Crude Alkaloid Extract Research Articles

The Effects of Crude Alkaloid Extracts of Convolutes Arvensis on Tumour Cell Lines and Their Potential For Toxicity

General Background: Cancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, and the search for effective treatments continues to intensify. Specific Background: Convolvulus arvensis has been traditionally used for medicinal purposes, but its potential as an anticancer agent is underexplored. Knowledge Gap: The cytotoxic and apoptotic mechanisms of crude alkaloids extracted from C. arvensis against specific cancer cell lines have not been fully characterized. Aims: This study investigates the antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effects of C. arvensis crude alkaloids on mouse liver cancer (HC) and human breast cancer (AMJ13) cell lines, focusing on apoptosis-related gene expression. Results: The antioxidant activity of C. arvensis was comparable to that of ascorbic acid, with inhibition rates of 92.01% at 500 µg/ml. Crude alkaloids demonstrated dose-dependent cytotoxicity, with a maximum inhibition rate of 82.65% in AMJ13 cells and 79.49% in HC cells at 500 µg/ml. Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of caspase-9, indicating apoptosis via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Novelty: This study is among the first to provide molecular evidence of C. arvensis-induced apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway, offering a novel insight into its anticancer potential. Implications: These findings suggest that C. arvensis alkaloids could be developed as a therapeutic option for cancer treatment, with future studies needed to isolate specific compounds and assess their in vivo efficacy. Highlights: C. arvensis alkaloids show antioxidant activity similar to ascorbic acid. Alkaloids inhibit liver and breast cancer cell growth dose-dependently. Apoptosis triggered via caspase-9 through the mitochondrial pathway. Keywords: Convolvulus arvensis, alkaloids, cancer, apoptosis, antioxidant

Toxicity Study on Crude Alkaloid Extracts of Houttuyniae herba Based on Zebrafish and Mice.

Houttuyniae herba has a long history of medicinal and edible homology in China. It has the functions of clearing heat and detoxifying, reducing swelling and purulent discharge, diuresis, and relieving gonorrhea. It is mainly distributed in the central, southeastern, and southwestern provinces of China. Houttuyniae herba has been designated by the National Ministry of Health of China as a dual-use plant for both food and medicine. Comprising volatile oils, flavonoids, and alkaloids as its primary constituents, Houttuyniae herba harbors aristolactams, a prominent subclass of alkaloids. Notably, the structural affinity of aristolactams to aristolochic acids is discernible, the latter known for its explicit toxicological effects. Additionally, the safety study on Houttuyniae herba mainly focused on the ethanol, methanol, or aqueous extract. In this study, both zebrafish and mice were used to evaluate the acute toxicity of the total alkaloids extracts from Houttuyniae herba (HHTAE). The zebrafish experiment showed that a high concentration (0.1 mg/mL) of HHTAE had a lethal effect on zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, the mice experiment results showed that, even at a higher dose of 2000 mg/kg, HHTAE was not toxic. In conclusion, HHTAE was of low safety risk.

Protective Effects of Crude Flavonoids And Alkaloids Extracts of Matricaria Chamomilla L. in Chicks against Pentylenetetrazole-induced Convulsions

Protective Effects of Crude Flavonoids And Alkaloids Extracts of Matricaria Chamomilla L. in Chicks against Pentylenetetrazole-induced Convulsions

Separation and purification of quinolyridine alkaloids from seeds of Thermopsis lanceolata R. Br. by conventional and pH-zone-refining counter-current chromatography.

In this work, the preparative separation of quinolyridine alkaloids from seeds of T. lanceolata by conventional and pH-zone-refining counter-current chromatography. Traditional counter-current chromatography separation was performed by a flow-rate changing strategy with a solvent system of ethyl acetate-n-butanol-water (1:9:10, v/v) and 200mg sample loading. Meanwhile, the pH-zone-refining mode was adopted for separating 2.0g crude alkaloid extracts with the chloroform-methanol-water (4:3:3, v/v) solvent system using the stationary and mobile phases of 40mM hydrochloric acid and 10mM triethylamine. Finally, six compounds, including N-formylcytisine (two conformers) (1), N-acetycytisine (two conformers) (2), (-)-cytisine (3), 13-β-hydroxylthermopsine (4), N-methylcytisine (5), and thermopsine (6) were successfully obtained in the two counter-current chromatography modes with the purities over 96.5%. Moreover, we adopted nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry for structural characterization. Based on the obtained findings, the pH-zone-refining mode was the efficient method to separate quinolyridine alkaloids relative to the traditional mode.

