Crossover Theory Research Articles

The relationship between workplace bullying and family functioning: A systematic review.

While the occupational and health-related consequences of workplace bullying have received extensive research attention, the effects of workplace bullying on the family domain have been largely ignored. Based on the PRISMA framework, the Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and PubMed databases were searched up to May 12, 2024, for articles on associations between workplace bullying and family functioning. A total of 1347 articles were identified, of which 37 were found after review to meet the criteria for inclusion. All the included studies found a direct or indirect association between workplace bullying and family functioning. Most studies are grounded in the conservation of resources (COR) theory, spillover theory, crossover theory, and work-family interface model. Negative affect (emotions), work-family conflict (WFC), and burnout were considered essential mechanisms explaining the links between workplace bullying and family functioning, with personal resources (demands) as the main moderators. Most studies focus on the one-way impact of workplace bullying on family functioning, mainly using cross-sectional, non-randomized self-report designs. Future research will benefit from using a longitudinal design, continued characterization of the workplace bullying-family functioning relationship, including its nature, direction, processes, and boundary conditions in various industrial and cultural contexts, together with the use of models for the integration of research findings.

Test for BCS-BEC crossover in the cuprate superconductors

AbstractIn this paper we address the question of whether high-temperature superconductors have anything in common with BCS-BEC crossover theory. Towards this goal, we present a proposal and related predictions which provide a concrete test for the applicability of this theoretical framework. These predictions characterize the behavior of the Ginzburg-Landau coherence length, $${\xi }_{0}^{{{{\rm{coh}}}}}$$ ξ 0 coh , near the transition temperature Tc, and across the entire superconducting Tc dome in the phase diagram. That we are lacking a systematic characterization of $${\xi }_{0}^{{{{\rm{coh}}}}}$$ ξ 0 coh in the entire class of cuprate superconductors is perhaps surprising, as it is one of the most fundamental properties of any superconductor. This paper is written to motivate further experiments and, thus, address this shortcoming. Here we show how measurements of $${\xi }_{0}^{{{{\rm{coh}}}}}$$ ξ 0 coh contain direct indications for whether or not the cuprates are associated with BCS-BEC crossover and, if so, where within the crossover spectrum a particular superconductor lies.

A breath of toxic air: The relationship between appraised air pollution, abusive supervision, and laissez-faire leadership through the dual-mediating pathways of negative affect and somatic complaints.

Air pollution has become a global public health hazard leading to debilitating effects on physical, mental, and emotional health. Management research has just begun to explore the effects of air pollution on employees' work life. Drawing from the transactional theory of stress (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) and crossover theory (Westman, 2001), we argue that appraisal of air pollution is an important factor that influences leaders and their behavior with subordinates. Specifically, we propose that when leaders appraise severe air pollution, they are more likely to behave abusively toward their subordinates and engage in laissez-faire leadership. We also propose that this relationship is mediated by leaders' experience of somatic complaints and negative affect. We test our model using an experience sampling study in India of leaders and followers who were located in different cities from each other. Overall, our results highlight how air pollution appraisals can harm not only the leader experiencing the pollution but also subordinates of those leaders. In other words, our counterintuitive finding is that subordinates may be harmed by air pollution to which they are not even directly exposed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Magnetic properties of a europium(III) complex - possible multiplet crossover.

A dinuclear complex [(H2O)Zn(LH)Eu(NO3)3] containing a hexadentate Schiff-base {N2O4}-donor ligand LH2- was prepared and characterized by X-ray structural analysis and IR, electronic and fluorescence spectroscopy. DC magnetic data show that upon heating the diamagnetic complex with the ground state Eu(III)-7F0 and Zn(II)-1S switches to paramagnetic species due to the population of 7FJ (J = 1 to 6) magnetic multiplets. The magnetic susceptibility increases from zero, passes through a maximum, and then decreases upon heating. This behaviour can be explained using a spin-orbit Hamiltonian with an axial distortion term. There is an alternative interpretation of the susceptibility data based on a two-level model similar to that used in the spin crossover theory.

