Crucial Words Research Articles

Chinese Named Entity Recognition based on adaptive lexical weights

Currently, many researchers use weights to merge self-matched words obtained through dictionary matching in order to enhance the performance of Named Entity Recognition (NER). However, these studies overlook the relationship between words and sentences when calculating lexical weights, resulting in fused word information that often does not align with the intended meaning of the sentence. Addressing above issue and enhance the prediction performance, we propose an adaptive lexical weight approach for determining lexical weights. Given a sentence, we utilize an enhanced global attention mechanism to compute the correlation between self-matching words and sentences, thereby focusing attention on crucial words while disregarding unreliable portions. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed model outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods for Chinese NER of MRSA, Weibo, and Resume datasets.

The role of executive functions in 9‐ to 12‐year‐old children's sentence processing: An eye‐movement study

BackgroundExecutive function (EF) plays a crucial role in children's reading. However, previous studies were based on offline products of reading comprehension. Online research is needed to reveal the core mechanisms underlying children's reading processing. By measuring children's working memory (WM) and cognitive flexibility (CF), we investigated whether individual differences in EF could modulate sentence processing and, if so, how they exert their roles.MethodsThe present study manipulated semantic congruency and the association between crucial words in a sentence. We recruited 89 Chinese children aged 9–12 years and monitored their eye movement.ResultsThe study revealed distinct associations between reader‐ and text‐related characteristics, as evidenced by eye‐movement patterns during reading. A significant incongruency effect was observed in reading, underscoring the children's capacity to discern incongruent information. Children's WM and CF were found to modulate this process. Specifically, high‐WM children showed more effective integration of incongruent information when the textual context was closely related during the later‐stage processing. In contrast, low‐WM children faced more challenges with incongruent words. Additionally, CF was influential during the early processing period. High‐CF children exhibited longer early‐stage reading times for incongruent words in associated contexts.ConclusionsIndividual differences in EF can modulate children's online sentence processing. However, different EF components may play different roles.

Hierarchical Convolutional Attention Network for Depression Detection on Social Media and Its Impact During Pandemic.

People across the globe have felt and are still going through the impact of COVID-19. Some of them share their feelings and suffering online via different online social media networks such as Twitter. Due to strict restrictions to reduce the spread of the novel virus, many people are forced to stay at home, which significantly impacts people's mental health. It is mainly because the pandemic has directly affected the lives of the people who were not allowed to leave home due to strict government restrictions. Researchers must mine the related human-generated data and get insights from it to influence government policies and address people's needs. In this paper, we study social media data to understand how COVID-19 has impacted people's depression. We share a large-scale COVID-19 dataset that can be used to analyze depression. We also have modeled the tweets of depressed and non-depressed users before and after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. To this end, we developed a new approach based on Hierarchical Convolutional Neural Network (HCN) that extracts fine-grained and relevant content on user historical posts. HCN considers the hierarchical structure of user tweets and contains an attention mechanism that can locate the crucial words and tweets in a user document while also considering the context. Our new approach is capable of detecting depressed users occurring within the COVID-19 time frame. Our results on benchmark datasets show that many non-depressed people became depressed during the COVID-19 pandemic.

PENGARUH HUMAS TERHADAP KEGIATAN COMMUNITY RELATIONS PADA PT KERETA COMMUTER INDONESIA AREA JABODETABEK

Erecting good connections with the girding community through enforcing community conditioning is one of the places of public relations. thus, experimenters conducted exploration with the title" The Influence of Public Relations on Community Relations Conditioning at PT Keret Commuter Indonesia Jabodetabek Area". The aimBuilding good connections with the girding community through enforcing community conditioning is one of the places of public relations. thus, experimenters conducted exploration with the title" The Influence of Public Relations on Community Relations Conditioning at PT Kereta Commuter Indonesia Jabodetabek Area". The end of this exploration is to empirically test the influence of public relations on community relations conditioning at PT Kereta Commuter Indonesia Jabodetabek Area. The methodology used is quantitative. The population of this exploration is people who took part in PT KCI's public relations conditioning in January- February 2023. The slice system used in this exploration was impregnated slice with a aggregate of 50 repliers. The data analysis styles are validity test, trustability test, normalcy test, linearity test, simple direct retrogression test, section test( T) and measure of determination test( R) using the SPSS 25 operation. The exploration results show t- number> t- table( 16,823> 1,677). The t- test results also give a significance of lower than0.1 or 10(0.000<0.1). therefore it can be concluded that PT KCI's public relations has a positive and significant influence on community conditioning. crucial words Public relations, communication, public relations, social responsibility of this exploration is to empirically test the influence of public relations on community relations conditioning at PT Kereta Commuter Indonesia Jabodetabek Area. The methodology used is quantitative. The population of this exploration is people who took part in PT KCI's public relations conditioning in January- February 2023. The slice system used in this exploration was impregnated slice with a aggregate of 50 repliers. The data analysis styles are validity test, trustability test, normalcy test, linearity test, simple direct retrogression test, section test( T) and measure of determination test( R) using the SPSS 25 operation. The exploration results show t- number> t- table( 16,823> 1,677). The t- test results also give a significance of lower than0.1 or 10(0.000<0.1). therefore it can be concluded that PT KCI's public relations has a positive and significant influence on community conditioning. crucial words Public relations, communication, public relations, social responsibility

