Crude Flavonoids Research Articles

Simultaneous recycling of flavonone and polymethoxyflavonoids from Chenpi processing residue based on their complementary action on glycolipid lowering activity: Innovative combination use of yeast and aqueous two-phase system

This study aimed at recycling flavonoids with glycolipid lowering activity from Chenpi processing residue produced by essential oil extraction. The crude Chenpi flavonoids obtained by ethanol reflux mainly contained flavonone (hesperidin) and polymethoxyflavonoids (nobiletin, tangeretin, sinensetin, and isosinensetin), which complementally exerted strong glycolipid lowering activity as revealed by digestive enzyme inhibitory activity, molecular docking and network pharmacology. The reducing sugar and water-soluble impurities were efficiently removed by yeast fermentation and aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) extraction, respectively. The optimal combination use of yeast (2 % w/v, CN36) and ATPS formed by 22 % (w/w) (NH4)2SO4 and 25 % (w/w) ethanol improved flavonoid purity to 60.25 %, enriched flavonone and polymethoxyflavonoids by 6.69-fold, and enhanced digestive enzyme inhibitory activity, which was superior to the use of individual yeast or ATPS, unoptimized combination, macroporous resin (XAD-16), and ethyl acetate. This study was the first to develop a recyclable biophysical method for simultaneous enrichment of flavonone and polymethoxyflavonoids.

Active Components and Skin Care Mechanism of Sea Grape (Caulerpa lentillifera) Extract

This study successfully obtained sea grape extract through mechanical extraction methods, which is rich in active components. These primary active ingredients include high concentrations of crude polysaccharides, total phenolics, and flavonoids. Using two zebrafish models, we observed significant skin moisturizing and repair effects of this extract. Further experiments demonstrated its remarkable anti-aging and skin tightening effects through the DPPH method and elastase inhibition assay. Additionally, the extract showed significant anti-inflammatory effects in a model built on 3 dpf (days post fertilization) Tg (corola: EGFP) transgenic zebrafish. The extract’s safety and reliability were confirmed through a final dermal application test on rabbits. Furthermore, we also analyzed the possible mechanism of Caulerpa lentillifera extract skin care. Overall, our research indicates that sea grapes hold tremendous potential as a novel natural ingredient for skincare. It is foreseeable that sea grapes will become an indispensable component in the future medical skincare market.

LC-MS/MS Analysis of crude Flavonoid Compounds from <i>Justicia secunda</i> from Democratic Republic of the Congo and evaluation of their antisickling Activity

<i>Justicia secunda</i> Vahl (Acanthaceae) is a tropical herbaceous plant traditionally used by indigenous peoples of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) to treat symptoms associated with sickle cell disease (SCD), a genetic condition with life-threatening complications. Given the lack of side-effect-free drugs, alternative herbal therapies that can reduce or reverse red blood cell sickling may serve as safe and effective treatments. The primary objective of this study is to conduct a phytochemical screening of crude flavonoids extracted from <i>J. secunda</i> using LC-ESI/MS/MS. <i>J. secunda</i> extracts were evaluated for their phytoconstituents and anti-sickling properties. The anti-sickling properties were assessed through reverse sickling estimation, polymerization and oxidation inhibition, and osmotic fragility assays. Fractionation of the methanol extract and chemical profiling were performed by flash chromatography and high-performance thin-layer chromatography analysis respectively. Characterization and identification of the crude flavonoids were done using chromatography and spectroscopy methods. Chemical screening of crude flavonoids revealed the presence of 12 flavonoid O-glycosides based on one flavonol (methoxy-kaempferol) and two flavones (luteolin and apigenin). The crude flavonoid extracts demonstrated maximum reversal of sickled red blood cells (91.9 ± 0.8%), significant inhibition of hemoglobin polymerization (77.8 ± 7.6%) and hemoglobin S auto-oxidation (96.3 ± 0.2), and provided maximum protection of red blood cells against hyperhemolysis. The results validate the traditional use of <i>J. secunda</i> and identify potential compounds for the development of novel anti-sickling agents.