International business travel: a review of theory and research

PurposeThe goals of this review are to identify key theories, constructs and themes in the international business travel (IBT) literature and to propose a model based on findings, theories and constructs drawn from adjacent research literature.Design/methodology/approachThe authors reviewed the business travel (BT) literature to identify conceptual and empirical articles on IBT published from 1990 to 2022. Only 53 publications were suitable for review. The authors reviewed them using an open coding system.FindingsThe IBT literature is dispersed across several disciplines that use different methods, focus on different aspects of travel and emphasize different positive and negative outcomes that IBT engenders. The publications employed a diverse range of methods, including review and conceptual (11), quantitative (28) and qualitative methods (14). The samples were diverse in country, age, marital status and tenure. Many publications were descriptive and exploratory. The few that based their research on theory focused on two stress theories: Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) theory and conservation of resources (COR) theory.Research limitations/implicationsExperimental and longitudinal designs are needed to reduce the causal ambiguity of this body of mostly correlational and cross-sectional research. The authors discuss the impact of emerging advances in virtual global communication technology on the future of IBT.Practical implicationsMore research is needed on positive aspects of IBT. Human resource (HR) people should be aware of these issues and are encouraged to decrease the deleterious aspects of the international trips and increase the positive ones.Social implicationsIncreasing well-being of international business travelers is important for the travelers, their families and the organization.Originality/valueThis is the first IBT review focused on the theoretical underpinnings of research in the field. The authors offer a model for IBT and introduce adjustment and performance as important constructs in IBT research. The authors encompass crossover theory to add the reciprocal impact of travelers and spouses and label IBT a “double-edge sword” because it arouses both positive and negative outcomes.

Crossover of Engagement Among Academic Staff and Students During COVID-19.

Globally, the pandemic had adverse consequences on the engagement and overall well-being of individuals. From a positive psychological perspective, this study drew on processes of social exchange, Kahn's theory on personal engagement and crossover theory, to explore the impact of mutual influences among academic staff and students on the engagement of both parties. Subsequently, the study explored the positive outcomes of engagement for both academic staff and students. Purposive, non-probability sampling was used, and cross-sectional data were collected through electronic surveys. The sample consisted of a total of 1594 students who were nested within 160 academic staff members. Findings highlighted the influence of interpersonal factors such as high student leader-member exchange on student engagement and the impact of students' lack of reciprocity on the emotional engagement of academic staff. Findings further revealed that student engagement was positively related to a deep-learning approach and negatively related to a surface-learning approach. Furthermore, this study found a positive significant association between the emotional engagement and the psychological well-being of academic staff. Against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic and to reduce the negative psychological and behavioural challenges resulting from the pandemic, this research intended to inform policy-makers in higher education of the impact that mutual influences among academic staff and students have on their engagement and the benefits of engagement in cultivating a culture of life-long learning among students and improving the psychological well-being of academic staff.

A meta-analysis on the crossover of workplace traumatic stress symptoms between partners.

Workers who are exposed to severe situations such as death, harassment, and others' suffering at work are vulnerable to symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and severe distress. This distress may extend to their intimate partners, despite their lack of firsthand experience with the traumatic stressors. Although theory and empirical research suggest that employees' traumatic distress can transmit to their partners, the magnitude of these effects and when, how, and why intimate partners develop secondary traumatic symptoms and distress are not as clear. Drawing from crossover theory as an organizing framework (Westman, 2001), our meta-analysis of 276 articles indicates that the relationship between employee PTSD/distress and spouse PTSD/distress is as strong as the relationship between employee trauma exposure and employee PTSD/distress (ρ = .26), suggesting that workers' PTSD/distress is as distressing for partners as the traumatic stressors are for workers encountering them firsthand. Our moderation tests further revealed that the trauma-exposed workers' vulnerability to traumatic stress symptoms was stronger in military than in nonmilitary settings, whereas the extent to which their symptoms crossover to their intimate partners did not vary across occupations. Mediation tests suggest that traumatic stress crossover is partially explained by the worsened quality of the couple's relationship (e.g., increased social support burden and undermining), consistent with the crossover via couple interaction explanation in crossover theory. On the other hand, there was mixed support for the mediating role of the partner's empathy, indicating further research and clarification are needed. Implications for crossover theory and practice are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Creating resource passageways in cross-cultural virtual work teams: a longitudinal field study

