Crude Marriage Rates Research Articles

Analysis of Change in Marriage and Divorce and Associated Socioeconomic Variables during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, people have contended with health, economic, and social issues on a global scale. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the effect of the COVID-19 epidemic on marriage-divorce, (Crude marriage rate, divorce rate, birth rate, male and female first marriage age) and their socioeconomic related indicators (The ratio of female high school and undergraduate school graduates, man and women employment rates, unemployment rate, GDP per capita,suicide rate). The regions had the highest female employment rate were differentiated by lowest crude marriage and crude birth rates. In addition to this, the regions had the highest divorce rate were differentiated by the highest educated women rate and GDP per capita. As a result, the regional differences were high in the country in terms of study indicators.

지역 합계출산율에 영향을 미치는 요인 분석

Purpose - Low fertility rate is a serious problem, and this study analyzes factors affecting total fertility rate using panel data from 16 metropolitan cities and provinces in Korea from 2000 to 2022. Design/methodology/approach - Estimating the SAR model considering the weak cross-sectional dependence that exists in variables related to the regional total fertility rate, and using the DKSE estimation method considering the strong cross-sectional dependence. Findings - Estimation results considering weak and strong cross-sectional dependence were similar, confirming the robustness of the results. Female labor force participation rate has a positive effect on total fertility rate, and employment rate has no effect. However, the interaction term is a negative (-) sign. Crude marriage rate has a positive effect on total fertility rate, and apartment price has a slightly positive effect. Environmental factor has no effect, and policy factor has a negative effect. Research implications or Originality - In order for an increase in the female labor force participation rate to lead to an increase in the total fertility rate, qualitative improvements in female employment must be made. Financial investment policies for childbirth must increase their effectiveness. The problem of low fertility rate requires not only population policy but also social, economic, cultural, environmental, and policy conditions to be considered.

The future of the labour force: a quantitative examination of the drivers of female labor force participation and total fertility rate in developed economies

ABSTRACT Recent sluggish economic growth in developed countries has become a cause for concern regarding the long-term sustainability of the global economy. Continuous declines in the total fertility rate (TFR) constitute an essential factor in stagnant economic growth in developed countries. In this paper, we utilize fixed and random effect models to examine the relationships of TFR with putative TFR determinants in G7 countries from 1980 to 2020. Our findings support the societal response hypothesis wherein the relationship between TFR and female labour force participation rate (FLFPR) is posited to be stable and positive. Furthermore, the present study confirms a positive relationship of crude marriage rate (CMR) and market childcare availability (MktCC) with TFR. A negative relationship between the ageing population (AGE) and TFR was observed, consistent with broad concerns regarding the impending economic impacts of population ageing in developed countries.

Comparing negative binomial regression and quantile regression for modelling of housing sales

Housing demand arises under the influence of social, cultural, economic and demographic characteristics of each country Housing requirement refers to not only a numerical value, but also a structure that must carry healthy conditions with its environment. Nowadays, both housing sales and the price of properties are in increasing trend. In this study, the factors affecting the housing sales of the Turkey’s 81 provinces for 2019 were examined. Among alternative regression methods, negative binomial regression and quantile regression models were used and analysis were made on the basis of various quantile slices. As a result of the negative binomial regression model, it was found that the crude marriage rate, divorce rate, gross domestic product, unemployment rate and crude birth rate variables had a significant effect on the model. In quantile regression model analysis, quantile slices were evaluated separately. By using CICOMP type information criteria, it was seen that negative binomial regression model gave more effective results than quantile regression model.

Differences and determinants of female entrepreneurship across selected EU countries: some empirical evidence for the period 2010–2018

There is a wide differentiation in the level of female entrepreneurship across European Union countries. The literature emphasises the importance of various intrinsic (i.e. education, experience, human capital, access to capital resources) and extrinsic (i.e. influencing the level of entrepreneurship) factors. The purpose of this article is to empirically analyse the relationship between the level of female self-employment and the economic and social determinants of female labour force participation for 19 EU member states. This article uses panel data techniques to empirically analyse the relationship between the female self-employment and the following: gross domestic product per capita, female unemployment rate, total fertility rate, crude marriage rate, people at risk of poverty or social exclusion by age, gender wage gap (median) for full-time employees, masculinization index. Simple statistical methods and Pearson correlation coefficient were used in this paper. An econometric model was created to verify the factors affecting the level of female self-employment. Statistical data collected by Eurostat and the OECD were used to conduct the analyses. Due to limited data availability, the study covers the years 2010–2018. Gretl and Excel were used to conduct the analysis.

