Crow Dog Research Articles

Spotted Tail: Renaissance Man of the Lakota ed. by James A. Hanson (review)

Reviewed by: Spotted Tail: Renaissance Man of the Lakota ed. by James A. Hanson Tim Trudell Spotted Tail: Renaissance Man of the Lakota. Edited by James A. Hanson. Chadron, NE: Museum of the Fur Trade, 2020. viii + 209 pp. Illustrations, maps, contributors, index. $30.00 cloth. Lakota chief Spotted Tail is painted as a pragmatic leader seeking to extend the freedom of his Brulé Lakota citizens against the expansion of Euro-American settlers in the Great Plains, as told by multiple writers in Spotted Tail: Renaissance Man of the Lakota. The book's contributors tell the Lakota chief's story factually, avoiding the often-clichéd view of Native Americans. Spotted Tail's Sicangu Lakota moved around the Great Plains, from central South Dakota to south of the North Platte River in western Nebraska. The book, a collection of essays from academicians and historians, follows Spotted Tail's rise as he transitions from a soldier to the leader of the Brulé, acquiring an acumen for the art of negotiation over fighting. While some may look at Spotted Tail as a person who catered to the white man in hopes of carving out a small parcel of the expansive Lakota territory for his tribe, Spotted Tail: Renaissance Man of the Lakota portrays him instead as a leader who, according to the authors, realized the survival of his people depended on a working relationship with the federal government, because westward movement was only going to grow and the Brulé were not going to win wars. The authors note that not all Spotted Tail's ideas worked, such as his failed negotiations for mineral rights for the Blacks Hills (Paha Sapa), considered sacred among Lakota and other Indigenous nations, which backfired when the government ignored his request of $60 million, instead allowing miners access to the region. Despite his reputation as a pragmatist, Spotted Tail did enter battle, primarily fueled by actions of Euro-Americans, such as avenging the massacre of Cheyenne and Arapahoe people at Sand Creek and when the army attempted to relocate the Brulé from Fort Laramie to Fort Kearny. The book documents Spotted Tail's rise, from one not born to a ruling family to one who became chief of the Lower Brulé (Sicangu). Given credit for securing reservation land near the Missouri River, not all Lakota were enamored with him. Crow Dog, a subchief who Spotted Tail removed as leader of the tribal police force, accused the chief of stealing tribal land-lease funds for his personal use. The two struggled, with Crow Dog killing the Brulé chief. Authors view Crow Dog's action as self-defense. Reparations made to Spotted Tail's family, however, considered acknowledgment of wrongdoing. In sharing the life and legacy of Chief Spotted Tail, possibly the most pragmatic of the Great Plains Indigenous leaders, the book's authors use well-documented sources. [End Page 105] Tim Trudell Freelance Writer and Online Content Creator Omaha, Nebraska Copyright © 2023 Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska–Lincoln

Crow Dog’s Trial and Ledger Drawing: Cultural Production and Tribal Nation in the Maw of the American Empire

Abstract The 1882 trial of Crow Dog (Kangi Súŋka), for the murder in 1881 of Spotted Tail (Siŋté Glešká), a leader of the Sicangu/Brulé Lakota, had all of the hallmarks of a twentieth- or twenty-first-century celebrity trial. People came for miles around Deadwood, Dakota Territory and far-flung parts to the west in order to attend the trial and rub shoulders with the participants. From the point of view of government officials in the Bureau of Indian Affairs who engineered the trial, the goal was to wrest criminal jurisdiction from Indian governments on reservations. A number of drawings on paper, “ledger drawings,” produced by Crow Dog and other Lakota participants engulfed in the trial and related activities, show another colonial process at work—the appropriation and resignification of the Native voice within the public sphere. The confluence of national, regional, and local events swirling around Deadwood, Dakota Territory, and the legal case that becomes Ex-parte Crow Dog before the Supreme Court, resituates the historical significance of this genre of “Captivity Ledgers” both for Lakota and settler sensibilities during the post-Civil War and early reservation era.

