Crude Palm Oil Research Articles

Quality assessment of artisanal palm oil from smallholders in the department of Man, western region of Côte d'Ivoire

In the western region of Côte d'Ivoire, more particularly from the department of Man, artisanal crude palm oil enjoys a reputation for quality among consumers and is the subject of a developed trade. To guarantee consumers quality palm oil, it is crucial to register this product as a Geographical Indication artisanal palm oil. This study aims to evaluate the physicochemical properties of this artisanal palm oil to better understand his quality. A descriptive survey of palm oil processing was conducted among 200 smallholders in 10 localities in the department of Man, Western region of Côte d'Ivoire. Then, samples were collected from the producers and were taken to the laboratory for analysis. The physicochemical properties of CPO samples were determined using standard analytical method. The results showed that manual processing and screw hand press methods were used for palm oil extraction. About 58% of the processors have 11-20 years’ experience in oil palm processing and have no formal education (48.2%). Concerning the physicochemical quality of artisanal palm oil producing, the lipid oxidation, carotenoids contents, DOBI, slip melting point, iodine and saponification indexes were relatively conformed to the standard while FFA, moisture and impurities content were different. These results demonstrate a need for monitoring of artisanal palm oil production by smallholders in the sector who should adopt good agricultural practices.

Structural, rheological and thermal properties of crude palm oil obtained in pressed, sifted and clarification stages using ultrasound-assisted

Abstract Crude palm oil (CPO) is commonly used in the oil industry. This study presents a comparison of the structural, rheological, and thermal properties of clarified CPO (CCPO) sample obtained using the conventional method and ultrasound-assisted (UA)-treated samples. These samples were obtained in the pressed (press liquor, PL), sifted (sifted liquor, SL), and clarification (outlet sludge, OS) stages. The frequencies used for the UA-treated samples were 40 and 80 kHz for 30 min. The PL and SL samples exhibited higher resistance to oxidative deterioration and nutritional quality than the CCPO sample did. The maximum oil extractability percentage (OEP) of the UA-treated samples relative to that of CCPO was 7.4 %. The bleachability index (DOBI) values of the UA-treated samples were higher (between 2.06 and 2.58) than that of the CCPO sample (1.43). However, the viscosity (η) displayed opposite trend. The thermal stability did not exhibit consistent patterns with increasing frequency.

ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF INDONESIAN SUSTAINABLE PALM OIL (ISPO) CERTIFICATION AND THE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CRUDE PALM OIL (CPO) EXPORTS VOLUME

This study examines the impact of Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) certification on Indonesian Crude Palm Oil exports and other factors, such as commodity production and prices, exchange rates, and production levels. The data covers total CPO volume (HS codes 15111000 and 15119000) from January 2006 to December 2022, focusing on ISPO certification for large State-owned and Private Enterprises in palm oil cultivation and processing. The analysis employs the Difference-in-Differences (DID) method and multiple linear regression (MLR) to identify the linear relationship between the dependent and independent variables. The DID analysis revealed that Indonesian CPO production and global CPO prices significantly affected CPO export volumes, while soybean oil prices and effective exchange rates were not statistically significant in the regression model. The results provide valuable insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders in developing strategies that support sustainable growth, enhance competitiveness, and maintain Indonesia's leading position in the global palm oil market. Policymakers should focus on encouraging broader adoption of ISPO among palm oil producers through incentives, training, and technical support, especially for smaller producers.

MODELING COOKING OIL PRODUCTION WITH CRUDE PALM OIL (CPO) PRICE USING TRANSFER FUNCTION

Indonesia is the largest palm oil producer in the world. However, Indonesia is currently experiencing a significant scarcity of cooking oil for the basic needs of the community. One of the causes of this problem is the high price of crude palm oil (CPO). The price of CPO affects the production of cooking oil produced by the cooking oil industry. CPO prices are released in the form of daily prices in the market which form a time series pattern that affects the production of cooking oil which is also produced daily in the industry. To forecast cooking oil production from CPO prices can be done with a transfer function model. The stages of analysis are forming an ARIMA model, processing input time series whitening, and output time series whitening. Checking white noise by plotting ACF αt, ACF βt. Make a CCF graph and determine the order (r,s,b). Estimate the first parameter of the disturbance series (nt) and identify the disturbance series (nt) in the ARIMA model. Next, perform a diagnostic check of the transfer function model by checking the cross-correlation between Xt & Yt and checking the autocorrelation of Xt and Yt for model feasibility testing. Then make an ACF graph of the transfer function model's residuals to test the model's suitability. The final stage is to select the best model based on the smallest AIC value, ensuring the accuracy of the selected model using MAPE value, and making predictions. As a result, the model for CPO price is an input series variable, and cooking oil production is an output series variable. However, the MAPE result was 100%, indicating that the model is not very accurate for this data. Nevertheless, by ignoring the result and continuing with the forecasting, this model shows that the forecasted values for cooking oil based on CPO price have increased from the form of the model obtained for the time data from 2013 to 2022.