Excellent antibacterial and anti-inflammatory efficacy of amoxicillin by AgNPs and their conjugates synthesized using Micromeria biflora crude flavonoid extracts

Antibacterial resistance is considered to be one of the major causes for mortality in coming years. In recent years green nanotechnology played a key role in addressing this problem. Biocompatible metal nanoparticles have gained popularity owing to their excellent therapeutic effects and minimal side effects. MethodWe report the synthesis of AgNPs and their amoxicillin conjugates (Ag-amoxi) using Micromeria biflora crude flavonoid extracts. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized NPs and Ag-amoxi conjugates were systematically evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and UV–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopic techniques. ResultsThe average sizes of AgNPs and Ag-amoxi conjugates were 45 and 62 nm, respectively. We have also explored the antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties of the AgNPs and Ag-amoxi conjugates through in vivo and in vitro analysis. The Ag-amoxi conjugates showed better antibacterial potential against Streptococcus Pneumoniae (S.P), Staphylococcus aureus (S.A), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.A), and Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain both the drug and AgNPs. Similarly, in vivo anti-inflammatory studies revealed that both Ag-amoxi (68 %) and AgNPs (64 %) had strong anti-inflammatory effects, with (***p < 0.001) significance at a dose of 10 mg kg−1 body weight as compared to standard, amoxicillin (45 %), and flavonoids extract (48 %) at a dose of 100 mg kg−1. The findings of the antinociceptive activities (writhing and hot plate tests) demonstrated that the Ag-amoxi conjugates produced fewer writhing (15 in 20 s) and a shorter latency time of 22 s as compared to vehicle-treated (tramadol) animals, amoxicillin, and P.E at much lower doses. In vitro antioxidant studies revealed that the Ag-amoxi conjugate has the potential to be used as an antioxidant with an IC50 value of 43.58, compared with AgNPs (46.34), amoxicillin (58.17), compared to the standard of ascorbic acid (34.14). ConclusionThese results reveals that these biologically inspired AgNPs and Ag-amoxi conjugate could be used to improve antibiotic efficiency and could play a critical role in addressing the multidrug resistance problem in coming years.

Ilex cornuta leaves extracts ameliorate hyperuricemia by modulating uric acid transporters

Ethnopharmacological relevanceIlex cornuta is a valuable species of the Holly genus (Aquifoliaceae), and mainly distributed in eastern China. It is not only made into tea, namely Kudingcha, but also used as traditional medicine to relieve cough, headache, gout, and nourish liver and kidney. Aim of the studyThe purpose of this study was to explore the exact efficacy of different extracts from Ilex cornuta in the treatment of hyperuricemia in vitro and in vivo, and to explore its pharmacological mechanism, so as to bring new ideas for the development of new drugs for reducing uric acid (UA) and anti-gout. Materials and methodsFive crude extracts from Ilex cornuta leaves were extracted by different methods. Then, the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and antioxidant capacity of 5 extracts in vitro were compared to screen the extract with the most UA regulating potential. In vivo experiment, hyperuricemia model of mice was established by intragastric administration of potassium oxonate and feeding high yeast diet. Biochemical indexes such as serum UA level, xanthine oxidase activity, liver and kidney index of mice in each group were detected. The pathological sections of kidney and liver tissues were also observed and compared. The mechanism of Ilex cornuta leaves (western blotting, and RT-qPCR) in the treatment of hyperuricemia was further explored by targeting UA transporters ABCG2, GLUT9, and URAT1. ResultsThe in vitro results of inhibitory activity of xanthine oxidase showed that the crude saponin extract was the best, followed by crude flavonoids extract. Then, the in vivo results reflected that both crude saponins and crude flavonoids extracts could significantly reduce the serum UA level, inhibit the activity of xanthine oxidase in serum and liver, and maintain serum urea nitrogen and creatinine at normal level. Meanwhile, there was no liver and kidney injury in mice. Through the comparison of the mechanism results, it was found that both extracts could up-regulate the expression of ABCG2 protein and mRNA related to UA excretion, and down-regulate the expression of GLUT9 and URAT1 protein and mRNA. ConclusionThe crude flavonoids and saponins of Ilex cornuta leaves not only inhibited XOD activity in vitro, but also significantly controlled XOD activity and reduced UA level in hyperuricemia mice in vivo. One of the potential mechanisms was to regulate UA level in vivo by regulating ABCG2, GLUT9, and URAT1 transporters directly related to UA transport, thus achieving the effect of intervening hyperuricemia. This study provided a preliminary experimental basis for the development of new drugs of Ilex cornuta leaves for treating hyperuricemia.