PurposeLens of conservation of resources (COR) theory has been used to study how organizations can create resource passageways for their employees via managers. This has been examined in cross-cultural virtual work teams distributed across time and space within the high-resource loss context of the COVID-19 pandemic.Design/methodology/approachLongitudinal field design was used in a transnational organization involving data collection at three times over eight months. At Time 1, qualitative methodology was used to propose a conceptual model. At Time 2 and Time 3, an online survey was used to collect data for 205 virtual work teams across 10 countries in the Asia–Pacific region pre and post “manager as coach” training respectively.FindingsUsing COR theory, the study highlights that “manager as coach” training is an effective resource for managers in the high resource depletion context of the pandemic. Access to timely support increases saliency for the resource-gain spiral and has a cross-over impact on virtual work team outcomes suggesting transferability of resources from managers to subordinates. Also, managers across all nationalities view coaching training as an equally valuable resource.Practical implicationsThe study provides evidence for investment in timely and relevant support for managers to positively and swiftly impact virtual work teams during high-resource loss contexts.Originality/valueThe study expands COR crossover theory across space and time dimensions using a longitudinal field research design.

Leaders' Role in Shaping Followers' Well-Being: Crossover in a Sample of Nurses.

The link between well-being at work and leadership has received considerable attention. Leaders have the power to influence followers not only due to formal position, but also their positive behaviors could reinforce the followers' positive working experience. Following the crossover model (Westman, 2001), this study investigates whether leaders' work-related positive psychological states (i.e., work engagement) cross over to those of the followers (i.e., work engagement and job satisfaction) through the mediation of the latter's perception of transformational leadership. We used MPlus 8 to test two multilevel mediations in a sample of 1505 nurses nested in 143 groups led by as many leaders (87.19% of nurses and 56.50% of head nurses of the entire population). Results show that while there is not a crossover of leader work engagement to nurse work engagement, manager work engagement can cross over to nurse job satisfaction, enhancing their well-being through transformational leadership behaviors. This study adds further insights both on crossover theory and on the importance of leaders in expanding and transferring resources to followers at work. Fostering work engagement at a managerial level in the healthcare sector could be the driver to facilitate the well-being of nurses at work, address negative outcomes, and promote positive ones.

The Influence of Advice and Friendship Ties on Self-Compassion Crossover in Police Platoon Networks

Suffering is an inevitable aspect of employees’ professional lives, particularly for those in demanding and stressful occupations, such as policing. One way to combat employee suffering is through the practice of self-compassion. Traditionally conceptualized as a trait, researchers have discovered much about the benefits and outcomes of self-compassion. However, recent studies have shown that self-compassion can be more malleable, and as a result, we know much less about what may lead to self-compassionate states. In this study, we adopt the view of self-compassion as a state and investigate how an employees’ social context may affect their self-compassion. Specifically, we draw from crossover theory to examine how employees’ relationships (advice and friendship ties) and structure (group similarity) influence their similarity in self-compassion. We conducted a social network analysis among police officers in various platoons. Results of this study show that employees have similar self-compassion levels to those they share advice ties with, but dissimilar to those with whom they share friendship ties. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

Superconductor superfluid density from the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer/Bose crossover theory

The superfluid density n_{s}(T) of a superconductor is calculated based on the generalized Bose–Einstein condensation (GBEC) theory that addresses a fully-interacting ternary boson-fermion gas mixture of free electrons as fermions, plus two-electron Cooper pairs (2eCPs) and also, explicitly, two-hole Cooper pairs (2hCPs), both as bosons. Here we consider two special cases (i) 100%–0% (i.e., with no condensed 2hCPs) and (ii) 0%–100% (i.e., with no condensed 2eCPs). Subsumed in GBEC are the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) and Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) theories along with the BCS-BEC crossover theory extended with 2hCPs. We find that in the weak-coupling regime n_{s}(0) agrees with data from the Uemura et al. (2004) graph for several elemental SCs by taking in 3D with a quadratic energy-dispersion relation while in 2D with a linear relation are much too far below the data. In the strong-coupling regime the linear behavior of critical temperature T_{c} vs n_{s}(0) obtained here is just as Božović et al. (2016) found. However, in 2D with a linear relation accounting for 0%–100%, n_{s}(T)/n_{s}(0) compares well with some high-T_{c}-cuprate SC data between the two coupling regimes.

