidant capacity and α-amylase inhibitory activity of black (Aydin Siyahi), purple (Kadife Kemer) and white (Trabzon Kadife) eggplants grown in Turkey were subjected to a comparative investigation. The black cultivar exhibited the highest total phenolic (17,193 and 6552 mg gallic acid equivalent/kg fw), flavonoid (3019 and 1160 quercetin equivalent/kg fw) and anthocyanin (1686 and 6167 g delphinidin-3-O-glucoside equivalent/kg fw) contents in crude extracts of the peel and pulp. The majority of the caffeic acid was identified in the ester (2830 mg/kg fw) and ester-bound (2594 mg/kg fw) forms in the peel of ‘Kadife Kemer’ and in the glycoside form (611.9 mg/kg fw) in ‘Aydin Siyahi’, as well as in the pulp of these two eggplants. ‘Kadife Kemer’ (purple eggplant) contained the majority of the chlorogenic acid in free form (27.55 mg/kg fw), compared to ‘Aydin Siyahi’ in the ester (7.82 mg/kg fw), glycoside (294.1 mg/kg dw) and ester-bound (2.41 mg/kg fw) forms. The eggplant cultivars (peel and pulp, mg/kg fw) exhibited a relatively high delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside concentration in the peel of ‘Aydin Siyahi’ (avg. 1162), followed by ‘Kadife Kemer’ (avg. 336.6), and ‘Trabzon Kadife’ (avg. 215.1). The crude phenolic extracts of the eggplants exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity values (peel and pulp, µmoL Trolox equivalent/kg fw) of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH, 8156 and 2335) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC, 37,887 and 17,648). The overall results indicate that black and purple eggplants are the cultivars with greater potential benefits in terms of their phenolics and antioxidant values than the white eggplant.

Storage Effect on Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Nephelium lappaceum L. Extract

Preparation of potential antioxidant extracts with less process for storing in a long period is preferable. N. lappaceum rind, well known as a promising source of phenolic antioxidants agricultural residue, was employed to prepare crude extracts by different solvents. The phenolic content, flavonoid content, antioxidant, and anti-tyrosinase activities of the extracts were evaluated. The stability of the potential extract was then assessed for phenolic content and antioxidant activity under various storage conditions. The extractive yields of crude phenolic extract ranged from 16.61 to 28.78%. The ethanolic extract of N. lappaceum rind exhibited potential antioxidant activities and contained a high amount of phenolics and flavonoid contents. The extract remained with a high amount of the phenolic content (up to 88.79%) and retained its antioxidant property under various temperatures (4, 25, and 45 °C) after the first week of the storage period. The results suggest that phenolic content and antioxidant activity of N. lappaceum rind extract, as a nutraceutical or anti-aging ingredients in cosmetics, could be stored at a temperature from 4 °C to 45 °C with or without oxygen exposure at least for 16 weeks.

Comparing the histological effect of Thymol from multiple sources with blood lipids profile and liver enzymes in Albino Mice

The therapeutic value of the phenolic component and pure thymol was well known; this study comprised the extraction of crude phenol from two plants (Thymus vulgaris and Artemisia annua) which contain thymol with pure thymol and evaluate their effect on hematological and histological by using three different concentrations of each plant extract and pure thymol to tested them on lab mice. All the mice were allowed free access to water and feed for 21 days in laboratory conditions; orally, pure water was administered to the control mice (group I), while groups II, III, and IV were given orally with T. vulgaris, A. annua, combination of last two crude phenol plant extract 50:50 and pure thymol respectively. The levels of CHO, TRI, and HDL were significantly reduced in A. annua and T. vulgaris crude phenolic extract at 20 mg/ml as compared to the control treatment, while pure Thymol at 10 mg/ml gave the best result in reducing the levels of CHO, TRI, and HDL. In comparison to the control group, serum levels of liver enzymes in groups treated with in A. annua, T. vulgaris extract, and pure Thymol were substantially reduced in concentration: 20, 10 and 30 mg/ml, respectively.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticle Using Bioactive Phenolic Compound Extracts of Leucas aspera and Leucas cephalotes and Evaluation of its Antibacterial Activity