Efficient Catalytic Hydrocracking of Crude Palm Oil Over EDTA Template-assisted SiO2-Al2O3/NiMo Catalysts

The development of hydrocracking catalysts for crude palm oil (CPO) is a challenging process due to its limited textural or pore accessibility and low acidity properties. Therefore, this study aims to develop a series of SiO2-Al2O3-x/NiMo catalysts using different Al mass (x = 5, 10, 25 g) assisted with EDTA to enhance their physicochemical properties. During the procedures, bimetallic NiMo species were dispersed into SiO2-Al2O3-x using the wet impregnation method. The structural, textural, surface morphology, particle size distribution, and acidity properties of the products were then assessed. Catalytic activity of catalysts on hydrocracking of CPO was evaluated at 350 °C for 2 h, H2 gas pressure of 20 bar, and mixed at 1500 rpm. The results showed that increasing Al mass caused an increment in the total acidity, acid site density, and surface area of SiO2-Al2O3-x. In addition, SiO2-Al2O3-25 provided better support properties, allowing preferable NiMo dispersion. Hydrocracking assessment showed that CPO conversion was increased at higher Al mass, producing the highest bio-aviation and biogasoline fractions yield. Based on these results, SiO2-Al2O3-x/NiMo successfully enhanced CPO conversion of unloaded SiO2-Al2O3-x, as well as increased the yield of bio-aviation and biogasoline fractions.

Design and Application Prototype of soft starting Three-Phase AC Motor by Using Analog Electronics Control for Teaching Aids of Power Electronics Practice

In general, palm oil processing factories, from fresh fruit bunches to Crude Palm Oil, require three-phase electric motors to drive or rotate it. The problems that often arise when using three-phase electric motors simultaneously in large numbers will result in very large surges in the electric current, which can affect the performance of electronic devices. To overcome this problem, a prototype of a three-phase AC voltage regulator circuit was made by adjusting the SCR triggering delay angle using an analog electronics equipment control that can be used for three-phase motor soft start applications in a palm oil factory. This prototype will be used as a learning tool for the practical for Aceh Polytechnic students for power electronics courses. This system is built with a method where the three-phase source is first lowered using a transformer arranged in a star on the primary and secondary sides, then each voltage is compared to the ground using an IC LM324, which aims to produce pulses wave. This pulse then connected to a triangular wave generator circuit, this triangular wave is then compared with the DC source voltage from the potentiometer, which aims to regulate the SCR triggering angle of SCR via MOC3063 driver, where the load used is resistive and connected in a star. The measurement using an oscilloscope and observing the change of triggering angle for several variations of each phase, the different Vrms voltage between measurements compared to mathematical analysis influenced by several factors, including, the transformer is made of three transformers that not identically, the electronic components used are not in ideal condition, and observations on the oscilloscope are carried out visually using the eye and manually adjusting the potentiometer rotation so that the level of measurement accuracy between one person and another will produce different values.

Processing practices and quality of crude palm oil produced on a small scale in Valença, Bahia, Brazil

Processing practices and quality of crude palm oil produced on a small scale in Valença, Bahia, Brazil