Not Using Standard Phraseology: Misunderstandings and Delays

: In order to ensure safety, international aviation radio communication is conducted in a restricted language, based on English but with significant constraints and specific characteristics. Deviations from standard phraseology are tolerated to a certain extent and are to be expected in non-routine situations where no exact phraseology has been defined. Some relational language is also accepted as helping smooth interactions. But any additional word increases the length of the speech signal and may make it more difficult for the recipient to identify the important words that need to be attended to, so the use of relational language can also have a detrimental effect. Clarity and lack of ambiguity are particularly necessary when the interlocutors do not share the same language background. This paper analyses the communications during an incident at Narita (Japan) where a native English-speaking pilot used unnecessary words that are not part of the expected phraseology to communicate an emergency, making it difficult for the Japanese ATC to extract the crucial words ‘vector back to Narita’ from the pilot’s transmission. Supported by a close linguistic study of the complete interaction in this incident and by interviews with aviation experts, the analysis employs the Community of Practice framework to investigate the series of misunderstandings. It shows how non-standard phraseology and unnecessary verbosity can be detrimental to successful aviation communication, even if the additional words are intended to build rapport and help the interaction.

DDI-MuG: Multi-aspect graphs for drug-drug interaction extraction.

Drug-drug interaction (DDI) may lead to adverse reactions in patients, thus it is important to extract such knowledge from biomedical texts. However, previously proposed approaches typically focus on capturing sentence-aspect information while ignoring valuable knowledge concerning the whole corpus. In this paper, we propose a Multi-aspect Graph-based DDI extraction model, named DDI-MuG. We first employ a bio-specific pre-trained language model to obtain the token contextualized representations. Then we use two graphs to get syntactic information from input instance and word co-occurrence information within the entire corpus, respectively. Finally, we combine the representations of drug entities and verb tokens for the final classification. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed model, we perform extensive experiments on two widely used DDI extraction dataset, DDIExtraction-2013 and TAC 2018. It is encouraging to see that our model outperforms all twelve state-of-the-art models. In contrast to the majority of earlier models that rely on the black-box approach, our model enables visualization of crucial words and their interrelationships by utilizing edge information from two graphs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first model that explores multi-aspect graphs to the DDI extraction task, and we hope it can establish a foundation for more robust multi-aspect works in the future.

Howard Jacobson’s J: A Novel and the Counterfactual Imagination

This article analyses Howard Jacobson’s 2014 novel J, which depicts the aftermath of an imagined genocide of the Jews in Britain, and explores its connections to other examples of British-set counterfactual Holocaust fiction. The representation of mass murder on British soil in Jacobson’s novel is achieved despite its omission of such crucial words as ‘Jew’, making the task of identifying these events and their victims into one shared by the novel’s protagonists and the reader. This article identifies the varied targets of J’s satire, which include that of increasing British insularity and its basis in assumptions of moral superiority in relation to the commission of wartime atrocities in Europe. Yet the novel also critiques in more general terms those aspects of contemporary life’s dependence on conformity-inducing technologies, to suggest that the figure of the Jew, and responses to the Jewish presence, offer a more vital alternative.

