Crowded Space Research Articles

Competition between short-ranged attraction and short-ranged repulsion in crowded configurational space: aA lattice model description.

We describe a simple nearest-neighbor Ising model that is capable of supporting a gas, liquid, and crystal, in characteristic relationship to each other. As the parameters of the model are varied, one obtains characteristic patterns of phase behavior reminiscent of continuum systems where the range of the interaction is varied. The model also possesses dynamical arrest, and although we have not studied it in detail, these "transitions" appear to have a reasonable relationship to the phases and their transitions.

Measurement of online visibility and its impact on Internet traffic

The Internet landscape is an increasingly crowded space where hundreds of thousands of companies are fighting for attention. Some of these companies are universally known (Yahoo!, Amazon) while others are more obscure (Literary Guild, Just Say Wow). Regardless of their level of Internet presence, all these companies are interested in improving their position, particularly now that managers are asked to justify their online activities. To help managers assess their online presence, and give them a way to compare their position relative to their competitors, this article aims to develop a measure of a company's online visibility. Moreover, this study seeks to understand what factors drive online visibility, and how. The visibility measure we develop captures the extent to which a user is likely to come across an online reference to a company's Web site. It is based on data collected from multiple sources that include search engine results, Web-site contents, and online directory listings. It is calibrated using a large-scale telephone survey, and is validated using data obtained from Web crawlers and Internet consumer-panel sources. In the latter part of the article, we show how managers can use the visibility measure to compare the online presence of their company to their competitors’. We also show how they can use this information to perform scenario analysis aimed at finding the best way to improve their online position.

Case study of the terrorist bombing in Tel Aviv market – putting all the eggs in one basket might save lives

Objectives: On 1 November 2004 a suicide bomber detonated himself in Tel Aviv, in a crowded open market space, resulting in 3 dead victims and 34 casualties. This event in a central urban area was handled quickly by experienced emergency medical service (EMS) teams. We analysed evacuation destinations of urgent casualties in order to learn whether severe casualties should all be evacuated to the closest trauma centre. Alternatively, they might be distributed to all nearby hospitals, both trauma and non‐trauma centres. A third possibility is directing urgent casualties only to trauma centres, dividing them between the close trauma centre and a ‘second cycle’ distant level A trauma centre. Methods: Data were collected from formal debriefings carried out after the event in the Ministry of Health, in the Israeli Defense Forces Medical Corps (IDF MCs) and in the Home Front Command (HFC). Other debriefings, in which we took part, were those of the EMS and participating hospitals. We analysed these data to learn...

Interpreting the Blue Sharks at Underwater World

Interpreting the Blue Sharks at Underwater World Essay by Ryder W. Miller San Francisco, California, USA October 2nd, 1998: It was an exciting night at Underwater World, one filled with surprise and elation. There was a special, special treat: the surprise arrival of the Blue Shark. The sleek animal made its way around the open water tank, negotiating the long, narrow and crowded space. It was more beautiful than the other sharks in the tank, with gorgeous shiny blue skin on top and pure white skin underneath. The first was joined by a second six days later. At the time, they were the only Blue Sharks on display in the country. As an interpreter/naturalist at Underwater World in California (now called the Monterey Bay Aquarium), I had heard rumors that a Blue Shark was to be introduced, but I gave up on those hopes when I was discouraged by others in the husbandry department, some of whom said it was not possible and wouldn't happen. The husbandry staff acquires the fish, and they are the fish doctors. They also clean the tanks and feed the fish. The interpretive/naturalist staff at the aquarium help the visitors appreciates and understands the fish and the exhibit. Sometimes the husbandry staff surprises the naturalists with an introduction into the tanks, which keeps the naturalists excited about going to work each day. A shark in captivity provides an opportunity to work for marine conservation, but there are potential problems as the public may have difficulty seeing animals in captivity. Interpreters at aquariums and zoos have to be prepared to explain the rationale for why an animal is kept in captivity. Questions can come up about how well they are being taken care of, and if they like being in captivity. Interpreting sharks is also controversial because many people are still fearful of sharks due to old misunderstandings. Visitors often ask if we have Great White Sharks at the aquarium and we also need to explain why we don't. Animals serve an important role in zoos and aquariums, but interpreting them can be slippery with a public that has seen both or either movie Born Free or Jaws. I will be your guide for this tale about the Blue Sharks at Underwater World, which will show you how to bypass some of the potential problems of interpreting sharks in captivity in particular, but animals in captivity in general. I will also try to add the perspectives of ecology and aesthetic appreciation which can sometimes be more interesting than the dry facts about fish's ages, ranges, sizes and food preferences. I will also show you how to challenge visitors, as an activity, to look at things from a fish's (a