American Women Activists and Autobiography: Rhetorical Lives by Heather Ostman

Reviewed by: American Women Activists and Autobiography: Rhetorical Lives by Heather Ostman Ana Belén Martínez García (bio) American Women Activists and Autobiography: Rhetorical Lives Heather Ostman Routledge, 2022, viii + 183 pp. ISBN 9781032050768, $160.00 hardcover. American Women Activists and Autobiography examines six case studies of women activists' lives as written by themselves. Heather Ostman approaches the autobiographical projects of Jane Addams, Emma Goldman, Dorothy Day, Angela Davis, Mary Crow Dog, and Betty Friedan by looking at what they shared and what they did not, especially regarding the authors' feminist rhetorics and the various ways their lives and social justice causes were entangled. This premise is particularly exciting for scholars interested in the relationship between life writing and social justice. Ostman's volume can be read as an evolution of themes (womanhood, sisterhood, motherhood, marriage, class, race, gendered body, conversion) threaded along each chapter. Surprisingly, it does not proceed chronologically, which might be interpreted as the author's intent to make readers reflect on the ebbs and flows in feminist activism as it moves from the early twentieth century and into the present. The book is structured into six main chapters, each focusing on the autobiographical work of a single activist. There is an introduction to the volume that guides the reader and offers an overview of the rationale of the book as well as of each woman's life and lifewriting project. The introduction also makes a potent claim—that American women activists ignited the now-common utilization of self-narration in the context of advocacy. Interestingly, Ostman suggests that the "narrative 'self'" of these autobiographies does not conform to the "American individualistic self" typical of canonical male autobiography, and instead points to "situated feminist rhetorics" (1). After this eloquent start to the volume, Ostman draws on scholarship from James Olney and Sidonie Smith, but ultimately relies on the work of Lindal Buchanan and Dana Anderson on women's rhetorical strategies, particularly conversion as a trope. Some more nuance would have been helpful in Ostman's observation of the specific area of women activist autobiographies: "With the exception of Martha Watson's Lives of Their Own (1999), no other volumes have considered the rhetorical value of women social activist autobiography" (12). [End Page 374] The first chapter, "The Progressive Cassandra: Rhetoric in Jane Addams's Twenty Years at Hull-House," explores Jane Addams's advocacy for welfare, education, peace, women's and workers' rights, and the settlement house movement via her autobiographical work. The apparent contradiction between Addams's self-portrayal as a maternal figure and her public persona as "the Mother of Social Work" (18) while she did not have children of her own is connected to biological mothers being shown as powerless in Twenty Years at Hull-House (1910). Addams becomes, by contrast, what Ostman labels a "moral mother" (38), capable of aiding those in need on the streets of Chicago in the early twentieth century. The trope of Cassandra, subject of Addams's 1881 namesake essay, is employed to counter patriarchy, for "an intuitive perception committed to a woman's charge is not a prejudice or fancy, but one of the holy means given to mankind in their search for truth" (20). Thus, Ostman continues, rhetorical success as expounded by Addams hinges upon "one's rhetorical abilities and one's moral assertion to claim the right to speak" (20). In the second chapter, "Anarchism and the Rhetoric of Womanhood: Emma Goldman's Living My Life," we are presented with yet another kind of figurative mother: "the Mother of the Cause" for anarchist supporters (45). Ostman categorizes Goldman's discourse in Living My Life (1931) as that of "rhetorical motherhood" (69), distinguishing it from that of the preceding chapter, even as both Addams and Goldman share the reliance on motherhood as a trope. Rejecting the values her father, a Jewish immigrant, tried to impose on her, in her two-volume autobiography Goldman depicts how she converted, ideologically, to anarchism following the Chicago Haymarket Riot in 1886, then becoming one of the most notorious anarchist women in the United States. Ostman weaves in other writings by Goldman to account for the evolution of her thinking...