IMPACT OF WEB 3.0 IN DIGITAL CURRENCY

This exploration paper is about the conception of a World Wide Web grounded for the conception grounded around machine-readability, also called Web3.0. Web3.0 will review how we interact with the digital world and the change won't just be for individualities. The effect of Web3.0 blockchain on businesses – both traditional and disruptive will be inversely massive. The transition from Web2.0 to Web3.0 still, won't be overnight. This means businesses will have time to look back at their process and see where they fit on the decentralization and translucency radar. But indeed though Web3.0 is in the future, the reality of the moment is that businesses need to start preparing. Let our Blockchain experts help you. Some technologists and intelligencers have varied it with Web2.0, wherein they say data and content are consolidated in a small group of companies occasionally appertained to as"Big Tech". The term"Web3" was chased in 2014 by Ethereumco- founder Gavin Wood, and the idea gained interest in 2021 from cryptocurrency suckers, large technology companies, and adventure capital enterprises. Some experts argue that web3 will give increased data security, scalability, and sequestration for druggies and combat the influence of large technology companies. Others have raised enterprises about a decentralized web, citing the eventuality of low temperance and the proliferation of dangerous content, the centralization of wealth to a small group of investors and individualities, or a loss of sequestration due to further extensive data collection. Crucial Words World Wide Web; Web3.0; Big Tech; cryptocurrency; decentralized web

From the Galileo Free Fall String to the Principle of Equivalence

We consider the string with the length l, the left end and the right end of which is non relativistically accelerated by the constant acceleration a. We calculate the motion of such string and then the motion of the Galileo free fall string in gravity. The solutions are not identical. So, we distinguish between noninertial field and the gravity field and we discuss the principle of equivalence. In conclusion we suggest to drop charged objects from the very high tower Burj Khalifa in order to say crucial words on the principle of equivalence.

Confidence-aware Non-repetitive Multimodal Transformers for TextCaps

When describing an image, reading text in the visual scene is crucial to understand the key information. Recent work explores the TextCaps task, i.e. image captioning with reading Optical Character Recognition (OCR) tokens, which requires models to read text and cover them in generated captions. Existing approaches fail to generate accurate descriptions because of their (1) poor reading ability; (2) inability to choose the crucial words among all extracted OCR tokens; (3) repetition of words in predicted captions. To this end, we propose a Confidence-aware Non-repetitive Multimodal Transformers (CNMT) to tackle the above challenges. Our CNMT consists of a reading, a reasoning and a generation modules, in which Reading Module employs better OCR systems to enhance text reading ability and a confidence embedding to select the most noteworthy tokens. To address the issue of word redundancy in captions, our Generation Module includes a repetition mask to avoid predicting repeated word in captions. Our model outperforms state-of-the-art models on TextCaps dataset, improving from 81.0 to 93.0 in CIDEr. Our source code is publicly available.

The Role of Languages in the Process of Objectification in Pattern Generalization in a Multilingual Mathematics Classroom

The purpose of this study is to investigate how languages in a multilingual classroom come to participate in the objectification process in the context of pattern generalization. Data came from the transcription of 10 videotaped sessions in grade 7. A mixed quantitative-qualitative approach was adopted for the analysis. The significance of triadic dialog (teacher initiation – student response – teacher feedback) (Sinclair & Coulthard, 1975) as the dominant mode of interaction and the multilingual nature of language were presented as unique aspects of classroom talk in this study. The multilingual classroom (teacher and students) repertoire, which includes aspects of colloquial Arabic and English, was a resource of meaning-making for objectification in different generalization level episodes during classroom talk. Crucial words in home language played various roles in the process of objectification. The teacher and students used colloquial Arabic to refer to deictic means, adverbs of generative action, and pronouns in addition to other linguistic functions. Those linguistic means prove to be central to the process of objectification. The study analyzes three episodes. The first two episodes present how the teacher and students used code-switching and colloquial Arabic for various functions in almost all utterances to objectify near generalization tasks. The third episode focuses on how languages come to participate in the objectification process in a far generalization task. The findings show that natural movements between languages helped in the objectification process of generalization. The findings also show that the relational, diverse, stratified, and agentive aspects of languages helped in the objectification process during various generalization level episodes.

GSMNet: Global Semantic Memory Network for Aspect-Level Sentiment Classification

Aspect-level sentiment classification determines the sentiment polarity of a targeted aspect. To solve this task, attention-based neural networks are typically adopted to explore the interaction between the aspect and its context in a single sentence. However, such approaches ignore the rich semantic information that can be obtained from other sentences. This article shows that the contexts of aspects with similar meanings should be considered global semantic information that can be incorporated as domain knowledge. Then, a novel global semantic memory network (GSMNet) is proposed to share the global semantic information of various aspects and generate a domain-specific representation. With the help of domain knowledge, crucial words can be focused on more precisely. Moreover, instead of employing the concatenating operation for vectors before classification, GSMNet adopts a fine-grained information fusion layer to capture the importance of representations for efficiently extracting the valid parts of each dimension. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our model.