The present study was carried out to investigate the antibacterial activity of the bioactive phenolic extract from Leucas aspera and Leucas cephalotes. The phenolic compounds were extracted using water: ethanol (1:3, v/v) by hydroethanolic extraction method. The hydroethanolic extracts were subjected to qualitative and FTIR analysis as a confirmatory step for the presence of phenolics. Synthesis of silver nanoparticle from both plants was carried out by acid hydrolysis method and subjected to UV-visible spectrophotometry, SEM, TEM and XRD analysis, for confirmation of tagged bioactive compound to AgNO3. The nanoparticle size distribution ranged between 50-94 nm in L. aspera and 40-67 nm in L. cephalotes. The antibacterial study was carried out using both crude phenolic extract and synthesized nanoparticles and tested against 5 pathogens namely Escherichia coli (ATCC® 8739™), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC® 25619™), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC® 6538™), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC® 11774™) and Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC® 13882™) for their antibacterial activity. From present study, the crude extract of L. cephalotes showed good antibacterial effect against test pathogen species wherein highest inhibition was observed in, P. aeruginosa, followed by B. subtilis and S. aureus with an average zone of inhibition of 23, 14 and 12 mm, E. coli and K. pneumonia measured 9 and 7 mm. The crude extract of L. aspera showed the highest inhibition in P. aeruginosa followed by S. aureus and E. coli with an average zone of inhibition of 12,11 and 10 mm B. subtilis and K. pneumonia measured 8 and 7 mm. Statistical analysis was calculated using One way ANOVA and was found to be statistically significant with p < 0.05.

Effect of light, food additives and heat on the stability of sorghum 3‐deoxyanthocyanins in model beverages

AbstractThis work aimed to evaluate the stability of sorghum 3‐deoxyanthocyanins (DXA) in model beverages (pH 3.5) elaborated with crude sorghum phenolic extract, containing ascorbic acid and sulphite, under fluorescent light exposure and subjected to heat treatment. There was no significant difference in the DXA degradation during storage under light exposure (24.16%) and absence of light (20.72%). DXA degradation did not differ in the presence of ascorbic acid during storage under light exposure (23.99–25.38%) and absence of light (19.87–21.74%). The addition of sulphite caused an initial bleaching reaction, but as a reversible reaction, the anthocyanin content was higher on the last day of storage compared to the first day. There were no significant differences in total anthocyanin content of all treatments subjected to the heat treatment (80 °C for 5 and 25 min). Thus, crude DXA are very stable under light, additives and heat, and may be useful as natural food colourants.

Phenolic composition and in vitro antiproliferative activity of Borago spp. seed extracts on HT-29 cancer cells

Borage oil contains γ-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n-6), and significant amounts of tocopherols, sterols and squalene. However, data on phenolics are absent for most Borago species, while such compounds are relevant for improving human health. In this work, seeds of all endemic-wild Borago species and wild and farmed B. officinalis were surveyed for phenolic compound composition and in vitro antiproliferative activities. Phenolic analyses were conducted by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS, and antiproliferative activity were checked by the MTT assay. Besides a flavonol (kaemferol), 13 phenolic acids were identified and quantified. Among B. officinalis samples, the highest amounts of total phenolics and rosmarinic acid were found in the warmest and southernmost localities. Rosmarinic acid ranged from 12.21 (B. officinalis ‘Alba’ B2) to 105.06 mg/100 g seed (B. longifolia). Ferulic acid was also found in all Borago species, ranging from 1.38 in wild B. officinalis to 55.98 mg/100 g seed in B. longifolia. The MTT assay showed dose- and time-dependent inhibitory effects of Borago extracts on HT-29 cancer cells, with GI50 values within the 250–300 μg/mL range after 72 h of cell exposure to seeds extracts. Due to the occurrence of some compounds lacking antiproliferative activity in the crude phenolic extract, as evidenced by 1H NMR spectrum, the antiproliferative activity of the phenolics-containing extracts was lower than that obtained due to pure phenolics. This work constitutes the first approach to evaluate the phenolic composition of all Borago species and provides arguments for using endemic-wild Borago taxa by the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries.

Techno-economic evaluation and life-cycle assessment of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) production within a biorefinery concept using sunflower-based biodiesel industry by-products

This study presents techno-economic evaluation of a biorefinery concept using biodiesel industry by-products (sunflower meal and crude glycerol) to produce poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), crude phenolic extracts (CPE) and protein isolate (PI). The PHB production cost at two annual production capacities ($12.5/kg for 2,500 t PHB/year and $7.8/kg for 25,000 t PHB/year) was not cost-competitive to current PHB production processes when the revenues derived from co-products were not considered. Sensitivity analysis projected the economic viability of a biorefinery concept that could achieve a minimum selling price of $1.1/kg PHB similar to polypropylene. The annual PHB production capacity and the identification of marketable end-uses with respective market prices for the co-products CPE and PI were crucial in attaining process profitability. Greenhouse gas emissions (ca. 0.64 kg CO2-eq/kg PHB) and abiotic depletion potential (61.7 MJ/kg PHB) were lower than polypropylene. Biorefining of sunflower meal and crude glycerol could lead to sustainable PHB production.