Effects of substitution of crude palm oil with palm-pressed fibre oil on the laying hen's performance, egg production and egg quality traits.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of substituting a crude palm oil (CPO) diet with palm-pressed fibre oil (PPFO) on laying hens' performance, egg production, carcass characteristic and egg quality. A total of 150 Hisex Brown laying hens were randomly assigned to five treatments: a basal diet containing 4% CPO (T1-control) and basal diets in which CPO was substituted by 25% (T2), 50% (T3), 75% (T4) or 100% (T5) PPFO. These diets were fed to laying hens ad libitum for 16 weeks. Compared to the T1 diet, dietary treatments T2, T3 and T4 had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, egg number, egg production, egg weight and egg mass of the laying hens during the entire experimental period. Nonetheless, a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in feed intake, egg number, egg production and egg mass were observed in hens fed T5 compared to those fed the T1 (control) diet. Except for heart and spleen weights, other carcass characteristics were not affected by treatment (P < 0.05). Skin yellowness and breast meat redness increased significantly (linearly, P < 0.05) with increasing proportions of PPFO. Likewise, yolk colour scores increased in proportion to the dietary level of PPFO (linearly, P < 0.05). These findings suggest that PPFO can be used as a novel, cost-effective lipid source at a level of 3% in layer diets as a substitute for CPO to improve eggs' quality parameters without any harmful effects on laying performance.

Corporate farming model for sustainable supply chain crude palm oil of independent smallholder farmers

Independent oil palm smallholders in Indonesia contributed significantly to the sustainable of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) supply chain. On the other hand, sustainability in the process of implementing the supply chain system for independent smallholders is an issue that is extremely important for the success of the supply chain system for the CPO company. This study’s objective is to develop an alternative business model with the goal of strengthening the interaction that already exists between independent farmers and cooperatives in ensuring the existence of a supply chain for raw materials and having access to financial resources, knowledge, and technology. The selection of the research location considered several factors, including the size of the area’s oil palm plantations, the number of oil palm farmers who are self-sufficient, and the possibility of locating CPO plant. Study findings that, the new model by business canvas analysis as the upgraded model of existing model business recommended that it should be built based on the cooperative palm oil family which provides farmers with access to financial, replanting, intensification, and extensification and infrastructure by APKASINDO, BPDPKS, Bank, and other stakeholders to sustain the FFB supply chain in cooperation through a partnership program in a long-term scheme. This whole system was developed by corporate farming system based on the cooperative as the off taker of FFB farmers and develop mini plant CPO to produce cooking oil and biofuels and by product as the waste management system as the value added for farmers.

Tailpipe emissions and fuel consumption of a heavy-duty diesel vehicle using palm oil biodiesel blended fuels

Biodiesel application, such as using waste cooking oil biodiesel in Shanghai, China, is a sustainable solution that addresses the challenges posed by escalating air pollution, energy security, and climate change. Future efforts may involve blending biodiesel from alternative sources like crude palm oil with diesel in China. This study tested a China V heavy-duty diesel vehicle equipped with a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system using various palm oil biodiesel blended fuels (B0, B5, B10, and B20). The findings indicated that using biodiesel blends led to decreased carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and particle number (PN) emissions compared to B0, while nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions remained similar. Higher biodiesel content significantly reduced petroleum diesel consumption, but no statistically significant differences were found in total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and fuel consumption. Various factors such as vehicle speed, payload, and cold starts influence tailpipe emissions and fuel consumption. Specifically, high-speed phases notably reduced CO, HC, and PN emissions with the use of biodiesel blends. Lower payloads were linked to decreased CO2 emissions and fuel consumption but increased NOX emissions. Cold starts increased HC and NOX emissions, especially with higher biodiesel blending ratios. These results can provide valuable empirical insights into palm oil biodiesel emissions.

Deep Learning Based Prediction Model for Crude Palm Oil Prices Using News Sentiment Analysis with Sliding Window

Crude palm oil (CPO) price prediction plays an important role in agricultural economic development. Various economics and agricultural related factors have been used to predict CPO prices. Nevertheless, understanding news sentiment features will also be important in CPO price prediction. This paper proposes a CPO price prediction model to help the plantation organizations in the palm oil sector to successfully anticipate CPO price fluctuations and manage the resources more effectively. The CPO price behavior is non-linear in nature, and thus prediction is very difficult. In this paper, an improved version of recurrent network, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) based CPO price prediction model with news sentiment is used to produce an enhanced prediction model. The findings of this study show that the LSTM based forecasting model with news headline sentiment using a six-month sliding window produced the best result in forecasting the CPO price movement compared to other sliding window sizes.