Triadic dialog in multilingual mathematics classrooms as a promoter of generalization during classroom talk

The purpose of this study is to investigate how triadic dialog promotes generalization of growing figural patterns during classroom talk in multilingual classrooms and crucial linguistic terms that the teacher and students draw on in their home language, as they engage in pattern generalization. Ten sessions in two classrooms in grade 7 were videotaped. A mixed quantitative-qualitative approach was adopted to analyze the videotaped sessions. At a macro-level analysis, the sessions were mostly hybrid including various generalization level episodes. At a micro-level analysis, triadic dialog was the dominant mode of interaction during classroom talk. Nuances in the discourse structure of triadic dialog were associated with shifts between generalization level episodes in each session. Classroom talk involved deployment of colloquial Arabic to refer to linguistic means that influenced the processes of generalization. The study presents and analyzes representative excerpts of classroom talk during various generalization level episodes to demonstrate the findings. The selected episodes show the details of classroom interaction and provide evidence how triadic dialog involved the use of crucial words in home language to promote various levels of generalization.

Goethes Euphrat. Philologie und Politik im "West-östlichen Divan." by Marcel Lepper

Reviewed by: Goethes Euphrat. Philologie und Politik im "West-östlichen Divan." by Marcel Lepper Hannah V. Eldridge Marcel Lepper, Goethes Euphrat. Philologie und Politik im "West-östlichen Divan." Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2016. 149 pp. In this compact volume, Marcel Lepper presents an interpretation of Goethe's West-östlicher Divan, in particular the poem "Lied und Gebilde," that moves past the tendency of previous scholarship to elide historical and political particulars on the way to general "poetological" readings; in doing so, he takes seriously the contradictions and difficulties within the work and attends to the ways in which poetological readings can themselves be attempts to avoid historical and political particularities. His approach begins with grammatical-rhetorical aspects of the text, then examines its historical-lexigraphical underpinnings before tracing the text's development in the context of Goethe's works and finally considers its intertextual references and contexts. Doing so enables Lepper to make the poetological implications of the poem and the cycle more concrete, which in turn breaks down static oppositional structures in each (139–40). These are crucial contributions, and they make the volume essential for readers studying "Lied und Gebilde" or the West-östlicher Divan generally. There are a few drawbacks: it is not always clear how the components of Lepper's expanding model of reading fit together. Moreover, the volume uses Goethe's prose section (Noten und Abhandlungen zu besserem Verständnis des west-östlichen Divans) very little. The texts mentioned there should not, of course, be taken for granted as Goethe's only sources, and his representations of them should not be absorbed without analysis, but the Noten und Abhandlungen does indicate the directions of Goethe's interest and attention that Lepper investigates, and the moments where Lepper draws on it are some of the most convincing in the volume. The opening chapter introduces Lepper's method and draws out the problems for interpretation posed by "Lied und Gebilde," in particular its large number of apparent antitheses. In chapter two, "Grammatisch-rhetorischer Ansatz," Lepper points out that the distinctions between plastic/Greek and musical/Oriental often used to read the poem as performing a turn from "classical" to "post-classical" were a trope of literary history around 1800 and thus should not be used to describe it (41). The chapter demonstrates "grammatical-rhetorical" reading by analyzing numerous asymmetries (in length, rhyme scheme, verb tense etc.) throughout the poem. The third chapter investigates the poem's lyric register, following several crucial words (e.g., "Lied," "Euphrat," "der Grieche") through their appearances in the Divan. Lepper points out that, since "Lied" appears over forty times in the text, readers should be cautious about taking any single instance of it as outlining a poetological program (57–58). Lepper's assertion that "Lied und Gebilde" does not exhibit song-like characteristics ("Singbarkeit, erzählerische oder beschreibende Einfachheit, Liebes-, Geselligkeitsoder Naturthematik") is somewhat less convincing—one could argue that the poem stages a type of simplicity in its brevity, while its metrical form (alternating four and three stresses per line) is one that Goethe uses in his ballads (e.g., "Der Fischer"). Lepper analyzes the word "Euphrat" in somewhat wider contexts, including the budding field of Assyriology (71–72) and in Friedrich Hölderlin's poem "Lebensalter," which he uses to draw out contrasts as well as similarities between Hölderlin's and Goethe's references to the Euphrates. Finally, Lepper turns to "der Grieche" in "Lied und Gebilde" and points out the unusual association with clay ("Thon") rather than marble. Because clay is mixed with water and is more provisional and temporary than stone, "der Grieche" becomes a hybrid figure described in a lightly ironizing tone that mixes tropes of Greek antiquity [End Page 307] and the Orientalist philology that began to call philhellenic fantasies into question (92–94). In the fourth chapter, Lepper uses a "textgenetisch-werkbiographischer Ansatz," examining the edition history of "Lied und Gebilde" and elaborating various dating hypotheses, ultimately settling on a likely point of composition toward the early work on the collection, in the "Übergangsphase" between war and postwar in Europe in 1814–15 (106–8). He contends that taking the poem's composition at...