High-pressure effects on basal-plane conductivity of YPrBCO single crystals

Influence of high hydrostatic pressure up to 12 kbar on the basal-plane electrical resistance of Y1−xPrxBa2Cu3O7−δ single crystals is investigated for moderate Pr doping levels (x ≈ 0.23). The application of high pressure leads to a threefold increase of the derivative dTc/dP in comparison with optimally-doped YBCO single crystals. Possible mechanisms of Tc suppression are discussed with account for features in the electronic spectrum of charge carriers, typical for lattices with strong coupling. The excess conductivity Δσ(T) obeys an exponential temperature dependence in the broad temperature range Tf < T < T*. The dependence Δσ(T)∼(1−T/T*)exp(Δab*/T) is interpreted in terms of the mean-field theory, where T* is the mean-field temperature of transition to the pseudogap state and the temperature dependence of the pseudogap is described satisfactory within the BCS-BEC crossover theory. All in all, an increase of the pressure results in a narrowing of the pseudogap temperature interval, expanding the temperature range of resistance linear dependence.

Empirical Study of Large-Scale HLA Simulation of Parallel Region-Matching Knowledge Recognition Algorithm Based on Region Matching.

Most of the existing region-matching algorithms need to match all regions, resulting in a waste of computing resources, increasing the cost of simulation technology and data redundancy, and resulting in the reduction of network data stream transmission efficiency. This paper presents a parallel region-matching knowledge recognition algorithm. Combined with the shortcomings of existing matching algorithms, a simulation technology is constructed to realize the parallel matching of multiple regions in HLA distributed simulation. The algorithm can realize the parallel matching calculation of multiple changed regions in one simulation. At the same time, the basic idea based on mobile intersection is adopted in the matching calculation, and the historical information before and after the region range is moved is used. The matching is limited to the moving interval, and the moving crossover theory is applied to the matching calculation to realize the relevant historical information before and after the region. Simulation results show that the parallel region-matching knowledge recognition algorithm can support HLA distributed simulation evaluation. In the matching calculation, the basic idea based on moving intersection is adopted, and the matching is limited to the moving interval by using the historical information before and after the region is moved, which reduces a large number of irrelevant calculations. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the algorithm is particularly suitable for the application needs of building large-scale distributed simulation based on multi-core computing platform.

The Boss's Long Arm: The Differential Impact of Authoritarian and Benevolent Leadership on Spousal Family Satisfaction.

The extant studies on leadership are replete with employee, coworker, and leader outcomes, however, research is still nascent on leadership’s crossover into employees’ family members’ lives. To examine leadership’s impact on the work–family interface, we draw on conservation of resources theory (COR) and crossover theory and investigate how authoritarian leadership and benevolent leadership affect spousal family satisfaction. We examine the mediating influence of work–family conflict (WFC) and work-family facilitation (WFF), and the moderating impact of spouses’ need for control. Our model was tested with multisource, mutiwave data from 207 Chinese married dyads. The results suggest that, as expected, the positive relationship between benevolent leadership and spousal family satisfaction is fully mediated by WFF, and the negative relationship between authoritarian leadership and spousal family satisfaction is fully mediated by WFC. Findings further suggest that the negative relationship between employee WFC and spousal family satisfaction is stronger for spouses with a higher need for control. Thus, authoritarian leadership, through its negative influence on WFC appears to be universally detrimental for spousal family satisfaction, however, even more so for spouses with a higher need for control. These results underscore the importance of acknowledging leadership’s impact at work reaching far beyond the job incumbent.

Thermodynamic properties in the extended BCS-Bose crossover theory

Superconductivity in a generalized Bose-Einstein condensation theory is addressed. This theory contains three coupled transcendental equations for all temperatures: two gap-like equations and a particle number density equation that guarantees charge conservation. Here we explore the special case of an extended BCS-Bose crossover picture as two-hole Cooper pairs are explicitly included. Using the dimensionless coupling parameter n/nf where n is the total electron number density and nf that of unpaired electrons at zero absolute temperature, we solved the three associated coupled equations yielding two pure Bose-Einstein-condensation phases of two-electron Cooper pairs and/or of two-hole Cooper pairs plus a mixed phase with varying proportions of both kinds of pairs. We find that the mere inclusion of two-hole Cooper pairs can lead to critical temperatures enhanced by several orders of magnitude compared with BCS theory. We also found a weak-intermediate and strong-coupling regimes. Afterwards, we calculated the entropy within the BCS-Bose crossover theory and from the numerical derivative of the entropy we analysed the rest of the well-known thermodynamic quantities that can be compared with experimental data. Results fit better for elemental superconductors, suggesting that two-hole Cooper pairs might be indispensable to describe this kind of materials.