Changed Forever: American Boarding-School Literature by Arnold Krupat

Reviewed by: Changed Forever: American Boarding-School Literature by Arnold Krupat Lydia Presley Arnold Krupat, Changed Forever: American Boarding-School Literature, Volume 2. Albany: SUNY P, 2020. 436 pp. Hardcover, $95. Arnold Krupat’s second volume of American Indian boarding school scholarship builds on the strong foundation established with the publication in 2018 of the first volume by SUNY Press. This followup book comes at a time when we are seeing websites emerge with a view toward education, reconciliation, and healing. With the growing presence of these digital humanities projects, Krupat’s gathering and writing of additional stories from the boarding school [End Page 335] era is even more pressing and urgent. Changed Forever: American Boarding-School Literature, Volume 2 joins a conversation that is ongoing and timely, including books such as Denise K. Lajimodiere’s Stringing Rosaries: The History, the Unforgivable, and the Healing of Northern Plains American Indian Boarding School Survivors (2019), Sarah Klotz’s Writing Their Bodies: Restoring Rhetorical Relations at the Carlisle Indian School (2021), and Jacqueline Emery’s Recovering Native American Writings in the Boarding School Press (2018). In this second volume Krupat moves east from the first volume’s focus on the Navajo and Hopi boarding school experiences to focus now on Dakota and Ojibwe autobiographies and stories. In this expansion this volume joins the first to further provide a contextual, thorough examination of stories that re-story the whitewashed histories of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries about the education of American Indians. In this way Krupat addresses what Brenda Child has described as “a tension between history and memory” that exists “between the historical record and the ‘way in which American Indian people remember [boarding school] experience’” (xxiii). Through the compilation of these volumes Krupat summarizes and draws into focus the stories that he argues have become a “genre of the oral tradition” that “speak of a range of experiences” (xxv, xxvi). Volume 2 addresses seven Dakota autobiographies (Charles Eastman, Luther Standing Bear, Zitkala-Ša, Walter Littlemoon, Tim Giago, Lydia Whirlwind Soldier, and Mary Crow Dog), seven Ojibwe autobiographies (John Rogers, George Morrison, Peter Razor, Adam Fortunate Eagle, Dennis Banks, Jim Northrup, and Edna Manitowabi), and what Krupat labels as a “range” of seven autobiographies (Thomas Wildcat Alford, Joe Blackbear, Carl Sweezy, Ah-nen-la-de-ni, Esther Burnett Horne, Viola Martinez, and Reuben Snake). Also included are nineteen illustrations that display places, people, and moments in time represented in the texts covered. Like the first volume, Krupat continues to expand on tracing a “range of experiences” that reference “scenes of initiation or initiatory loci” and a “number of topoi.” Each discussion of the autobiographical texts traces back to these terms in a way that helps to open up understanding of the nuances of this genre of oral storytelling [End Page 336] and, in this way, Krupat contributes valuable knowledge for those interested in learning of the “range of experiences” from those who emerged from the United States Indian boarding school system. Additionally Krupat provides a much-needed gathering of autobiographical sources for the growing field of Indigenous boarding school studies. The accounts addressed in this volume provide a thorough discussion of the contents of each story and, as a result, contextualize the complexity of the range of accounts that emerge from each individual’s personal history of their time at the schools. This volume, along with the first, are valuable resources that not only address the historical times and places of events and relationships from the voices that experienced them but also looks at similarities in how those experiences interacted with both the places and items that surrounded the authors. In this way Krupat’s Changed Forever has established a place of significance in any collection that seeks to explore knowledge, reconciliation, and the stories of boarding school histories. Lydia Presley University of Nebraska–Lincoln Copyright © 2022 Western Literature Association

The Great Sioux Nation: Sitting in Judgment on America Roxanne DunbarOrtiz, Editor. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2013.

Great Sioux Nation: Sitting in Judgment on America Roxanne Dunbar Ortiz, Editor. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2013.The revised edition of Great Sioux Nation raises questions about not only the position of this sovereign nation within American borders but also about American political, legal, and cultural policies in contemporary and historical contexts. Clearly a product of the 1970s, a time of activism, anger, and political and cultural upheaval, this text bears witness to that change and contributes a verse that still resonates today for indigenous peoples. vast majority of the documents included are primary sources, such as witness testimony from the 1974 trial transcript in the case of the United States v. Consolidated Wounded Knee Cases on the motion to dismiss for want of jurisdiction, which was a hearing about the meaning of the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 and whether it gave the United States permission to strip the Sioux Nation of its sovereignty and land. In addition to this testimony, the editor includes the full Fort Laramie excerpts from the court's decision to deny the Sioux Nation their sovereignty, newspaper clippings of trial coverage, brief contextual and historical overviews by well-known Native American scholars, post-trial statements from the defendants' attorney, a glossary of important cultural terms such as treaty, sovereign, tribe, and traditional, a comprehensive bibliography designed to guide further study, and sectional interludes of poetic words by Henry Crow Dog, a traditional Sioux elder and witness. For scholars interested in the activism of the 1970s, Great Sioux Nation contextualizes the broader activist impulse, raises questions about these issues that in many ways remain unresolved, and emphasizes the struggle over land, sovereignty, and terminology.Texts analyzing America focus on broad shifts in culture, economics, and politics, such as America in the Seventies (2004), Seventies: Great Shift in American Culture, Society, and Politics (2001), and Stayin' Alive: and the Last Days of the Working Class (2010). Some books spotlight remnants of 1960s activism such as Hidden 1970s: Histories of Radicalism (2010), which happily includes three chapters on indigenous movements and decolonization efforts. Philip J. Deloria writes in the foreword to this new edition, The writing seems to cry out with anxieties about form and legitimacy and authority that also say something about the 1970s (v).The Great Sioux Nation starts to become less heated in word choice, calmer and equally assertive, but more positive as it progresses from the writings of Simon Ortiz, Vine Deloria, Jr. …