Anticandidal efficacy of the Secondary Metabolites Extracted from Carthamus tinctorius L. Seeds

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of the crude Alkaloids, Flavonoids, and Terpenoids compounds extracted from seeds of Carthamus tinctorius L. against Candida species isolated from different clinical samples such as mouth and vagina in the province of Babil 2021 in Iraq. Antifungal activity was achieved in vitro by using agar well diffusion method against Candida species by preparing three concentrations for each crude compound 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml and compared to positive control represented by Fluconazole 50mg/ml and negative control represented by 10% dimethyl sulfoxide. This study aimed to control Candida species isolated from different clinical samples such as mouth and vagina by using secondary metabolites extracted from seeds of Carthamus tinctorius L. The data collected from the study revealed that the crude Alkaloids, Flavonoids, and Terpenoids compounds extracted from seeds of Carthamus tinctorius L. showed reduction at P≤ 0.05 in the growth of Candida species, especially at 100mg/ml compared with negative control. Finally, it can be concluded that Carthamus tinctorius L. is most effective in controlling Candida species, especially Alkaloids compounds.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Phytochemicals in Aerva lanata

The current study's objective was to use both qualitative and quantitative screening techniques to determine whether phytochemicals were present in the methanolic, ethanolic, and aqueous extracts of Aerva lanata. Standard techniques were used to analyze the phytochemical compounds present in crude extracts, including steroids, terpenoids, phlobatannins, reducing sugar, triterpenoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins, quinones, oxalates, tannins, cardiac glycosides, and anthraquinones. The methanolic extracts showed positive results for the maximum number of phytochemical compounds. In quantitative analysis, the essential secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, alkaloids, saponins, phenols, and terpenoids were tested in all three solvent extracts of the leaf. The methanolic extract of the leaf showed the highest amounts of phytochemicals when compared with other solvent extracts.

DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION ON PROTEIN, FLAVONOIDS, NITRATE, AND NITRITE CONTENT AND BIOACTIVITIES OF MATURE LEAVES OF TOONA SINENSIS

Toona sinensis (TS) is a widely cultivated and economically valued tree in Asia. However, millions of tons of its nutritious mature leaves go unutilized due to excessive amount of nitrate and nitrite. In this study, the mature leaves of TS were chopped, vacuum-packed, and fermented for up to 18 weeks to evaluate their feeding potential. The dynamic effects of fermentation on quality indicators, including crude protein, flavonoids, nitrate and nitrite content, and antioxidant activity [radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)] of mature leaves of TS were quantified every two weeks. Results showed that after fermentation for 6 weeks, the total content of nitrate and nitrite of TS leaves was significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.05) from 4523.36 to 1102.20 mg/kg. The mean content of nutritional components, including crude protein (17.88 ± 0.49%), flavonoids (792.24 ± 50.78 mg/100 g), and antioxidant activity (317.62 ± 44.70 mg/100 g for DPPH, 400.44 ± 25.87 mg/100 g for FRAP, 473.74 ± 37.17 μM/g for ORAC) of TS leaves were well preserved between 6 to 14 weeks of fermentation. These results indicated that fermentation may provide a new way to utilize TS resources, and the fermented mature leaves of TS could be a novel, valuable feed supplement, especially for ruminants. Screening and inoculating TS leaves with an appropriate starter culture, such as lactic acid bacteria inoculants, during fermentation is recommended to further improve TS feed quality. Keywords: Feed, Quality, Nitrate and nitrite, Flavonoid, Antioxidant activity.