Language-specific, hearing-related changes in vowel spaces: A study of English- and Spanish-speaking cochlear implant users

This study investigates the role of hearing in vowel productions of postlingually deafened cochlear implant (CI) users. Based on the hypothesis that competing demands of intelligibility and economy of effort influence vowel production, we predicted that speakers of a language with a more crowded vowel space, such as American English, would show an increase in average vowel spacing (AVS the average inter-vowel distance in the F1-F2 plane) with the provision of hearing from a CI; whereas speakers of a language with fewer vowels, such as Spanish, would not. Results of a preliminary on–off study supported the hypothesis: with hearing from a CI, 7 English-speaking CI users all increased AVS; however, among 7 Spanish speakers, some increased AVS and some reduced it. The current study is exploring these findings further with new groups of CI users and normal-hearing speakers of English and Spanish and an elaborated paradigm that includes different speaking rates and comparisons between pre-implant and post-implant recordings. Preliminary results will be reported. [Work supported by NIH.]

The Crowded Space of Diaspora: Intercultural Address and the Tensions of Diasporic Relation

Research Article| May 01 2002 The Crowded Space of Diaspora: Intercultural Address and the Tensions of Diasporic Relation Tina Campt Tina Campt Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Radical History Review (2002) 2002 (83): 94–113. https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-2002-83-94 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Tina Campt; The Crowded Space of Diaspora: Intercultural Address and the Tensions of Diasporic Relation. Radical History Review 1 May 2002; 2002 (83): 94–113. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-2002-83-94 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsRadical History Review Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. 2002 by MARHO: The Radical Historians' Organization,Inc.2002 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

A CFD approach for local thermal stress assessment in occupied built environments

A numerical approach is developed for local thermal stress assessment in occupied built environments. A CFD airflow model is coupled with a human thermoregulation model to simulate the basic environmental parameters with having regard to the occupant body heat rejection and moisture emission. Effective temperature (ET) and wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) are used as the heat indices for indoor thermal stress assessment. Algorithms for computation of three dimensional (3-D) distributions of the heat indices are established, so that local thermal stress levels at certain locations in the environment can be predicted and evaluated according to the simulation results of the basic parameters. A demonstrative analysis for a crowded rectangular space with mechanical ventilation is given.

Language-Specific, Hearing-Related Changes in Vowel Spaces: A Preliminary Study of English- and Spanish-Speaking Cochlear Implant Users

This study investigates the role of hearing in vowel productions of postlingually deafened cochlear implant users. Two hypotheses are tested that derive from the view that vowel production is influenced by competing demands of intelligibility for the listener and least effort in the speaker: 1) Hearing enables a cochlear implant user to produce vowels distinctly from one another; without hearing, the speaker may give more weight to economy of effort, leading to reduced vowel separation. 2) Speakers may need to produce vowels more distinctly from one another in a language with a relatively "crowded" vowel space, such as American English, than in a language with relatively few vowels, such as Spanish. Thus, when switching between hearing and non-hearing states, English speakers may show a tradeoff between vowel distinctiveness and least effort, whereas Spanish speakers may not. To test the prediction that there will be a reduction of average vowel spacing (AVS) (average intervowel distance in the F1-F2 plane) with interrupted hearing for English-speaking cochlear implant users, but no systematic change in AVS for Spanish cochlear implant users, vowel productions of seven English-speaking and seven Spanish-speaking cochlear implant users, who had been using their implants for at least 1 yr, were recorded when their implant speech processors were turned off and on several times in two sessions. AVS was consistently larger for the English speakers with hearing than without hearing. The magnitude and direction of AVS change was more variable for the Spanish speakers, both within and between subjects. Vowel distinctiveness was enhanced with the provision of some hearing in the language group with a more crowded vowel space but not in the language group with fewer vowels. The view that speakers seek to minimize effort while maintaining the distinctiveness of acoustic goals receives some support.