Judicial Review and Racial Minorities: The U.S. Case

This essay examines U.S. policy toward African-Americans, Asian residents of the U.S. and Native Americans in the first four decades after the equal protection clause was added to the U.S.Constitution in an attempt to answer the question, 'Did the institution of judicial review at the national level in fact render the U.S. Supreme Court more protective than were the electorally responsive branches of the national government toward the rights of racial minorities mistreated by local majorities (specifically, blacks, Asians, and Native Americans)?' It concludes that it is not correct to say, as many scholars do, that the U.S. Supreme Court buried Reconstruction.Reconstruction died because of a century-long campaign of intermittent violent insurgency in the South, launched by whites to subjugate black people. Eventually, significant numbers of northerners either came to agree that the South was justified or gave up opposing the intense resistance because it was politically and financially costly not to do so. The political branches turned their backs on Reconstruction. Similarly, the political branches drove the oppressive policies toward Native Americans and Asians (and were in turn driven by local or state-level political forces, as with oppression of blacks in the South). Although the Court would occasionally step in against administrators for inappropriate mistreatment (e.g., the Crow Dog or the Wong Kim Ark cases), it was loathe (perhaps understandably) to interfere with policy that combined Congressional and Presidential will toward these foreign or quasi-foreign peoples. In sum, the Court was not the oppressor of racial minorities in the 1865-1908 period, nor was it, except on rare occasions, their savior. This finding would perhaps disappoint Alexander Hamilton (himself a founding member of the NY Manumission Society), but it should perhaps not surprise us, in light of the fact that elected branches are the ones that select and approve nominations to the Supreme Court.

Encyclopedia of the Great Plains Indians

Until the last two centuries, the human landscapes of the Great Plains were shaped solely by Native Americans, and since then the region has continued to be defined by the enduring presence of its Indigenous peoples. The Encyclopedia of the Great Plains offers a sweeping overview, across time and space, of this story in 123 entries drawn from the acclaimed Encyclopedia of the Great Plains, together with 23 new entries focusing on contemporary Plains Indians, and many new photographs.Here are the peoples, places, processes, and events that have shaped lives of the Indians of the Great Plains from the beginnings of human habitation to the present not only yesterday s wars, treaties, and traditions but also today s tribal colleges, casinos, and legal battles. In addition to entries on familiar names from the past like Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, new entries on contemporary figures such as American Indian Movement spiritual leader Leonard Crow Dog and activists Russell Means and Leonard Peltier are included in the volume. Influential writer Vine Deloria Sr., Crow medicine woman Pretty Shield, Nakota blues-rock band Indigenous, and the Nebraska Indians baseball team are also among the entries in this comprehensive account. Anyone wanting to know about Plains Indians, past and present, will find this an authoritative and fascinating source.