Antifungal Efficacy of the crude Alkaloid, Flavonoid, and Terpenoid of Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipschitz Roots against Aspergillus species isolated from Rice Seeds

Background: Rice is an essential component of the diets of people all over the world, and it accounts for a sizeable amount of the calories that they consume. The world's food supply suffers huge economic losses due to fungal deterioration on rice seeds. The medicinal plant Saussurea costus contains bioactive chemicals and is well-known for its many therapeutic uses. There are a number of species of Aspergillus that are considered to be diseases in vegetables and fruits. One of these species is Aspergillus niger. The purpose of this current investigation was to investigate the impact of the crude Alkaloid, Flavonoid, and Terpenoid chemicals derived from Saussurea costus' roots on Aspergillus species Purified from Rice seeds obtained from various markets in Hillah, Iraq.Methods: In vitro, antifungal activity against Aspergillus species was achieved using the food poisoning method. Three concentrations 5, 10, and 15mg/ml of each crude compound were prepared and compared to a positive control represented by Carbendazim500g/l and a negative control represented by 10% dimethyl sulfoxide.Results: An objective of the current investigation was to manage the Aspergillus species growth identified in Rice seeds by utilizing secondary compounds derived from the roots of Saussurea costus. The study's data indicated that the extracts represented by active compounds such as Alkaloids, Flavonoids, and Terpenoids obtained from Saussurea costus roots exhibited a significant decrease in the of Aspergillus species growth, particularly at a concentration of 100mg/ml, in contrast to the negative control. This effect was equivalent to that of the positive control, Carbendazim 500g/l.Conclusion: Finally, Saussurea costus roots have shown the most efficacy in controlling Aspergillus species, particularly through the presence of Alkaloid, Flavonoid, and Terpenoid chemicals at a concentration of 100mg/ml.Keywords: Antifungal activity; Saussurea costus; Alkaloids; Flavonoids; Terpenoids

Antioxidant potential of alkaloids and polyphenols of Viola canescens wall using in vitro and in silico approaches.

Background: V. canescens Wall, a plant renowned for its ethno-medical properties, was investigated in this study for its antioxidant potential based on its wide therapeutic applications in traditional healthcare systems. The study aimed to assess the antioxidant potential of the plant extract/fractions and to predict the active phytochemicals using computational techniques. Methods: Five fractions were obtained from the crude methanolic extract of Viola canescens, and six concentrations (25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150μg/mL) were prepared for each fraction. The antioxidant activity of these fractions was evaluated using the Tetraoxomolybdate (VI) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. In-silico docking studies and molecular dynamic simulations were conducted to further elucidate the molecular interactions underlying the antioxidant activity. Results: The aqueous extract of V. canescens exhibited significant antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity against DPPH. Additionally, the crude flavonoid extract demonstrated moderate activity with IC50 value of 57.863μg/mL, indicating potent inhibition of cell growth. In-silico docking studies revealed a strong interaction between emetine and the aromatase protein, suggesting its potential as an antioxidant. Conclusion: The study findings highlight the antioxidant potential of V. canescens extract, indicating its suitability as a source of natural antioxidants. These results suggest its potential application in pharmaceutical preparations aimed at harnessing antioxidant properties for therapeutic purposes.

An Evaluation of the Edible Value of Salvia miltiorrhiza Seeds: Proximate Composition, Phytochemical Components and Antioxidant Activity.

Salvia miltiorrhiza seeds (SMS) are the main by-product of the production processing of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae. The main purposes of this work are to analyse the nutritional components in SMS, to explore the antioxidant activity of the chemical components in SMS and to evaluate the possibility of SMS as a raw material for functional foods. The contents of crude fibre, total protein, carbohydrates, total phenolics and flavonoids in SMS and the composition and relative content of fatty acids in SMS oil were determined. The results suggested that SMS has high contents of crude fibre (28.68 ± 4.66 g/100 g), total protein (26.65 ± 2.51 g/100 g), total phenolics (6.45 ± 0.55 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g) and total flavonoids (3.28 ± 0.34 mg of rutin equivalent/g), as well as a high level of α-linolenic acid (33.774 ± 4.68%) in their oil. Twenty-two secondary metabolites were identified in SMS residue, and nine compounds were isolated. The IC50 values of the total phenolic content in SMS on an ABTS radical, DPPH radical, superoxide radical and hydroxyl radical were 30.94 ± 3.68 μg/mL, 34.93 ± 4.12 μg/mL, 150.87 ± 17.64 μg/mL and 230.19 ± 24.47 μg/mL, respectively. The results indicate that SMS contain many nutrients and have high utilization value as a promising functional food.