A long-term view of short-range wireless

Economic forces and physical laws are driving the growth of a new wireless infrastructure that will become as ubiquitous as lighting and power infrastructures are today. Short-range wireless (SRW) offers the highest bandwidths at the lowest power levels, in the most crowded spaces, for the most users. With these advantages, the growth of SRW as a new wireless infrastructure seems inevitable. However, SRW will take time to converge on a set of common standards, and a period of business experimentation and consolidation will likely occur as SRW links spread to public venues and private homes.

Modeling of thermal environment and human response in a crowded space for tropical climate

In a crowded building space with no air conditioning, heat and moisture emissions from occupants can result in heat stress in the indoor environment, which in turn, causes thermal strain on the human body. In the present paper, a 61-node thermoregulation model is coupled with a thermal environment model of ventilated space to simulate both the thermal conditions and occupant’s responses. The coupling model is validated with experimental data at high occupant density in a thermal environmental chamber. Reasonable agreements between the prediction and measurement on thermal environmental conditions, stress level and body temperatures are achieved. The model is a useful tool for design and evaluation of non-air-conditioned building environments.

Perspective: Pedestrian vs. Train

The first call came from another emergency department, telling us that they were transferring a fifteen-year-old girl in critical condition to our hospital. The second call, coming just a few minutes after the first, informed us the girl had died. Then they called a third time to say that they would transport her after all; she was alive but in dire condition, with fixed and dilated pupils, no spontaneous respirations, and no gag. As we prepared to receive the patient, a fourth call heightened the anxiety we were already feeling about the arrival of a critically and probably hopelessly ill child. This caller told us the girl had been injured by throwing herself in front of a moving train. She was brought into the trauma section of our ED by a MedFlight crew. Their brief, straightforward report gave us the salient details: They found her next to train tracks, unresponsive, without purposeful movements. She had shallow, spontaneous respirations. Her heart rate was sixty beats per minute. There was a large laceration on the back of her posterior scalp. They intubated her, placed two peripheral intravenous lines, and brought her to the nearest hospital. As that facility was not a trauma center, its ED staff decided to transport her to our hospital. On our examination she had no spontaneous respirations, a weak pulse, and no blood pressure. The remainder of her exam was unchanged from the report we had just received. The MedFlight team was performing CPR, and at the head of the stretcher, in what had suddenly become a crowded space, a senior neurosurgeon was calmly guiding his resident through the basic neurological exam in the setting of trauma: evaluate the level of arousal and responsiveness, check the pupils carefully, test for corneal reflexes, look at the tympanic membranes for evidence of blood, check for a gag reflex, and look for symmetry in the remainder of the neurological exam. After the resident completed his examination, the senior surgeon remarked that the patient was nonviable. As the girl had only a thready pulse and no spontaneous respirations, we needed to make our first decision regarding the course of our intervention. Our options, based on the likely outcome of patients with such massive brain injury, were to stop CPR and all other support, to embark upon full resuscitative efforts, or to take a middle ground and try one round of medication to see if we could restore her pulse and blood pressure. Without much enthusiasm and with uncertainty causing us much discomfort, we seemed to gravitate toward this last option. We were not entirely pleased when the epinephrine in fact gave her a reasonable and adequately palpated pulse with a rate of seventy. Shortly after her heart rate returned, we were notified that her mother and sister had arrived and were waiting in the grief room. I entered the room and found the mother of the almost lifeless child and her thirteen-year-old daughter hanging on to each other for the girl's dear life. I told them that the injuries were critical and appeared to be beyond the girl's ability to survive, let alone survive with any meaningful function. I added that the girl was not in any pain. Then the mother talked briefly about her daughter and asked several wise questions: How could we tell so soon that her child's injuries were so severe? What tests had we performed and what tests were we planning to perform or could we perform to learn more information? How could we tell so much from our examination alone, and, finally, could she please see her daughter Sally. I answered her questions as best I could. Certainly, she could see her daughter, but give us a few minutes please, I said, not adding that the extra time was needed to clean her up and cover her exposed body. When I returned to the girl's bedside, her vital signs had deteriorated. Her pulse was thready and her blood pressure had dropped. This young sister and daughter, a struggling tenth grade student with many friends, appeared to be dying, with the likely end quite near. …