Acetic acid-induced colitis modulating potential of total crude alkaloidal extract of Picralima nitida seeds in rats.

The total crude alkaloidal extract of Picralima nitida seeds (PNE) is known to possess anti-inflammatory activity among other therapeutic benefits although its benefits in colitis has not been investigated. The current study therefore seeks to investigate the anti-colitis potential of PNE using acetic acid-induced colitis model in rats. Sprague Dawley rats were treated with oral 500 mg/kg sulphasalazine or 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg of PNE daily for 8 days with induction of colitis on the fourth day with acetic acid. Rats were killed 24 h after the last treatment and whole blood was obtained from the jugular vein for hematological analysis and biochemical assays. Colons were extirpated for assessment of macroscopic and histological damage to the colon. Treatment with PNE protected against colonic injury induced with acetic acid by decreasing mucosal ulceration, epithelial erosion, inflammatory cell infiltration, and colonic edema. Thus, PNE preserved mucosal architecture and suppressed goblet cells depletion. Moreover, treatment with PNE was associated with improved hematological parameters and reductions in the expression of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1β, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Also, PNE treatment exerted antioxidant effects by reducing nitric oxide production and increasing glutathione levels. In addition, PNE inhibited colonic lipid peroxidation by decreasing myeloperoxidase activity and malondialdehyde production. It can be concluded that PNE attenuates intestinal oxidative and inflammatory damages following intrarectal acetic acid challenge. Thus, demonstrates potential for use in chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases such as ulcerative colitis.

The effects of crude alkaloid extract of Matricaria chamomilla L. on convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazole in chicks

The present research was designed to evaluate the protective effect of crude alkaloid extract of Matricaria chamomilla L. (MC) against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced convulsions in chicks. A total of seventy-two chicks were randomly divided into six groups each one consisting of 12 chicks. The first group was considered to be a negative group that received subcutaneous injection of normal saline, the second group (positive control) received subcutaneous injection of PTZ (90 mg/kg), and the third group received sodium valproate (200 mg/kg) orally for six days. The other groups (fourth, fifth and sixth) were treated with single intraperitoneal injection of crude alkaloids extract of MC (20, 40, 80 mg/kg) respectively. After 30 minutes of the treatment, the groups (third to sixth) received PTZ and observed the convulsion signs for the next 30 minutes. At the end of the experiment, various biochemical parameters were assessed including, brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, serum catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), malondialdehyde (MDA), and 8-isoprostane, and some electrolytes (potassium K+, sodium Na+, chloride Cl-, ionized calcium iCa2+, total calcium TCa2+), pH, and glucose levels in serum. The results indicated that the group treated with crude alkaloids extract at higher dose (80 mg/kg) showed a significant increase in CAT and significantly decreased in 8-isoprostane, and an increase in Na+ ions concentration in serum. It was concluded that pretreatment of crude alkaloids extract (80 mg/kg) of MC offers anticonvulsant activity by reducing the mortality rate induced by PTZ, as well as it plays an important role in inhibiting oxidative stress.

Preliminary Evaluation of Anti-trypanosome Impact of Methanol, Alkaloid and Flavonoid Extracts of Sarcocephalus latifolius in T. Brucei Infected Mice