Antibacterial activity of flavonoid extracts from Enteromorpha intestinalis and Caulerpa prolifera against multidrug-resistant foodborne bacterial isolates.

Food poisoning caused by bacterial agents is a worldwide problem, usually accompanied by unpleasant symptoms and may be severe leading to death. Natural compounds from marine algae namely flavonoids may play a role in the remedy of this condition. This research aims to assess the potency of flavonoids extracted from Enteromorpha intestinalis and Caulerpa prolifera as antibacterial agents. Enteromorpha intestinalis was collected from Western Libyan Coast and C. prolifera was collected from Farwa Island. The antimicrobial activity and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration of algal flavonoid-containing extracts was performed in vitro against some positive and negative Gram bacteria. Crude extract containing flavonoids from E. intestinalis was more effective than C. prolifera extract against Staphylococcus aureus with antimicrobial essay (25-28 + 1 and 14.5-37.5 + 0.5-1.5), MIC (50 and 50-250 µg/ml), MBC (75 and 75-250 µg/ml). In Bacillus cereus, the antimicrobial assay (19-24.5 + 0.5-1.5: 24 + 1), MIC (50-250 + 100 µg/ml), and MBC (250 and 125 µg/ml). On the other hand, flavonoids containing extract from C. prolifera were more effective than E. intestinalis against Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 EHEC O157 (25-28 + 1: 14-18.5 + 0.5-1.5), MIC (100-250:100-500 µg/ml), and MBC (150-250 and 250-500 µg/ml). Salmonella enterica qualitatively combat by flavonoid from E. intestinalis (13.5-14 + 0.5-1: 10.5-13.5 + 0.5-1.5), MIC (100-250: 250 µg/ml), and MBC (100-250: 250 µg/ml). Flavonoids from C. prolifera (4 strains: 2 strains) were effective against S. enterica. Crude flavonoids from both algae were not effective against Bacillus pumilus. Data from this study could conclude that flavonoid extracts from E. intestinalis and C. prolifera could be used against foodborne bacterial agents.

Adsorption and desorption characteristics of flavonoids from white tea using macroporous adsorption resin

White tea contains the highest flavonoids compared to other teas. While there have been numerous studies on the components of different tea varieties, research explicitly focusing on the flavonoid content of white tea remains scarce, making the need for a good flavonoid purification process for white tea even more important. This study compared the adsorption and desorption performance of five types of macroporous resins: D101, HP20, HPD500, DM301, and AB-8. Among the tested resins, AB-8 was selected based on its best adsorption and desorption performance to investigate the static adsorption kinetics and dynamic adsorption-desorption purification of white tea flavonoids. The optimal purification process was determined: adsorption temperature 25 °C, crude tea flavonoid extract pH 3, ethanol concentration 80%, sample loading flow rate and eluent flow rate 1.5 BV/min, and eluent dosage 40 BV. The results indicated that the adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Under the above purification conditions, the purity of the total flavonoids in the purified white tea flavonoid increased from approximately 17.69 to 46.23%, achieving a 2.61-fold improvement, indicating good purification results. The purified white tea flavonoid can be further used for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications.