Mema's House, Mexico City: On Transvestites, Queens, and Machos

Mema's house is in the poor quarter Nezahualcoyotl, a crowded urban space on the outskirts of Mexico City where people survive with the help of family, neighbours, and friends. This house is a sanctuary for a group of young homosexual men who meet to chat, flirt, listen to music, and smoke marijuana. Among the group are sex workers and transvestites with high heels, short skirts, heavy make-up, and voluminous hairstyles; and their partners, young, bisexual men, wearing T-shirts and worn jeans, short hair, and maybe a moustache. Mema, an AIDS educator and the leader of this gang of homosexual men, invited Annick Prieur, a European sociologist, to meet the community and conduct her fieldwork at his house. Prieur lived there for six months between 1988 and 1991, and she has kept in touch for more than eight years. As Prieur follows the transvestites in their daily activities - at their work as prostitutes or as hairdressers, at night having fun in the streets and in discos, on visits with their families and even in prisons, a story unfolds of love, violence, and deceit. Prieur analyzes the complicated relations between the effeminate homosexuals, most of them transvestites, and their partners, the masculine-looking bisexual men, asking why these particular gender constructions exist in the Mexican working classes, and how they can be so widespread in a male-dominated society, the very society from which the term machismo stems. Weaving empirical research with theory, Prieur presents new analytical angles on several concepts: family, class, domination, the role of the body, and the production of differences among men.

Patterns of vowel-to-vowel coarticulation in Greek and English

Many previous studies have indicated that coarticulatory behavior differs systematically across languages. One specific hypothesis, made by Manuel and Krakow (1984), is that languages with larger vowel inventories show reduced vowel-to-vowel coarticulation because their crowded vowel spaces impose more stringent requirements for maintaining phonological distinctiveness. The present study is designed (a) to test this prediction in Greek versus English, which have small and large vowel inventories, respectively; and (b) to investigate which parameters of the vowel system are most responsible for shaping language-specific coarticulatory constraints. Adult monolingual speakers of each language were recorded, producing VCV utterances embedded in phonologically similar carrier phrases. Vowels included all five vowels of Greek, /i,e,a,o,u/, and their closest counterparts in American English, and the medial consonant varied between labial and alveolar places of articulation. To provide an independent measure of production variability for each vowel, speakers also produced the vowels in real words of the form /pVt/ or /bVt/, embedded in the same carrier phrases. Preliminary data are presented for two speakers of each language, and discussed in terms of vowel type, distribution within the vowel space, and the size of vowel areas within F1−F2 space.

Effects of floor area allowance and group size on the productivity of growing/finishing pigs.