The menace of ravaging infection of trypanosomiases in Africa is of concern in view of the parasites resistance to drug coupled with the cost and extended treatment practice with adverse effect. The prospect of exploiting medicinal plants as alternative in treating illnesses is heightened. This study evaluated the anti-trypanosome activities of the methanol, alkaloid and flavonoid extracts of sarocephalus latifolius leaves. Acute toxicity of the extracts was obtained using the Lorke’s method. In vitro and in vivo analysis of the test plant leaves was determined using different concentrations. The in vitro anti-trypanosome effect of the crude methanol, alkaloid and flavonoid extracts of Sarocephalus latifolius leaf showed that the activity was determined based on dosage with more influence at 4 mg/mL in relation to 0.4 and 0.04 mg/ml. There is significant different (p<0.05) between mice treated with extract and the reference drug. The acute toxicity test was safe as no mortality was recorded at 5000mg/kg of bodyweight of mice. However, in vivo Anti-trypanosome activity of the crude extract at 250 and 500mg/kg bodyweight exposed a trend of increase in the parasite level which was observed when compared with standard control. But, elongation of life in mice was observed. Methanol treatment of mice lasted for about nine (9) days before mortality occurred while, that of alkaloid and flavonoid lasted for about five (5) days respectively subsequent to mortality. Consequently, the in vivo anti-trypanosome activity of methanol, alkaloid and flavonoid extracts did not eradicate the parasite in the blood of the poisoned mice but, appear to have prolonged the life of the treated animal when compared with the infected untreated group. Therefore, methanol extract of Sarocephalus latifolius leaf having the most influence on mice has illustrated more potential in anti-trypanosome activity which can be utilize in controlling African trypanosomiasis.

Spasmolytic Effect of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Leave Alkaloid on Isolated Rat Myometrial Contraction in vitro

This study aimed to investigate the action of crude alkaloid extract from papaya leaves (PA) on the isolated rat myometrium in vitro. The alkaloids were extracted from papaya leaves using conventional acid-base method. The myometrium strips were taken from female Wistar rats pretreated with diethylstilbestrol (100 mg) for 24 h before the experiment. A preliminary experiment has shown that PA had no effect on myometrial contraction. However, PA (10-6 - 10-3 gm/mL) significantly inhibited myometrium contraction pre-contracted with a depolarizing solution in a concentration-dependent fashion. PA (10-5, 3×10-5 or 10-4 gm/mL) or verapamil (10-9, 10-8 and 10-7 M) were able to inhibit the myometrial contractile response to CaCl2 (10-5 - 3×10-2 M) in Ca2+-free solution and cause a rightward shift of log concentration-response curve. PA also significantly inhibited myometrium contraction produced by oxytocin (1 mU/mL), ACh (3×10-5 M) and PGF2a (10-5 M). Furthermore, propranolol (10-7 M) caused no effect on uterine relaxation induced by PA (10-6 - 10-3 gm/mL), although it inhibited uterine relaxation induced by isoproterenol (10-10 - 10-5 M). These results indicated that PA was a uterine relaxant. Its mechanism of action may be unrelated to stimulation of b2-adrenergic receptors of the uterus. This action may be contributed to mainly the Ca2+ influx, possibly through voltage-operated Ca2+ channel on the plasma membrane, and to a lesser extent by a rise in Ca2+ release from internal storage. However, the action of PA at intracellular sites, downstream of Ca2+ influx such as the contractile machinery of the myometrium, cannot be excluded.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 Alkaloid extract from Carica papayaleaves has shown to be a uterine relaxant on isolated rat uterus in vitro
 The alkaloid extract was able to inhibit uterine contraction stimulated by various uterine stimulants such as acetylcholine, oxytocinand prostaglandin F2alpha
 The inhibition on uterine contraction may be due to the inhibition on calcium influx into the uterine muscle cells
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Alkaloids from the seed, calyx, and corolla of Erythrina americana Miller and Erythrina coralloides A.DC.

Objective: To identify the main alkaloids present in the seeds, calyx, and corolla of E. americana and E. coralloides (Fabaceae) using HPLC-MS. Design/methodology/approach: The seeds, calyx, and corolla of both species were separated; the crude alkaloid extracts were prepared according to the method described by Games et al. (1974). The crude alkaloid extracts were analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatograph interfaced to a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. Results: The lactonic alkaloids -a-erythroidine and b-erythroidine were the main alkaloids found in E. americana, whereas the presence of erythrinine and 8-oxo erythraline is typical of E. coralloides. These compounds can be used to distinguish both species. Limitations on study/implications: The use of the HPLC-MS technique allowed the detection of a large numbers of alkaloidal structures in different parts of the plants; however, this technique is not available in any laboratory. Findings/conclusions: A large number of erythrinane-like alkaloids were found in seed, calyx, and corolla. The use of seeds and flowers in the preparation of diverse traditional dishes can cause soothing and sedating effects in consumers, as a result of the presence of lactonic alkaloids. The HPLC-MS method allowed the detection of alkaloidal structures in flowers and seeds that had not been identified in previous studies about this species.