Impact of unemployment by sex and marriage rate on fertility decline: Estimates for Turkey and Greece using CCR model

The article analyses the effect of unemployment by sex and marriage rate on fertility changes in Greece and Turkey. The empirical part of the study is based on annual time series data retrieved from the World Bank and National Statistical Offices of Turkey and Greece for 1991–2019. Canonical Cointegrating Regression model is applied for the two countries separately, allowing to quantify the effects of the determinants (crude marriage rate and unemployment rate by sex) on the variation of fertility rate. CCR models show these determinants to be the most significant factors of fertility dynamics in both countries. The results from Engle-Granger and the Phillips-Ouliaris tau (t-statistics) tests confirm the cointegration, i.e., long-term relationship between the variables only for Turkey’s CCR model. However, it was found that in Greece, female unemployment impacts fertility rate negatively and male unemployment has a positive effect on fertility rate; for Turkey modelling shows the opposite relationship. The results of the study suggest that economic uncertainties might be one of the factors contributing to fertility decline in these countries, long-term or in the coming years.

Nuptiality Status in West Bengal: A Demographic Appraisal

The present study deals with nuptiality pattern, probability of marriage and age at first marriage in different districts of West Bengal (India). The crude marriage rate was higher in Hugli district, while East Mednipur occupied top position in different district of West Bengal with regarding to general marriage rate. Hajnal’s Singulated Mean Age at Marriage (SMAM) was used to find out the mean age at marriage and marriage probability was estimated by construction of nuptiality table based on the census data (2011). The study revealed that the SMAM is 23 years in the state, while Murshidabad constitutes lower SMAM (21.7 years). The study also found that the marriage probability was 5 times higher among females (10-14 years) as compared to males. Awareness should be increased to reduce the harmful effects of marriage at a lower age. Policy makers and government should pay special attention to rural and marginalized communities by providing them economic benefits.

Family Formation and Dissolution During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence From South Korea

ABSTRACT This study explores the short-term effects of COVID-19 on marriage and divorce rates in Korea. We document a 9.6–13.9% reduction in the provincial crude marriage rate in March-June 2020 after the surge in COVID-19 cases. On top of this overall decline, a one-unit increase in the number of confirmed cases per 1,000 people in a given province decreased the marriage rate by 3.8–6.2%. The crude divorce rate decreases by 3.2–7.1% after the surge of COVID-19. Our results imply that the decline in marriage rates due to COVID-19 can lead to a significant decrease in fertility rates in the near future.

Prevalence of Female Sexual Dysfunction and Associated Demographic Factors in Turkey: A Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression Study

Objectives This meta-analysis aimed to determine the prevalence of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) in healthy women and to investigate the related demographic factors. Methods Studies that were conducted in Turkey were included in the analysis. Results The prevalence of FSD, arousal, desire, pain/vaginismus, satisfaction, lubrication, and orgasm disorders were 39.65, 31, 31.3, 17.6, 23.8, 22.7, and 18.7%, respectively. Crude divorce rate (β= −0.478, p = 0.004), crude marriage rate (β= −0.180, p = 0.037), and age difference between partners (β = 1.08, p = 0.001) had a significant effect on the outcomes. Conclusions The prevalence of FSD in Turkey is similar to its prevalence in other countries.

The Process of Demographic Transition in Lands of the Former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Other Areas with Polish-Speaking Populations, 1865–1912

The aim of the research is to trace the process of demographic transition in the area of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, enlarged by areas with a predominantly Polish-speaking population, Upper Silesia and Cieszyn Silesia, as well as Southern Masuria. The time frame of the work covers the years 1865–1912. changes in the basic indicators of the vital statistics of the population were analyzed: the crude death rate (death rate per 1,000 population), the crude birth rate and the crude marriage rate. The source of the data is the work of Adam Krzyzanowski and Kazimierz Kumaniecki, Statystyka Polski [Statistics of Poland], which was in fact the first statistical yearbook of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and other predominantly Polish-speaking areas. The analysis was carried out strictly according to the requirements of the demographic transition theory. A comparative analysis of the demographic situation in these lands on the eve of the outbreak of World War I was carried out using Ward’s taxonomic method and the k-means method. The results of the analysis indicate that the process of demographic transition in these lands was varied and was conditioned by their economic development and geographical location.