Treatment of acidic crude palm oil using supported benzenesulfonic acid-based deep eutectic solvents in trickle bed reactor

Treatment of acidic crude palm oil using supported benzenesulfonic acid-based deep eutectic solvents in trickle bed reactor

Risk Analysis of Conveyor Material Handling in the Production Process of Crude Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Oil with FMECA and FTA Methods

Oil palm is one type of plantation crop that occupies an important position in the agricultural sector and the plantation sector, and is a mainstay commodity of Indonesia whose development is very rapid. Good Material Handling is minimizing material handling costs, minimizing disruption or risk and delays in the production process. One of the companies engaged in the palm oil industry is PT. BSI which is a company engaged in the palm fruit processing industry. The products produced are crude palm oil (CPO), kernel, and fiber which implement a material handling system. However, the material handling process that is applied still experiences disturbances whose risks have an impact on the production process. So that researchers want to know the value of material handling risks that occur at PT.BSI with FMECA and FTA methods. The results of this study are at the risk identification stage using the FMECA method obtained six lists of risks that have an RPN value above 200 this is included in the very high and Unacceptable category. Then after further analysis using the FMECA method also that the six risks have decreased where the RPN value is less than 180 so that it is included in the high and tolerable categories. Then for the FTA analysis that the problem of these risks, namely conveyor trips and conveyor blockages, needs to be checked on a regularly scheduled conveyor leaf and implement a routine maintenance schedule and provide training to operators before carrying out work.

Analysis of chemical properties for biodiesel derived from crude palm oil

AbstractHigh biodiesel purity (98.86% to 99.54%) has been achieved using cooking oil, which undergoes various purification stages before being sold. This inherent purity contributes to the high biodiesel purity produced during solvent‐aided crystallization (SAC). This study aims to investigate the performance of SAC using unpurified oil as the feedstock for crude biodiesel preparation. Crude palm oil (CPO) was used as the feedstock, and the effects of crystallization temperature (6, 8, 10, 12, and 14°C), crystallization time (20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 min), and shaking speed (32, 43, 61, 71, and 84 rpm) were measured. The highest biodiesel purity achieved was 99.05% at 6°C crystallization temperature, 30 min crystallization time, and medium shaking speed. Additionally, all samples met international standards EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 for chemical properties, including iodine and acid value analysis. These results suggest that SAC is an effective method for producing high‐quality biodiesel from less refined feedstock, potentially lowering production costs and expanding the range of viable raw materials for biodiesel production.

Physicochemical and sensory evaluation of the quality of crude palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) produced artisanally and industrially in Brazil

Palm oil is primarily used in the crude form in northeastern Brazil's cuisine. Most of its production is carried out by small manufacturers, who use the profits from sales as a subsidy to supplement their family income. Evaluating the physicochemical and sensory quality of palm oil is essential to help producers develop higher-quality artisanal products. This study aimed to analyze samples of crude palm oil produced and sold in the city of Taperoá (BA) and other industrialized brands sold in Salvador (BA). Seven palm oil samples underwent physicochemical analysis (acidity, carotenoid content, instrumental color, iodine value, peroxide value, Kreis reaction, saponification value) and sensory analysis (acceptance and ranking tests). Our findings revealed significant variation in the evaluated parameters, with most samples showing inadequate results for the regulatory parameters of acidity and iodine values, as well as unsatisfactory results for carotenoids and the Kreis reaction across all samples. Variations in color analysis were likely associated with differences in carotenoid content among the samples. The acceptance tests showed that most samples scored above average for all evaluated characteristics, except for the industrial sample from Taperoá (sample 06), which showed the lowest averages for color (4.5), odor (5.2), viscosity (3.2), and overall impression (4.3). In the ranking test, sample 02 from artisanal production (Taperoá-BA) was the most preferred in all categories, while sample 06 from industrial production (Nazaré-BA) was the least preferred in all categories. These results indicate opportunities for improving both traditional and industrial crude palm oil production methods, which could lead to an increase in income for the population that depends on this product.

Perception, Knowledge, and Consumption Potential of Crude and Refined Palm Oil in Brazilian Regions.

Crude palm oil (CPO) is the most produced vegetable oil globally, with Brazil contributing only 0.74% of global production. Pará and Bahia account for more than 82% of Brazil's output. Despite its widespread use in the food industry after refining, there is little research on CPO consumption and perception in Brazil, particularly regarding its nutritional aspects. This study, conducted between March and July 2022, explored Brazilians' perceptions and the potential for CPO consumption. The results show that most participants are unfamiliar with CPO but view its nutrients favorably. Less than half regularly purchase CPO. Refined palm oil (RPO) is even less known, with many unaware that refining CPO can produce carcinogenic substances. The respondents showed little concern about RPO in their foods, rarely noticing its presence on labels. Despite limited knowledge, participants understand that refining reduces CPO's health benefits, leading to a greater preference for crude oil over refined oil. This study highlights the need for better dissemination of information about CPO in Brazil, emphasizing its nutritional benefits and the importance of adhering to daily lipid intake limits. Adding CPO at the end of cooking or consuming it raw to preserve thermosensitive compounds is also recommended.