Chelidonium majus L. alkaloid extract enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis in HeLa cell line through death receptors 4 and 5 upregulation

Cervical carcinoma is the third leading cancer in women. There is a possibility of treatment failure of conventional chemotherapy due to the resistance of cancer cells to the apoptotic effects of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). The use of herbal drugs for the treatment of cancer has been considered an effective solution. Chelidonium majus L. (C. majus) alkaloid extract can induce apoptosis on cancer cells. This study examined how the crude alkaloid extract of C. majus on HeLa cells is mediated apoptosis by evaluating DR4, DR5, and FADD as death receptors.The cytotoxicity of Chelidonium majus L. alkaloid extract on HeLa and human fibroblast cells was assessed using an MTT assay. The percentage of apoptotic cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. The gene expression levels of DR4, DR5, FADD, caspase 8, and caspase 3 were evaluated by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Chelidonium majus L. alkaloid extract was determined 75 μg/ml and 860 μg/ml for HeLa and fibroblast cells, respectively, after 48 h. The subtoxic concentration of extract with 65% viability was determined 50 μg/ml for the HeLa cell line. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated a significant increase in DR4, DR5, caspase 8, and caspase 3 mRNA expression at both 50 μg/ml and 75 μg/ml concentrations of extract compared to control. In contrast, FADD gene expression did not significantly differ at any of 50 μg/ml and 75 μg/ml concentrations.It was demonstrated in this study crude alkaloid extract of C. majus induces an extrinsic apoptotic pathway through DR4, DR5 in the HeLa cell line and can be a natural product candidate for exerting synergism for cervical carcinoma chemotherapy. Further investigations are needed to clarify the essential components of C. majus alkaloid extract that induces apoptosis.

The Concentration Factor Effect Study of Etoposide Drug and Annona squamosa L. Seeds Extracts on Topoisomerase II Inhibition Model: Catalytic Inhibitory and Interfacial Poisons

Background: Topoisomerase II plays an important role in cell proliferation and DNA regulation. It isresponsible for loosening the supercoiled form of DNA and for condensing chromosomes in eukaryotic cells.Custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) (Annonaceae) has been one of the main ingredients of ethnomedicalpreparation for the treatment of tumors in some countries, and has cytotoxic effects on cancerous cell lines.Aim: assessment of Qualitative Inhibition (Catalytic Inhibitor or Interfacial Poisons) and Quantitative(IC50%) of Custard apple Plant Seeds; Crude Extract (CCE) and Alkaloid Extract (CAE) of HumanToposomerase IIA (TOP2A) compared to etoposide (VP-16) as a controlled drug. Methods: TOP2A (0.5unit) and pHOT1 DNA plasmid (62.5ng), DNA plasmid relaxation assay required for inhibition testing.Inhibitors, the seeds plant was extracted by 100% methanol for the preparation of crude with concentrations(240, 160, 100, 80, 40, 20, and 10 µg/ml) and alkaloid (100, 80, 60, 40, 20, 10 and 5 µg/ml), and the VP-16as a positive control drug (150, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, and 3.125 µg/ml). Results and Discussion: The CAEshowed a higher DNA plasmid relaxation inhibition, IC50% (27.46). The higher concentrations of CCEand CAE play as a Catalytic Inhibitory Compounds CICs (as suppressor compound) rather than InterfacialPoisons IFPs (as poisons compounds), quite the opposite at low concentrations. Higher concentrations mayinhibit the formation of the enzyme-DNA complex, resulting in the accumulation of the supercoiled formof the DNA plasmid due to inactivation of the enzyme function. In comparison, at low concentrations ofinhibiting factors the linear structure is accumulated, which means that both strands cannot be rejoined.Conclusions: The CAE had the highest inhibition activity on the TOPO2A compared to the other agents. Incontrast to the VP-16 drug, the CAE and CCE concentrations of this plant affected inhibition models.

Antibacterial and COX-2 Inhibitory Tetrahydrobisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloids from the Philippine Medicinal Plant Phaeanthus ophthalmicus.