Making Peace with Crow Dog's Ghost: Racialized Prosecution in Federal Indian Law

Making Peace with Crow Dog's Ghost: Racialized Prosecution in Federal Indian Law

Famous American crimes and trials

Famous American crimes and trials

Yellow Women and Leslie Marmon Silko's Feminism

Mary Crow Dog in her memoir Lakota Woman admires in passing the lifestyle of the Pueblo Indians, who, unlike her own people, the Lakota Sioux, had not been uprooted and herded onto reservations. She writes, I could not help noticing the great role women played in Pueblo society. Women owned the houses and actually built them. Children often got their mothers last name, not their father's. Some joined their mothers' clans (106). This picture of female eminence is confirmed in Leslie Marmon Silko's essay Yellow Woman and a Beauty of the Spirit, where she describes the building of houses Crow Dog refers to:

"Remember Wounded Knee": AIM's Use of Metonymy in 21st Century Protest

'Remember Wounded Knee': AIM's Use of Metonymy in 21st Century Protest" examines the American Indian Movement's call to remember the 1890 Big Foot massacre as a rhetorical move that produces a complex, multilayered palimpsest, as various incarnations of the words Wounded Knee function to define the course of protest for the American Indian Movement. Homi Bhabha's theory of metonymy playing an important role in "the social articulation of difference from the minority perspective" is especially useful for exploring how chance and contingency work in understanding American Indian history. Using as its primary source a collection of AIM's early 1970 documents, which are now available on the World Wide Web, along with the contemporary articulation of the American Indian Movement's purpose, this article traces the meaning of Wounded Knee as a pan-tribal generation of American Indian people attempt to recover an indigenous past while putting that past to work, defining the future.

Research in Western American Literature: 1999–2000

R e s e a r c h i n W e s t e r n A m e r i c a n L I T E R A T U R E : 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 J a n R o u s h What a difference a year makes. Last year I was writing to extol the vital­ ity of research in western American literature, noting especially the tremen­ dous growth in the field of nearly twelve times the yearly output ofstudies since the WLA began; this year I find that the output has dropped off by nearly a hundred, and I am hard-pressed to determine why. The research is still inter­ disciplinary in nature, reflecting both breadth and depth in subjects that focus on many aspects of the West. To try to make some sense of what is happening, Idecided to plug the numbers into the chart I devised last year to illustrate how interdisciplinary research in the field has become. The results, as displayed below, are interesting. RESEARCH COMPARISON PER DISCIPLINE: 1 9 9 9 /2 0 0 0 Discipline M .A. 1999 M .A. 2000 Ph.D. 1999 Ph.D. : American Literature 7 18 84 41 American Studies 5 8 3 Anthropology/Archaeology 3 2 Art History 3 7 2 2 Canadian History 2 2 Canadian Literature 7 1 Canadian Studies 3 Cinema 3 1 Comparative Literature 1 1 9 2 Cultural Anthropology 6 5 20 6 Dance 1 Fine Arts 1 Geography 2 1 1 Linguistics 2 3 1 1 Mass Communications 1 Modern Literature 3 2 5 Music 1 1 Rhetoric and Composition 3 1 Theater 2 1 3 U.S. History 7 16 48 15 Women’s Studies 2 1 J a n Ro u s h 4 5 3 Traditionally, the subject areas that generate the most studies about the West are American literature and U.S. history. Yet, it is these subject areas that fell off the most, about two-thirds and one-half as many, respectively. The research generally follows the trends I have noted before: increasing emphasis in interdisciplinary studies with a heavy preponderance of Native American topics—over sixty different studies this year ranging from analyses of individual authors to issues having to do with assimilation and hybridity. Distant seconds included topics concerning wilderness, landscape and travel/nature writ­ ing, gender, “others” (Chicano/a, Asian American, mulattos). It is perhaps this emphasis on “other” that leads to an examination of identity in so many forms: performance and identity, theatricality and identity, food and identity, dance and identity, yielding such interesting titles as “Tucson Eat Yourself: Food, Ethnicity, and the Substantiation of Identity”; “Dancing Identity: Gwich’in Indigenous Dance as Articulation of Identity”; or “Mutton in the Melting Pot: Food as Symbols of Communication Reflecting, Transmitting, and Creating Cultural Identity among Urban Navajos.” Closely related are studies redefining frontiers or borders such as “Life on the Border: Cyberspace and the Frontier in Historical Perspective.” New this year are themes of domesticity or family, enough of them to rate noting their existence, many focused on mother-daughter or father-son relationships in works by individual authors, as in “Matrilineaology: MotherDaughter Relationships in Contemporary Fiction,” which examines such rela­ tionships inLouise Erdrich’s BeetQueen and Amy Tan’sJoy Luck Club. One other new item deserves a footnote, though there is not yet enough information to determine what direction it is going: an interest in narrative structure—the use of silences or narrative versus fiction. This year, the only individual author to stand out significantly was Willa Cather, with fourteen studies examining various aspects of her works. The next closest was Louise Erdrich, who generated six studies. More significant were the sheer numbers and varieties of individual authors mentioned, many, like Edna Ferber or Mary Crow Dog, rarely ever studied. Of these studies concern­ ing individual authors, most explore contemporary authors and many examine topics that have come to dominate western American literature, notably issues pertaining to ethnicity and identity or nature and the environment. Also notable was the number of studies concerning authors found on bestseller lists around the country: Tony Hillerman, TomRobbins...