Six group sizes and three levels of floor area allowance were studied in a 6 x 3 factorial arrangement. Group sizes were 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, and 15 pigs per pen. Floor area allowances were .030, .039, and .048 m2 x BW(.667). All pens were square and equipped with a single space feeder and nipple drinker near one corner. Pigs were fed a pelleted diet. Initial weights averaged 25.0 kg, and pigs remained on test for 12 wk. Pigs were weighed, feed intake was determined, and size of pens was increased at 2-wk intervals. Pen size was adjusted to provide the space required for the midpoint of each weigh period. Two replicates of the study were conducted. The ADG was reduced with increasing group size (899, 851, 868, 872, 857, and 821 g, SEM = 16.4, for 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, and 15 pigs, respectively; P < .05), but the CV for gain (mean = .185) did not differ among group sizes. The ADFI also decreased with increasing group size (2.49, 2.34, 2.32, 2.28, 2.28, and 2.21 kg, SEM = .036, for 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, and 15 pigs, respectively; P < .05). Feed efficiency (gain/intake) was highest for group sizes of 7 and 10 pigs (.381) and lowest for pens of three and five pigs (.363; P < .05). The ADG and ADFI (832 g and 2.25 kg, respectively) for the most crowded space allowance were reduced compared to more spacious allowances (ADG and ADFI of 875 and 877 g, and 2.35 and 2.36 kg, for .039 and .048 m2 x BW(.667), respectively; P < .05). Efficiency did not differ among space allowances. These results confirm previous studies reporting a negative effect of increasing group size on productivity, but our study suggests that gain and intake reach a plateau at less space allowance than previously reported.

Spectral change in the vowel formant space of Long Island vowels

Hillenbrand et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97, 3099–3111 (1995)] have shown that English vowels are distinguished better by discriminant analysis when a measure of spectral change is used than when a simple formant steady-state measure is used. Many English speakers on Long Island have six front vowels instead of the five treated in most discussions of American English—in addition to low front æ, there is a higher, or ‘‘tensed’’ æ (henceforth AE). With this more crowded vowel space, spectral dynamism should be equally, if not more, important to distinguishing Long Island vowels than other varieties of English such as the Michigan English described by Hillenbrand et al. Vowels were recorded in real words of the form hVd and bVd, spoken in a frame sentence. F1 and F2 values from LPC spectral analysis were analyzed via formant plots and discriminant analysis. Preliminary results for front vowels support the hypothesis: improvement in discrimination using dynamic rather than static spectral measures was largest for ε and AE, the vowels that are closest in the vowel space. Overall use of the vowel space, including comparisons with other dialects and studies will also be presented. [Work supported by NSF.]

Applications of maximal topologies

We construct some unusual spaces by considering maximal members of suitable families of topologies. For example, we construct a countable regular crowded space no point of which is a limit point of two disjoint sets. An application to ω ∗ is that there is a separable space which is a continuous image of ω * under a ⩽ two-to-one map. We also show that for each k ϵ [2, ω), there is a k-irresolvable space.

Electronics and communications in air traffic control

The history and development of air traffic control techniques are briefly outlined with particular reference to the rapid growth in the number of aircraft movements during and after World War II. The methods employed for the safe handling of large volumes of civil and military air traffic in crowded air space are discussed, and the systems of electronic position identification, guidance and communications currently used to support the management task are described together with their necessary performance characteristics. The growth predictions for air traffic movements and the demands which these will make upon the existing system performances are then examined. This is coupled with some speculative consideration of new techniques and systems which might possibly be introduced in the future.

The cardinality of countably compact Hausdorff spaces

Let μ cc be the least cardinality of a crowded countably compact Hausdorff separable space, μ sc the least cardinality of a crowded sequentially compact Hausdorff separable space, and μ ns the least cardinality of a Hausdorff countably compact space that is not sequentially compact. (Our spaces are not regular, of course.) For any of the μ's above each of ω 1=μ< c , ω 1<μ< c , and ω 1<μ= c is consistent.

The Role of Static Pedestrian Groups in Crowded Spaces

It was hypothesized that groups of static pedestrians would play an important role in determining pattorns of movement in crowded spaces. This was investigated in five ticket halls in the London Underground. Queues, groups of people using automatic ticket machines, and other types of static groups were observed. The location of these groups was related to the layout of the space, and their general effects on movement through the space were assessed. It was found that under certain conditions static groups impede movement and diminish the effective width of key movoment channels. Although the study was exploratory, the results suggest a number of ways in which the layout of certain types of space might be optimized in terms of the criteria considered.

New, Compact Light Sources for High-Speed Photography

Small and especially compact incandescent light sources are frequently needed when recording high-speed phenomena in crowded spaces. Self-contained reflector lamps have been designed considerably smaller than previous types and with an improved beam pattern. They require no auxiliary equipment and types are available for use on aircraft voltages.