Phaeanthus ophthalmicus (Roxb. ex G.Don) J.Sinclair (previously known as P. ebracteolatus (Presl) Merr) is a Philippine medicinal plant occurring as evergreen shrub in the lowland forests of Luzon islands. It is used traditionally by Filipinos to treat bacterial conjunctivitis, ulcer and wound infections. Based on previous investigations where cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) functions as immune-linked factor in infectious sensitivities to bacterial pathogens by triggering pro-inflammatory immune-associated reactions, we investigated the antimicrobial and COX inhibitory activities of the extracts and tetrahydrobisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids of P. ophthalmicus in vitro and in silico to validate its ethnomedicinal uses. Thus, the dichloromethane–methanol (DCM–MeOH) crude extract and alkaloid extracts exhibiting antibacterial activities against drug-resistant bacterial strains such as methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Klebsiella pneumoniae + CRE and Pseudomonas aeruginosa + MBL afforded (+)-tetrandrine (1) and (+)-limacusine (2) as the major biologically active tetrahydrobisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloidal constituents after purification. Both tetrahydrobisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids 1 and 2 showed broad spectrum antibacterial activity with strongest inhibition against the Gram-negative bacteria MβL-Pseudomonas aeruginosa Klebsiella pneumoniae + CRE. Interestingly, the alkaloid limacusine (2) showed selective inhibition against ovine COX-2 in vitro. These results were ascertained by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation experiments where alkaloid 2 showed strong affinity in the catalytic sites of Gram-negative bacterial enzymes P. aeruginosa elastase and K. pneumoniae KPC-2 carbapenemase (enzymes involved in infectivity mechanisms), and of ovine COX-2. Overall, our study provides credence on the ethnomedicinal use of the Philippine medicinal plant P. ophthalmicus as traditional plant-based adjuvant to treat bacterial conjunctivitis and other related infections. The antibacterial activities and selective COX-2 inhibition observed for limacusine (2) point to its role as the biologically active constituent of P. ophthalmicus. A limited number of drugs with COX-2 inhibitory properties like celecoxib also confer antibacterial activity. Thus, tetrahydrobisbenzyl alkaloids, especially 2, are promising pharmaceutical inspirations for developing treatments of bacterial/inflammation-related infections.

Potential Antidiabetic and Anti-Genotoxic Activities of Silver Nanoparticles of Alkaloid Extract of Rhazya stricta in Rat Animal Model

In most of Arabian courtiers Rhazya stricta is extensively utilized in public medicine for several diseases treatment. In this study, crude alkaloid extract of R. stricta (CAERS) coated with silver nanoparticles (CAERS-AgNPs) as potential treatment against diabetes in DM animal model was evaluated. Swiss albino male rats (n = 80) were injected with STZ to induce Diabetes Mellitus type-2 (DM). DM-rats were injected different doses of CAERS or CAERS-nanoparticles (CAERS-NPs) for 2 months. The results exhibited that mRNA expression of insulin and insulin receptor was down-regulated, activity levels of antioxidant enzymes were decreased, generation of ROS mediated DNA adducts and apoptosis in DM-rats was increased significantly than those in negative control rats. In contrast, the expression of insulin and insulin receptor genes was up-regulated, activity levels of antioxidant enzymes, ROS generation, DNA adducts and apoptosis incidence in DM-rats supplemented with high dose of CAERS and all doses of CAERS-NPs were improved. In conclusion: R. stricta nanoparticles improved the anti-diabetic effect of the plant much more than the powder form of the extract. This action could be attributed to modification of the chemical and physical properties of the plant materials. The properties modification might be improved the ability of plant compounds to penetrate the cell membrane which facilitating release of plant materials into the target cells.

Alkaloid profiling in Galanthus gracilis Celak. from western Turkey by GC/MS

Galanthus L. is generally acknowledged as a valuable biological source due to its Amaryllidaceae alkaloids with unusual chemical structures and a wide variety of biological activities. Among these alkaloids, galanthamine is the first example of their practical application in medicine as a potent and selective inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, and already present on the market as a therapeutic agent for Alzheimer’s disease. Lycorine is the main Amaryllidaceae alkaloid deeply investigated for its biological activity for many years. In this study the alkaloidal profile of G. gracilis collected from western Aegean (Alankıyı/Bayındır) will be illustrated for the first time. GC-MS profiling was carried out on the crude alkaloidal extract obtained from dried and powdered plant material. 11 alkaloids were detected by GC-MS, including graciline, demethylhomolycorine and tazettine as the major ones.