The Art of Vanishing

The audio poetry mix titled "Umetnost Gubljenja" (The Art of Losing / Vanishing) uses cut-up technique in order to mix and adjust the text of the poem "Umetnost Gubljenja" to the audio poetry form. An unknown program was used for mixing in this totally homemade art work, authored by Vladimir Milojković (sometimes published under the name Vladimir Vladda Miloykovitch). The mix is 6 minutes and 35 seconds long, mono sound, mp3 format. Conceptually, it is, in a certain way, socially engaged poetry, questioning the role of art in the modern world. Effects influencing the listeners were achieved through repetition of crucial words and tone changing.
 It is recommendable to listen the mix via headset for better experience.

Special Issue on Creating Community-Based Robust and Resilient Society

Special Issue on Creating Community-Based Robust and Resilient Society

India’s Right Turn

India’s Right Turn

Color Recommendation for Text Based on Colors Associated with Words

In this paper, we propose a new method to select colors representing the meaning of text contents based on the cognitive relation between words and colors, Our method is designed on the previous study revealing the existence of crucial words to estimate the colors associated with the meaning of text contents, Using the associative probability of each color with a given word and the strength of color association of the word, we estimate the probability of colors associated with a given text. The goal of this study is to propose a system to recommend the cognitively plausible colors for the meaning of the input text. To build a versatile and efficient database used by our system, two psychological experiments were conducted by using news site articles. In experiment 1, we collected 498 words which were chosen by the participants as having the strong association with color. Subsequently, we investigated which color was associated with each word in experiment 2. In addition to those data, we employed the estimated values of the strength of color association and the colors associated with the words included in a very large corpus of newspapers (approximately 130,000 words) based on the similarity between the words obtained by Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA). Therefore our method allows us to select colors for a large variety of words or sentences. Finally, we verified that our system cognitively succeeded in proposing the colors associated with the meaning of the input text, comparing the correct colors answered by participants with the estimated colors by our method. Our system is expected to be of use in various types of situations such as the data visualization, the information retrieval, the art or web pages design, and so on.

The Little Book of Viruses

The Little Book of Viruses

Crucial abelian k-power-free words

Combinatorics In 1961, Erdos asked whether or not there exist words of arbitrary length over a fixed finite alphabet that avoid patterns of the form XX' where X' is a permutation of X (called abelian squares). This problem has since been solved in the affirmative in a series of papers from 1968 to 1992. Much less is known in the case of abelian k-th powers, i.e., words of the form X1X2 ... X-k where X-i is a permutation of X-1 for 2 <= i <= k. In this paper, we consider crucial words for abelian k-th powers, i. e., finite words that avoid abelian k-th powers, but which cannot be extended to the right by any letter of their own alphabets without creating an abelian k-th power. More specifically, we consider the problem of determining the minimal length of a crucial word avoiding abelian k-th powers. This problem has already been solved for abelian squares by Evdokimov and Kitaev (2004), who showed that a minimal crucial word over an n-letter alphabet A(n) = \1, 2, ..., n\ avoiding abelian squares has length 4n - 7 for n >= 3. Extending this result, we prove that a minimal crucial word over A(n) avoiding abelian cubes has length 9n - 13 for n >= 5, and it has length 2, 5, 11, and 20 for n = 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Moreover, for n >= 4 and k >= 2, we give a construction of length k(2) (n - 1) - k - 1 of a crucial word over A(n) avoiding abelian k-th powers. This construction gives the minimal length for k = 2 and k = 3. For k >= 4 and n >= 5, we provide a lower bound for the length of crucial words over A(n) avoiding abelian k-th powers.