Antioxidant, antidiabetic and identification of phenolic constituents from Potentilla discolor Bge.

The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity, and characterize the bioactive constituents of the phenolic extract of Potentilla discolor Bge. Dry material of Potentilla discolor Bge. was extracted with 80% ethanol solution to obtain the crude phenolic extract (CPE) with the total phenolic content (TPC) of 20.40 ± 0.69 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry material (mg GAE/g DM). After purified with AB-8 macroporous resin, TPC of the purified phenolic extract (PPE) (353.65 ± 5.50 mg GAE/g DM) was much higher than that of the CPE. PPE exhibited stronger 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and 2,2′-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity than CPE and 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), with the IC50 values of 0.030 ± 0.002 mg/mL and 0.059 ± 0.002 mg/mL, respectively. The total antioxidant activities of PPE and BHT were similar, and were higher than CPE. PPE was found to significantly inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 0.966 ± 0.072 and 2.431 ± 0.088 mg/mL, respectively. Finally, using UPLC-TOF–MS/MS technology, 35 compounds were tentatively identified, including 12 phenolic acids, 23 flavonoids and their derivatives, 29 of which have been discovered for the first time in Potentilla discolor Bge. These results suggested that PPE had the potential to be used as an antioxidant and anti-diabetic component in functional foods.

Preservation of chilled Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) steak by whey protein isolate coating containing polyphenol extract from ginger, lemongrass, or green tea

The effects of whey protein isolate (WPI)-polyphenol coating on the microbial counts, physico-chemical properties, and sensory qualities of Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) steak during chilled storage were systematically investigated. Crude phenolic extracts (200 ppm) from ginger, lemongrass, and green tea were comparatively tested. WPI with crude plant extracts, especially ginger extract, can retard microbial growth by maintaining the total microbial quality below the acceptable limit of 7 log CFU/g for 15 days, whereas the shelf-life for the control was found to be 8 days. WPI-phenolic extract coating markedly retarded lipid and protein oxidation, heme protein degradation, metmyoglobin formation, discoloration, muscle softening, and drip loss of chilled sea bass steak. Lowered TVB-N, TMA, and propanal contents with a superior odor likeness score were found in the coated samples, suggesting the preventive effect against off-flavor development. Therefore, coating with WPI-phenolic extracts, particularly ginger extract, can be an effective method for the preservation of chilled Asian sea bass steak.

Zeytin Yaprağı Ekstraktı ve Oleuropeinin Antioksidan, Antimikrobiyal Aktivitesi, Gıdalarda Kullanım Olanakları

Zeytin ağacı yetiştiriciliği ve zeytin işleme endüstrisinin yan ürünlerinden biri olan zeytin yaprağı yüzyıllar boyunca geleneksel halk hekimliğinde kullanılmıştır. Son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarda ise zeytin yaprağının birçok biyoaktiviteye sahip olduğu belirlenmiş ve bu etkiler içeriğinde bulunan yüksek fenolik bileşik miktarı ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Zeytin yaprağında bulunan en baskın fenolik bileşik elenolik asit ve 3,4-dihidroksifeniletanolün heterozidik esteri olan oleuropeindir. Bundan dolayı, zeytin yaprağından katma değeri yüksek bileşiklerin ekstrakte edilmesine yönelik bazı çalışmalar gerçekleştirilmiş ve elde edilen ham fenolik ekstrakt ve oleuropeinin antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca sentetik gıda koruyucularının yan etkisi ve toksisitesine karşı şüphelerin artmasından dolayı zeytin yaprağı ekstraktı ve oleuropeinin gıda sanayiinde kullanım olanaklarının arttırılmasına yönelik bazı çalışmalarda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu derlemede, zeytin yaprağı fenolik bileşikleri ve zeytin yaprağından fenolik bileşik ekstraksiyonu, zeytin yaprağı ekstraktı ve oleuropeinin antioksidan kapasitesi, antimikrobiyal aktivitesi ile gıdalarda kullanım olanaklarının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

In vitro antioxidant potential of Nephelium lappaceum L. rind extracts and geraniin on human epidermal keratinocytes

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-aging properties of Nephelium lappaceum L. rind phenolic and polysaccharide extracts and geraniin on human epidermal keratinocytes. The phenolic and polysaccharide extracts of N. lappaceum L. rind and geraniin were evaluated for anti-aging and antioxidant activities in human primary epidermal keratinocytes (HPEKs). The geraniin in the phenolic extract was also quantified by UPLC analysis. The extractive yield of crude phenolic extract (18.37%) was higher than polysaccharide extract (1.99%). The Phenolic extract and geraniin exhibited potential radical scavenging activity, enhanced HPEK's proliferation and reduced HPEK's oxidative stress by increasing SOD activity and suppressing nitric oxide formation. The geraniin content in the phenolic extract was 474.9 mg/g extract. The results indicated that the phenolic compounds of N. lappaceum L. rind, particularly in geraniin, were attributed to antioxidant properties (R = 0.967–0.972). The results suggest that phenolic compounds and geraniin, as the principal constituents of N. lappaceum L. rind, could be further utilized as alternative sources of anti-aging active ingredients in cosmetics and that geraniin could be used as a marker compound for the extract's standardization.