Direct application of tungstosilicic acid hydrate for the treatment of high free fatty acid in acidic crude palm oil and for biodiesel production

AbstractThis study explored the use of industrial acidic crude palm oil (ACPO) for biodiesel production, facing a significant obstacle due to its high free fatty acid (FFA) content, which complicates the biodiesel production process. Typically, esterification is employed to convert FFAs into fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). Herein, the effectiveness of tungstosilicic acid hydrate (TSAH) as an unsupported heteropoly acid (HPA) catalyst for FFA esterification in ACPO was investigated. The FFA content was reduced from 8.43% to 0.95% under optimum conditions (4 wt% catalyst dosage, a methanol to oil molar ratio of 10:1, 150 min and a temperature of 60°C). Noteworthy, the TSAH catalyst showed stability over 7 cycles. The kinetic analysis revealed that the FFA esterification process closely followed pseudo first‐order kinetics, with an R2 value of 0.94. Furthermore, the biodiesel produced from TSAH‐treated ACPO meets the standard specifications outlined by ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. This research highlights the effectiveness of TSAH in catalyzing FFA esterification without the need for additional support materials or modifications.

Volatility Spillover of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Commodity between Spot and Futures Market in Indonesia

The development of trade globalization has led to the expansion of market interactions between countries, specifically for Crude Palm Oil (CPO) commodities. This study aims to determine the volatility of CPO prices between the Medan spot market and the futures market consisting of the Jakarta futures market, Malaysia futures market, and the Rotterdam forward market. The daily data on CPO prices in each market from January 2016 to December 2020. The data analysis method uses the GARCH model (1.1). The results showed a volatility transmission from the entire futures market to the Medan spot market. Thus, the CPO commodity futures market influences price volatility and the price formation process in the Medan spot market. Therefore, CPO commodity market players must be alert to the information occurring in the futures market to determine investment strategies.

Sustainable Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil and Crude Palm Oil Using a Custom Mini Pilot Plant

The widespread practice of reusing Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) in hawker food stalls, often for multiple frying cycles, presents a significant public health concern due to the degradation of the oil, which can lead to the formation of toxic compounds. These practices not only pose health risks, such as increasing the potential for cardiovascular diseases and cancer, but also contribute to environmental pollution when the oil is improperly disposed of. This study seeks to address these issues by converting WCO, along with crude palm oil (CPO), into biodiesel using a custom-designed mini pilot plant. The biodiesel production process involved a two-step reaction. The first step, esterification, was conducted using a 55:100 alcohol-to-oil volume ratio with 1% by volume sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) as the acid catalyst, at 60°C, with a reaction time of 30 minutes and a stirring speed of 800 rpm. The second step, transesterification, utilized a 6:1 alcohol-to-oil molar ratio, with 1 wt.% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as the alkaline catalyst, carried out at 70°C over the course of one hour. These conditions were carefully selected to optimize the conversion efficiency and to minimize the free fatty acid content, which is crucial for achieving a high yield of biodiesel. The results demonstrated that the mini pilot plant is highly effective in producing biodiesel from both WCO and CPO. The study also led to the development of a standard operating procedure (SOP) for the biodiesel production process, ensuring reproducibility and efficiency.

Biodiesel from Crude Palm Oil: A Sustainable Development Strategy for Energy Security

The study investigates the synthesis process, catalyst preparation, and implications of CPO biodiesel production, focusing on energy security, environmental sustainability, and greenhouse gas emissions reduction. The study uses eggshell-derived calcium oxide (CaO) catalysts for catalyst preparation, demonstrating a novel approach to catalyst synthesis. Results show consistent biodiesel yields of 78.6%, demonstrating the efficiency of the synthesis process. The study also highlights the environmental benefits of CPO biodiesel production, including reduced carbon emissions and sustainable cultivation practices. The study emphasizes the potential of CPO biodiesel as a sustainable energy solution, paving the way for a cleaner, more resilient future.