Differential responses to expansion and crisis? The role of urban‐rural divides in long‐term demographic dynamics

AbstractEconomic downturns in advanced countries may influence demographic dynamics, increasing regional differences in population trends and consolidating social divides in accessible and marginal regions. The present study proposes a quantitative framework analysing the latent impact of economic expansions and recessions on regional population dynamics in Greece. Selected indicators (population density, contribution of natural balance and migration balance to total population growth, gross fertility rate and crude birth rate, crude marriage rate, births per marriage, and crude mortality rate) were used to distinguish long‐term transitional processes (1956‐2017) from short‐term dynamics characterising the most recent economic expansion (2000‐2008) and recession (2009‐2017) in Greece. Indicators were calculated separately for Attica, a metropolitan region centred on Athens, where more than 30 per cent of country population was (and still is) settled, and the rest of Greece, allowing a detailed analysis of socio‐demographic dynamics in urban and rural areas. Results of this study indicate that regional population trends in Greece were influenced by a combination of factors reflecting long‐term transitional forces, urbanisation/suburbanisation processes, and short‐term impact of economic downturns.

Construction of nuptiality tables for the hilly rural population of Uttarakhand: 1931-2000

Background: Nuptiality has a strong association with socio demographic and socio economic change in society. So, it has immense importance to study the female age at marriage in society. In order to study the nuptiality pattern in rural areas of Uttarakhand State, India, a number of measures like crude marriage rate, age sex specific marriage rates and similar other rates are used in the nuptiality tables.Methods: This paper deals with the study on the change in the nuptiality pattern through the life table approach in the seven cohorts 1931-40, 1941-50, 1951-60, 1961-70, 1971-80, 1981-90 and 1991-2000. It is observed that the rates are changing with time. We also calculate expected number of years of single life remaining to a single person at age x. It is also observed that the age at marriage is increasing as the time passes. The data for this has been collected through the primary collection technique and the paper includes all the nuptiality tables for the seven cohort systems.Results: It is observed that the rates are changing with time. No significant time trend has been observed in the nuptiality rates among the single population of hilly rural area of Uttarakhand. From the table we can see that initially, at the age group 10 the rate is small and it increases rapidly till it reaches to maximum at the age group 20.Conclusions: In the field of marriage for the Indian population, it is suggested that development and examination of nuptiality tables over various periods would constitute a distinct progression in the investigation of Indian nuptiality.

Determinants of Interregional Migration Flows in Korea by Age Groups, 1995-2014

Despite the growing importance of interregional migration at the local level in rapidly aging society, past literature overlooked the relationship between these two demographic phenomena. To better understand the determinants of interregional migration and its implications for population aging, this study estimated fixed-effects models derived from the gravity model of migration using population registration data. Contrary to theoretical expectation, economic determinants of migration showed similar patterns across three age groups. Other than the effect of crude marriage rate for young age group, life course variables showed inconsistent effects on migration. Trends in migration flows by geographical regions indicated that some provinces are in double jeopardy because their elderly population is increasing while the young population decreases. Visual inspection of migration systems drawn from social network analysis suggested that migration streams between Seoul and Gyeonggi overwhelms all other regions and that Ulsan and Jeju are isolated throughout the periods.

Swings in Fertility Limitation in Iran

The issue of demographic transition has become a principle preoccupation of demographers during the last few decades. As explained by some scholars,1 the omnipresent differentials in the trends and...

The British Depression and Nuptiality: 1873-1896

Variation in nuptiality levels in England and Wales between the 1870s-1890s are explained by socioeconomic variables: the unemployment rate % indoor pauperism marriage market and migration rates (R2=.64). 50% of the variance in marriage rates is explained by unemployment 12% by indoor pauperism and a much less significant amount for the marriage market. Analysis was based on cross sectional data by 578 districts on sex and marital status for selected age groups population growth and natural increase and occupational-industrial distributions for 1861 and 1971. Time series of national data were obtained on the change in the marriage rates sex ratio levels (marriage market) the change in the rate of unemployment and the change in the proportion of indoor pauperism. Unemployment data were based on trade union skilled workers. The nuptiality pattern using the Coale index Im showed a decline of almost 6%. The crude marriage rate declined by 3%. The proportion of males ever married declined by 3% and females by 4.5% and the proportion of 20-24 years total ever married declined by 25%. Marriage age increased beginning in the 1880s without an increase in marriage. The crude marriage rates between 1801-1960 and Coales nuptiality index for 1851-1960 are described. Increases opportunities for women and migration are ruled out as an explanation for marriage postponement. The changes affected only minority of women in the 1870s and 1880s. Demographic changes in age structure among most districts did change between 1871-1911 but the marriage market became more favorable. The decline in the feasibility of marriage based on sufficient financial resources is a more plausible explanation. The transition from agriculture to other economic activity that had been ongoing was offset by the Great Depression characterizing this period. In an equation which controls for changes per the Dixon model in the marriage market the contribution of the feasibility variables (county level wage estimates the change in ratio of males to females 25-29 years and occupational-industrial classifications) explains only 12.5% of the variance in all socioeconomic types. The missing variable is unemployment. The relationship between emigration and unemployment is also analyzed. It is suggested form the findings that populations alter marriage behavior very rapidly and effectively in response to socioeconomic change. The changes in age at marriage during low nuptiality may be characteristic of European demographic history.