“The Defendant Has Seemed to Live a Charmed Life”: Hopt v. Utah: Territorial Justice, The Supreme Court of the United States, and Late Nineteenth-Century Death Penalty Jurisprudence

“The Defendant Has Seemed to Live a Charmed Life”: Hopt v. Utah: Territorial Justice, The Supreme Court of the United States, and Late Nineteenth-Century Death Penalty Jurisprudence SIDNEY L. HARRING and KATHRYN SWEDLOW Introduction On March 7, 1887, the Supreme Court of the United States decided Fred Hopt’s fourth ap­ peal to that Court.2 The Utah Territory murderer’s conviction had been reversed three times over seven years—his “charmed life”—but this time both his luck and his legal argument had run out: his fourth conviction was upheld. Justice Stephen J. Field dismissed Hopt’s four major claims: that several members of the jury were improperly seated in spite of bias; that a doctor’s evidence of cause of death was beyond the scope of his expertise; that the trial judge’s “reason­ able doubt” jury instruction was inadequate; and that the prosecutor’s reference to the “many times the case had been before the courts” was prejudicial.3 Five months later, on August 11, Hopt was executed by a firing squad in the yard of the Utah Penitentiary.4 Hopt was only one of over two thousand convicted criminals, mostly murderers, who were legally executed in the United States in the two decades between 1880 and 1900.5 However, his defense team of court-appointed Salt Lake City lawyers had kept him alive for seven years. During that time he had fourjury trials, four appeals to the Supreme Court of Utah Territory, and four appeals to the Supreme Court of the United States.6 He is the only death penalty litigant ever to be the subject of four full opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States.7 While death penalty appeals are in one sense only a small subset of criminal appeals, the fact that “death is different” means such appeals involve both a unique body of legal doctrine and a distinct cultural meaning. The Rehnquist Court is not the first Supreme Court to face a substantial workload of death penalty appeals.8 That distinction falls to the Supreme Court of the 1880s and early 1890s, headed first by Chief Justice Morrison R. Waite and, after 1888, by Melville W. Fuller.9 These are among the most conservative of the HOPT K UTAH 41 Supreme Courts of the United States, for a number of reasons.10 Their role in burying the Civil Rights Amendments suffices to warrant that label.11 Not only did Waite himself write opinions in United States v. Cruikshank12 and United States v. Reese13 limiting the reach of the Civil Rights Acts, he also wrote Minor v. Happersett denying voting rights to women on the ground that suffrage was not a right protected by the Fourteenth Amendment.14 The seven to one vote in Plessy v. Ferguson has forever put the Fuller Court in the same reactionary camp on civil rights issues.15 These same Courts, however, produced a substantial death penalty jurisprudence that is remarkable and apparently inconsistent with the rest of their work. There was little federal criminal law jurisprudence in the late nine­ teenth century. The meaning of the constitu­ tion in the area of criminal law and criminal procedure was completely unestablished; each case broke new ground.16 One hundred and fifty-one death penalty appeals reached the Supreme Court of the United States between 1875 and 1900, and 60% of those appeals led to reversals.17 Given the place of “law and order” on the conservative agenda of the 1880s and 1890s, this record is remarkable. Legal scholars, who have written exhaustively on late nineteenth-century Supreme Court ju­ risprudence—for example, sixty articles on the complex constitutional property rights case Pennoyer v. Neff13 alone—have largely ignored these cases. While the Fuller Court bore the brunt of these appeals due to changes in the law offed­ eral criminal appeals and heard 136 such cases by 1900, the Waite Court was the actual source of much of thisjurisprudence, deciding sixteen death penalty cases between 1876 and 1888, of which it reversed nine and affirmed seven. These included some very important cases that still have meaning today. Two, Ex parte Crow Dog and U.S. v...