Cladistics groupings of the active breeding cocoa genetic resources of Nigeria for physicochemical and nutraceutical traits

Abstract Preference for functional and nutritious food capable of meeting consumers' demand and health is on the increase. The present preliminary study seeks to assess physico-chemical and nutraceutical diversity in the cocoa bean powder of 77 genotypes present in four Nigerian cocoa field banks. Twenty ripe pods/genotypes in each of the four active breeding field banks at the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Ibadan, Nigeria were utilized. Composite beans from the 20 pods of each genotype were singly fermented, sun-dried and milled. Duplicate samples of the powder of each genotype were analysed for physico-chemical and nutraceutical components. Twenty-one polymorphic variables distinguished the 77 cocoa genotypes. Grouping by dendogram identified four clusters, three differently and uniquely captured 100% of the genotype membership in the local clone, international clone and the regional varieties field bank but 86% of the genotypes in the hybrid trial field bank were grouped in cluster I. Prominent traits with highest values in each clusters were: protein, pH, Ca, K and Fe (Cluster I), Zn and Mg (Cluster II), crude fat and P (Cluster III) and crude fibre, ash, theobromine, flavonoids and caffeine (Cluster IV). Exploitable diversity for nutritional quality improvement is present in the active breeding and working collections of Nigerian cocoa field banks.

Evaluation of bioactive potentials in the crude flavonoid fraction from the leaves of Butea monosperma in vitro and in vivo in experimental models

Evaluation of bioactive potentials in the crude flavonoid fraction from the leaves of Butea monosperma in vitro and in vivo in experimental models

Protective Effects of Crude Flavonoids And Alkaloids Extracts of Matricaria Chamomilla L. in Chicks against Pentylenetetrazole-induced Convulsions

Protective Effects of Crude Flavonoids And Alkaloids Extracts of Matricaria Chamomilla L. in Chicks against Pentylenetetrazole-induced Convulsions

Effect of defatted coconut flour on functional, nutritional, textural and sensory attributes of rice noodles

SummaryDefatted coconut flour (DCF) obtained after the coconut oil extraction was incorporated at different concentrations (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) in rice noodles to increase the fibre and protein content. The functional characteristics of the flour blends and nutritional composition, colour, cooking qualities, textural, antioxidant properties, shelf life and sensory qualities of the noodles were assessed. The incorporation of DCF significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased Water Solubility Index (WSI), water absorption capacity (WAC) and oil absorption capacity (OAC). In contrast, properties like bulk density, foaming capacity (FC), emulsion activity and viscosity decreased significantly (P &lt; 0.05). Nutrition analysis revealed that DCF‐enriched formulations had significantly more crude fibre, protein, antioxidant, polyphenol, flavonoid and mineral content than the control sample. Furthermore, the incorporation of DCF significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased swelling volume (2.33 ± 0.06% to 5.65 ± 0.21%), water uptake ratio (108.91 ± 0.03% to 191.21 ± 0.04%), cooking loss (4.61 ± 0.04% to 7.83 ± 0.02%), cooking time (2.62 ± 0.05 to 4.14 ± 0.04 min) and noodle thickness (0.21 to 0.27 cm). When DCF was added to noodles, the ΔE values were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased, but the hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, resilience, gumminess, L*, hue and chroma were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) decreased. Higher sensory scores were observed when DCF was incorporated up to 10%. The shelf life of the optimised noodles (with 10% DCF) was also assessed. The optimised noodle samples have a shelf life of 351 days at 29 °C. In conclusion, noodles made with DCF had more protein and fibre than those made with rice flour.

THE EFFECTS OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF SOME SELECTED PHYTOHORMONES ON THE PROXIMATE, PHYTOCHEMICAL, AND MINERAL COMPOSITIONS OF ROSELLE (HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA L.) LEAVES

Recent research has shown that agricultural crops can be improved through the use of phytohormones. In this study, we tested the effects of coconut water (CW), Gibberellic Acid (GA3), Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), and Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) through foliar spray, on the seedlings of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Roselle) to understand the best treatment to improve nutritional quality. Roselle seedlings were raised in 30cm × 19cm polythene bags and arranged using a completely randomized design in a screened house for 4 months. The phytohormones were applied as treatments on seedlings both singly and combined in the range of 10-20 (%) for CW and 50-200 (mg/L) for the other treatments. Proximate, vitamin C and mineral elements were determined using standard analytical procedures, while phytochemical screening was carried out on plant extracts. The best nutritional composition was achieved using 200mg/L GA3 and 20% CW with crude protein, fibre, vitamin C, and flavonoid contents of 4.17, 1.36, 46.7, and 3.72 mg/100g respectively. Treatments with 20% CW also recorded the highest calcium and magnesium contents of 193.20 and 89.20 mg/100 g respectively. Generally, the single hormone treatments outperformed the combined hormone treatments. The exceptional performance of CW proved that CW has the potential to improve the nutritional content of agricultural crops and can also serve as a cheap and accessible bio-stimulant for agricultural crops such as H. sabdariffa.