Potential activity of crude alkaloids against Echinococcus granulosus in adult albino male rats

Study was designed to show the activity of crude alkaloids against toxicity of E. granulosus. 20 adult albino male rats were used in present study and divided randomly to following groups (each group consist 5 rats); control group received ad libidium, posistive group injected with 2,5 X 103 of E. granulosus protoscolices third group injected with protoscolices and treated with 0.25 mg/ml crude alkaloids, fourth group injected with protoscolices and treated with 0.25 mg/ml crude alkaloids. The results show high Scavenging activity of crude alkaloids extracts reach to 88.6%. Otherwise, The results show high significant increased (p less than 0.05) in levels of Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) in group injected with protoscolices compared with control group. Oxidative stress factor in group injected with protoscolices show significant increased (p less than 0.05) in levels of MDA (malonedialdehyied) and significant decreased (p less than 0.05) in levels of glutathione (GSH) and catalase compared with control group. While, after used crude alkaloids with E. granulosus, the results showed non-significant changes (p less than 0.05) in liver functions and MDA, GSH and catalase also showed non-significant changes (p less than 0.05) compared with control group. It was concluded that crude alkaloids has been potential role against toxicity of Echinococcus granulosus in male rats.

Can crude alkaloids extract of Rhazya stricta induce apoptosis in pancreatic cancer: In vitro study?

Cancer is a complicateddisease that reveals genetic variability even among the cells within the same tumor. Pancreatic cancer is the 12th cause of cancer deaths over the world. As a result of the incomplete recovery and the many side effects of current clinical treatment approaches, Herbal diet therapy as a single or adjuvant therapy show high significant output in cancer treatment. Our study focused on the role of the crude alkaloid extract of Rhazya stricter (R. stricta) on pancreatic cancer cells using MTT assay. The cytotoxic effect of different concentrations of R. Strict crude alkaloid on the pancreatic cancer cells showed significant decrease in cell viability with dose dependent manner and the effect was observed at higher concentration of crude R. Stricta alkaloids. On the other hand, no significant cytotoxic effect was observed with the normal WISH cells at all R. Stricta crude alkaloid concentrations with IC50. Moving on, in AsPC-1cells under the same concentrations mRNA expression was increased by 1.5 and 6 folds with 10 and 100 μg/ Ml treatment when compared with control. Under the same experimental conditions, the anti- apoptotic marker Bcl-2 showed high significant decrease in mRNA expression in both PANC-1 and AsPC-1 pancreatic cancer cells. The present study indicated that the crude alkaloids extract of R. stricta significantly induce apoptotic cell death in pancreatic cancer cells.

Effect of extraction Alkaloids from Zephyranthes candida induces cell death through destruction microtubules in (China hamster cell line)

Background: In eukaryotic cells the cytoskeleton network consists of three major structural elements, microtubules, microfilament,and intermediate filaments. Tubulin is the basic protein of the MTs, molecules of tubulin arranged in dimmers consisting of two forms, α- tubulin and β-tubulin. They are continuously changeable structures.Taxanes and vinca alkaloids are inhibitors MTC that destabilize microtubules, there by suppressing their dynamics which required for proper mitotic function and effectively blocking cell regulation progression resulting in cell death. Objective: To evaluate the capability of alkaloids taken away from leaves of Zephyranthes candidato divert the MTC network of (CHO), which is an aggressive metastasis cell line. Patients and Methods: In our experiments we used the mouse CHO cell line. This cell line was obtained from the Department of Biology,Faculty of Medicine, Wuhan University, China. The cells were grown in Dulbecco’s Minimal Essential Medium (DMEM) (PAA Laboratories GmbH, Linz, Austria), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM glutamine, 100 Uml–1 penicillin, and 100 μg ml–1 streptomycin (PAA Laboratories, Austria) in a humidified atmosphere of 95 % air and 5 % CO2 at 37 °C.Zephyranthes candida crude alkaloid extract treated cells were cultivated over microscopic cover slips, washed three Times for 4 min with PBS (pH 6.9) and fixed by 3% paraformaldehydein PBS. The ability of alkaloid extract to inhibit CHO tumor cells growth in vivo was assessed; forty mice were injected subcutaneouslyin the right dorsal with this tumor cells, after the tumor developed to 8-1 mm2, and eliminating the animalsthat did not develop tumors, the animals were divided to three groups each one with ten individuals. Results: The extractor was capable of divert the MTC of the cells below realization after 1hr of in sinuation in a focus as little as possible 20 μg/ml. while DAPI staining used, the cells death was not check in this focus and time. The cell death have been spotted when the focus of the alkaloid reproducer raised up to 80 and 100 μg/ml through the aforesaid exposure time. The cells were able to improving there native MTC contraction after 12 hr of the alkaloid deletion. The excerpt focus of 1mg/Kg/Bw competently prevent CHO cell line cancer development in vivo to 97.14% after 3 weeks therapy contrast to natural control. Conclusion: The invasive species H22 cells offer changesin the preparation of their MTC at a focus of Zephyranthes candida leaf alkaloids excerpt as low as 20 μg/ml focus after 1hr of exposuretime.