Hepatoprotective Effects of Crude Phenolic-rich Extract from Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)

In this study the hepatoprotective activity of the crude phenolic rich extract (CPRE) isolated from oyster mushrooms on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced oxidative stress was investigated in albino rats. The hepatoprotective activity was examined through various biochemical parameters. Administration of CCl4 for 28 days exhibited a significant increase (P<0.05) in serum markers of liver damage, i.e., alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, urea, creatinine, total lipids and triglycerides. Whereas, the serum markers were significantly decreased (P<0.05) by CPRE administration. CCl4 exposure significantly decreased (P<0.05) the hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Contrarily, the CPRE treatments showed significant increases (P<0.05) in these hepatic activities. The results obtained from this study clearly validated the potential antioxidant activity of CPRE isolated from oyster mushrooms against several oxidation systems in-vivo, which contributed to its hepatoprotective effects in CCl4-induced liver injury in male albino rats. Finally, oyster mushrooms could be added as an additional nutrient to food products as it constitutes a new potential source of natural antioxidant and antibacterial agents.

EVALUATION OF THE CRUDE PHENOLIC AND TERPENOID EXTRACTS OF CARISSA MACROCARPA AGAINST APHIS FABAE SCOPOLI (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE) IN-VITRO

ABSTRACT Present study was conducted to evaluate different concentrations of crude phenolic and terpenoid extracts of the leaf Carissa macrocarpa as alternatives to chemical insecticides in some biological aspects of Aphis fabae under in vitro condition. The results showed that all plant extract concentrations were effective against adult of A. fabae compared with control treatment. The mortality rates were of the adult when used 10 mg/ ml concentration of the crude phenolic and terpenoid extracts after 48 hrs. of exposure 46.4 and 52.3% Compared with 9.2 and 13.8% in control treatment respectively. Also, the crude phenolic and terpenoid extracts have affected reduced the number of birth reached 5.33 and 4.67 nymph/ Female at concentration 10 mg/ mL of the crude phenolic and terpenoid extracts Compared with12.00 and11.67 nymph/ Female in the control treatment respectively

Pasting, flow, thermal and molecular properties of maize starch modified with crude phenolic extracts from grape pomace and sorghum bran under alkaline conditions

This study determined the effects of phenolic extracts from grape pomace and sorghum bran, reaction time and washing with aqueous ethanol on the pasting, flow, thermal and molecular properties of maize starch. The starch modification was carried out under alkaline conditions. The phenolic extracts increased the peak viscosity of the starch. Reaction time had no significant effect on starch properties. Washing with aqueous ethanol significantly increased the peak, final, and setback viscosities of the phenolic modified maize starches. DSC of phenolic modified starches showed higher enthalpy (ΔH) before and after washing with aqueous ethanol in comparison with starch without phenolic extract. FTIR spectra suggested the possible formation of hydrogen and ether (covalent) bonds between starch and phenolic compounds. It can be concluded that the pasting, flow and thermal properties of maize starch can be modified with phenolic extract under alkaline conditions to produce “clean label” starch-phenolic complex.

Cellular evaluation of the antioxidant activity of U.S. Pecans [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch

Clinical trials show an inverse relationship between the consumption of antioxidant-rich tree nuts and the development of chronic diseases. This study examined antioxidant efficacy of U.S. pecans using a modified cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assay with comparisons to data from in vitro antioxidant assays (hydrophilic-oxygen radical absorbance capacity {H-ORACFL} and ferric reducing antioxidant power {FRAP}). Crude phenolic extracts from both raw and roasted pecans were analyzed. In the CAA assay, pecan phenolics were taken up by human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells and bestowed CAA, determined by monitoring the fluorescence of 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein. Phenolics (25–100 μg/mL) demonstrated a reduction in fluorescence by 37–69% for raw and 26–68% for roasted pecans. The primary active phenolic constituents were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI–MS) to be epi(catechin) dimers and trimers. These oligomeric procyanidins, ranging in size from 560 to 840 g/mol appear to be small enough for cellular uptake, showing pecans are an effective antioxidant in biological systems, regardless of roasting.