Efficient production of icariin and baohuoside I from Epimedium Folium flavonoids by fungal α-l-rhamnosidase hydrolysing regioselectively the terminal rhamnose of epimedin C

Industrial application of icariin and baohuoside I has been hindered by the short supply to a great extent. In this work, a novel GH78 α-l-rhamnosidase AmRha catalyzed the bioconversion of low-value epimedin C in crude Epimedium Folium flavonoids (EFs) to icariin and baohuoside I was developed. Firstly, the high-level expression of AmRha in Komagataella phaffii GS115 attained an enzyme activity of 571.04 U/mL. The purified recombinant AmRha could hydrolyze α-1,2-rhamnoside bond between two rhamnoses (α-Rha(2 → 1)α-Rha) in epimedin C to produce icariin with a molar conversion rate of 92.3%, in vitro. Furtherly, the biotransformation of epimedin C to icariin by the recombinant Komagataella phaffii GS115 cells was also investigated, which elevated the EFs concentration by fivefold. In addition, biotransformation of epimedins A-C and icariin in the raw EFs to baohuoside I was fulfilled by a collaboration of AmRha and β-glucosidase/β-xylosidase Dth3. The results obtained here provide a new insight into the preparation of high-value products icariin and baohuoside I from cheap raw EFs.

Antiradical Activity Studies of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Total Flavonoids from Sanghuangporus vaninii Fruit Bodies

Flavonoids are a class of secondary metabolites present in many plant species. Flavonoids are important active components in Sanghuangporus vaninii. It has attracted widely attention because of its unique antitumor, antioxidation, immunomodulatory, bacteriostatic, and other biological activities. In this study, the Sanghuangporus vaninii fruit bodies are used as raw materials to study the optimal extraction technology of the Sanghuangporus flavonoids. In addition, the antioxidant and bacteriostatic abilities of Sanghuangporus vaninii are analyzed through antioxidant and bacteriostatic experiments. Ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction is used to extract Sanghuangporus flavonoids. The optimum extraction process was determined by single factor test and response surface analysis, namely, ratio of material to liquid 1 : 60, ethanol concentration 80%, ultrasonic temperature 70°C, and ultrasonic time 40 min. Under these conditions, the flavonoids content is 90.24 ± 0.89 mg/g (on dry weight basis). Using VC as the reference substance, the total flavonoid concentration was tested for its ability to scavenge free radicals such as DPPH, ABTS+, OH, and O2-. The reducing power of total crude flavonoids, the scavenging ability of NO2- , and the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory abilities are also used as evaluation indicators for this experiment. The results showed that the best scavenging rates of Sanghuangporus vaninii flavonoids for DPPH, ABTS+,· OH, and O2-.were, respectively, 92.17 ± 1.33%, 92.49 ± 1.55%, 94.85 ± 1.39%, and 86.01 ± 1.21%. In terms of reducibility, the absorbance of Sanghuangporus vaninii flavonoids at 0.008 mg/ml was 2.65 ± 0.04, which was higher than that of positive control VC at 0.90 ± 0.05. Sanghuangporus vaninii flavonoids at 200 μg/mL could effectively inhibit the NO2- content in vitro to 9.38 ± 0.23 pg/ml. The inhibitory rates of Sanghuangporus vaninii flavonoids on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis were 79.48 ± 1.57%, 85.64 ± 1.22%, and 80.29 ± 0.04%. When the concentration of Sanghuangporus vaninii flavonoids was 200 μg/mL, the concentration of NO was 9.38 ± 0.23 pg/ml.