Crude Alkaloid and Saponin Extracts of Agrimonia eupatoria Plant as Control Measure in Stainless Steel Corrosion in Hydrogen Tetraoxosulphate (VI) Acid Rich Area

Crude Alkaloid and Saponin Extracts of Agrimonia eupatoria Plant as Control Measure in Stainless Steel Corrosion in Hydrogen Tetraoxosulphate (VI) Acid Rich Area

Comparative study on alkaloids and their anti-proliferative activities from three Zanthoxylum species

BackgroundAlkaloids have been considered as the most promising bioactive ingredients in plant species from the genus Zanthoxylum. This study reports on the compositions and contents of the Zanthoxylum alkaloids (ZAs) from three Zanthoxylum species, and their potential anti-proliferation activities.MethodsAn HPLC-UV/ESI-MS/MS method was established and employed to analyze the alkaloids in different Zanthoxylum extracts. The common and unique peaks and their relative contents were summarized and compared to evaluate the similarity and dissimilarity of the three Zanthoxylum species. Meanwhile, inhibitory activity tests to four carcinoma cell lines, i.e., stomach tumor cells (SGC-7901), cervical tumor cells (Hela), colon tumor cells (HT-29) and Hepatic tumor cells (Hep G2), were carried out in vitro to evaluate the bioactivities of the ZAs.ResultsSeventy peaks were detected in the crude total alkaloid samples, and 58 of them were identified. As a result, 13 common peaks were found in the extracts of all the three Zanthoxylum species, while some unique peaks were also observed in specific species, with 17 peaks in Z. simulans, 15 peaks in Z. ailanthoides and 11 peaks in Z. chalybeum, respectively. The comparison of the composition and relative contents indicated that alkaloids of benzophenanthridine type commonly present in all the three Zanthoxylum species with high relative contents among the others, which are 60.52% in Z. ailanthoides, 30.52% in Z. simulans and 13.84% in Z. chalybeum, respectively. In terms of activity test, Most of the crude alkaloids extracts showed remarkable inhibitory activities against various tumor cells, and the inhibitory rates ranged from 60.71 to 93.63% at a concentration of 200 μg/mL. However, SGC-7901 cells seemed to be more sensitive to the ZAs than the other three cancer cells.ConclusionThe alkaloid profiles detected in this work revealed significant differences in both structures and contents among Zanthoxylum species. The inhibitory rates for different cancer cells in this study indicated that the potential anti-cancer activity should be attributed to quaternary alkaloids in these three species, which will provide great guidance for further exploring this traditional medicinal resource as new healthcare products.

Anti-HIV-1 and cytotoxicity of a new dimeric thiazepine alkaloid isolated from Ixora undulata Roxb. leaves

The crude alkaloidal extract of Ixora undulata Roxb. leaves recorded a cytotoxicity of IC50 = 125 µg/mL against EL4 and revealed a reduction with CC50 = 47 µg/mL in the viability of MT-4 cells, beside a 50% protection with EC50 > 47 µg/mL against HIV-1IIIB. Bioassay guided fractionation of the crude alkaloidal extract of I. undulata leaves led to the isolation of a new dimeric thiazepine alkaloid, together with the monomer and its glycoside. The isolated alkaloids were structurally elucidated based on extensive nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared, and HRESI/MS. The isolated alkaloids were evaluated for their anti-HIV-1 and cytotoxic activities, while the obtained results revealed promising activity with structure-based relationship, which is discussed briefly.