The Nadir of Native American Sovereignty

Tribal sovereignty has always been the central and most perplexing issue in federal policy. Almost every problem that faced, or faces, Native Americans-property ownership, mineral and water rights, and civil jurisdiction, self-government-have all hinged on the federal government's conception of the powers maintained by tribal governments and the federal courts' interpretation of the proper relationship among the national government, the states, and the Native American nations. Rather than remaining static, the scope of tribal sovereignty expanded and contracted with epochal changes in the federal government's vision of the place of Indians in American society. Characterized by federal judge Philip Nichols, Jr. as one of the blackest days in the history of the American Indian (p. 71), Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock was the nadir of tribal sovereignty and the culmination of the late-nineteenth-century attack by the federal legislature and judiciary on Native American political and legal rights. Charles E Wilkinson (American Indians, Time, and the Law: Native Societies in a Modern Constitutional Democracy, 1987) defined sovereignty as the power of a people to make governmental arrangements to protect and limit personal liberty by social control and demonstrated how pervasively changes in the Supreme Court's interpretation of this intangible influenced Native American lives (pp. 54-55). Yet, surprisingly few monographs have studied the major cases that affected the realm of Native American tribal powers and individual rights as singular objects. Although law libraries remain sadly bereft of detailed works on the important cases of the twentieth century, legal historians have recently and quickly closed the gap in the literature on the nineteenth-century decisions. For instance, in 1994 Sidney J. Harring published Crow Dog's Case: American Sovereignty, Tribal Law, and United States Law in the Nineteenth Century, in which he described the transition in the federal government's treatment of criminal violations on the reservation from self-policing (Ex Parte

Sidney L. Harring, Crow Dog's Case: American Indian Sovereignty, Tribal Law, and United States Law in the Nineteenth Century, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. vii + 301. $54.95 cloth; $17.95 paper (ISBN 0-521-41563-2 cloth; 0-521-46716-0 paper).

Sidney L. Harring, Crow Dog's Case: American Indian Sovereignty, Tribal Law, and United States Law in the Nineteenth Century, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. vii + 301. 17.95 paper (ISBN 0-521-41563-2 cloth; 0-521-46716-0 paper). - Volume 14 Issue 2

Crow Dog's Case: American Indian Sovereignty, Tribal Law, and United States Law in the Nineteenth Century.

Crow Dog's Case: American Indian Sovereignty, Tribal Law, and United States Law in the Nineteenth Century.

Crow Dog's Case: American Indian Sovereignty, Tribal Law, and United States Law in the Nineteenth Century

Crow Dog's Case: American Indian Sovereignty, Tribal Law, and United States Law in the Nineteenth Century

Crow Dog's case: American Indian sovereignty, tribal law, and United States law in the nineteenth century

Preface 1. Quantum physics 2. Which way are the photons pointing? 3. What can be hidden in a pair of photons? 4. Wonderful Copenhagen? 5. Is it all in the mind? 6. Many worlds 7. Is it a matter of size? 8. Backwards and forwards 9. Only one way forward? 10. Illusion or reality? Further reading Index.

The Visions of Luciano Perez, Contemporary Native American Shaman

This paper presents an interview on the visions of the contemporary Native American shaman Luciano Perez. Born of southern Mexican Indian (P'urepecha) ancestry in Laredo, Texas, on 31 December 1950, he was trained in shamanic practice by the Lakota Sioux spiritual leader Leonard Crow Dog. He begins the interview with general comments on visions, how he experiences them and how they have matured him as a visionary providing him with spirit contact, revelation and power. He then remembers visions in childhood of the 'little people' and of hearing voices calling him. His first adult experience was a revelatory vision at the beginning of his spiritual quest (1973). Finally, he reports a healing vision from 1989 in a chiropractor's office where he sought medical help for severe back pain.

Crow Dog's Case: A Chapter in the Legal History of Tribal Sovereignty

Crow Dog's Case: A Chapter in the Legal History of Tribal Sovereignty