Protoindustrialization and marriage ages in eastern Belgium.

This article examines the relationship between nuptiality and industrial development in five parishes in eastern Belgium, between the mid-seventeenth century and 1790. The first sections discuss the protoindustrialization hypothesis as established by Mendels and others, and relate the industrial development of the Verviers region. The main sections of the article compare a series of mean marriage ages for women to various measures of economic conditions. The results show no significant relationship, contradicting some parts of the hypothesis. Then the article attempts to replicate Mendels's analysis more closely, by using annual changes in the number of marriages as a proxy for the crude marriage rate. While there were some relationships, they were not as expected. The conclusions to the article call for reexamination of the protoindustralization hypothesis, because of the difficulty we have had replicating some parts of it.

The relationship between legal abortion and marriage.

A study using the abortion-birth ratios for residents of each U.S. state for the second half of 1970 and for all of 1971 was done to determine if legal abortions reduced marriages. Data showed that trends were consistent with the hypothesis that a relationship exists between l egalized abortion-birth ratios and trends in crude marriage rates among states between 1967 and 1971 with reduction in crude marriage rates in the states with the relatively high abortion-birth ratios. Change in po licy on induced abortions may be responsible for the increased trend in the U.S. crude marriage rate from 1959-1970 and for its levelling off in 1971 and 1972. Analysis of data also suggested that there is a relation ship between less restrictive abortion policies and a decline in crude marriage rates. An estimation of the number of marriages postponed for at least one year following legal abortion indicated that about 1 abortion in 10 delays a marriage when all the decline in marriage rates were caused by increased abortions and when no legal abortions were subs titutes for illegal abortions. Results were obtained employing general measures for variables, but stronger relationships might be produced if more refined measures which consider race, age, parity, and marital status were introduced.

Correlates of divorce in the U.S.S.R.

The theoretical rationale of this study is that conditions associated with divorce reside outside the family within a broader social system where the family finds itself located. The absence of major differences in divorce law from one place to another within the Soviet Union makes it possible to explore this hypothesis by examining areal differentials in divorce rates. Crude divorce rates and crude marriage rates for 1960 have been published in Vestnik Statistiki for 109 political-administrative areas in the Soviet Union. Several indicators of modernization are available for the same areas from the 1959 U.S.S.R. Census of Population. About 80 per cent of the variation among areas with respect to the crude divorce rate is accounted for by six variables: the crude marriage rate, the percentage of urban population, and the employee-worker ratio in the labor force, each of which is positively associated with the divorce rate; and the proportion of poorly educated women, the ratio of children to adult males, and the mean household-family size, each of which is negatively associated with the divorce rate.

The Nuptiality Problem with Special Reference to Canadian Marriage Statistics

Measurement of changes of marriage frequency involves peculiar difficulties. To some extent the trend of crude birth and death rates reflects the trend of more refined indexes. A corresponding statement is not even approximately true of crude marriage rates. The crude rate may be either rising or falling, while the true rate remains constant, and vice versa. Though this fact emphasizes the need for accurate analysis, comparatively few computations of true marriage rates exist. One reason for this is probably that the marriage rate has fluctuated widely in the past from year to year in response to economic changes, without showing any very definite secular trend. So the relation between marriage frequency and reproduction rates has not seemed to be highly significant. However, the position is now changing. On the one hand, marriage is less inevitably followed by reproduction. On the other hand, most marriages are still followed by first births, and first births form an ever-increasing proportion of all births. Hence fluctuation in marriage rates is reflected to an increasing degree in fertility rates.It is now a generally accepted view that the best method of obtaining true marriage rates is to draw up nuptiality tables in accordance with the principle on which life tables are constructed. The true marriage rate is then given by the proportion of women who marry at least once out of a thousand girls alive at 15 years of age (gross nuptiality), or out of a thousand new-born girls (net nuptiality). The present paper presents nuptiality tables for Canada and each of the nine provinces for 1930-2, and for Saskatchewan for 1926 and 1936. It is hoped that similar tables will be calculated for more recent years, when the data become available.