The Unprecedented Lockdown: The consequences of job loss

Abstract Various studies have analyzed employees’ perceptions with regards to voluntary turnover and very few studies have attempted to identify and assess the consequences of involuntary turnover on the employees. Thus, this study attempts at analyzing the consequences of any potential involuntary turnover on employees that can take place as a response to the economic crisis that will occur with the COVID-19 pandemic. Factors like role overload, job stress, occupational burnout and Work Family Conflict (WFC) has been identified as the resulting effects of any job losses. Significant and positive relationship was recorded among variables and the relationship between involuntary turnover and WFC and between job stress and WFC were rejected. The Conservation of Resources theory (COR) and the Spillover and Crossover theory were used to better understand the complexities of the matter. The limitations and future work prospects have also been discussed.

Does work passion influence prosocial behaviors at work and home? Examining the underlying work–family mechanisms

SummaryIntegrating job demands‐resources theory (Bakker &amp; Demerouti, 2014, 2017) and crossover theory (Westman, 2001), this study examines the differential effects of two types of work passion, harmonious and obsessive, on both employees' and spouses' prosocial behavior: organizational citizenship and family citizenship behavior. We propose that these relationships are mediated by two contrasting paths through employees' work–family enrichment and conflict, as well as their own and their spouses' work–family balance. By sampling 400 pairs of dual‐earner couples in the United States at two time points, we tested the model using structural equation modeling. Our findings supported that harmonious work passion, working through job demands‐resources theory's motivational path, increased employees' organizational and family citizenship behavior via work–family enrichment and work–family balance; obsessive work passion, working through job demands‐resources theory's impairment path, decreased employees' organizational and family citizenship behavior through work–family conflict and work–family balance. Moreover, the results supported crossover effects such that employees' harmonious and obsessive work passion had similar effects on spouses' organizational and family citizenship behaviors through employees' work–family interface as well as crossover effects of work–family balance between employees and spouses.

Expatriate work role engagement and the work–family interface: A conditional crossover and spillover perspective

How intertwined are expatriates with their families? And what makes some expatriates better than others at leveraging positive or compensating for negative influences from their family life? Drawing on conservation of resources, crossover and spillover theories, we examine when partner family role adjustment influences expatriates’ family experiences, and how and when these experiences translate into expatriate work role engagement. Using data from 105 expatriate–partner dyads at two time points, we establish the key personal resource of general self-efficacy as a boundary condition for crossover and spillover. We find that expatriates with high self-efficacy experience no crossover between partner family role adjustment and expatriate family role adjustment, and positive spillover between their family role engagement and their work role engagement. By contrast, expatriates with low self-efficacy experience strong crossover between partner family role adjustment and expatriate family role adjustment, and negative spillover between their family role engagement and work role engagement. Our results suggest that the way in which the family domain influences expatriate work role engagement depends on general self-efficacy. We contribute to conservation of resources, crossover and spillover theories, and the work–family interface during expatriation. Our results also pinpoint organizational interventions to improve expatriates’ work role engagement.

What a week! A moderated‐mediation crossover model for daily boundary violations at home and partner evening affect

Increasingly blurred boundaries allow work to breach home borders, disrupting personal tasks and goals which feel like violations to employees and thereby may trigger affective strain responses. Yet, the potential adverse effects of boundary violations at home on partner affective strain remains unexplored. Based on affective events and crossover theories, we considered the occurrence of violations at home as work-related stressors originating at home and thereafter evoking emotional strain in partners through employees' own affective strain response. Based on the differential reactivity model, we expected employee affective strain responses to boundary violations at home and subsequent emotional transmission to partners would be exacerbated during a period (i.e., one week) of high emotional strain when employees and partners are hyper-responsive to their home environments. Event data were collected for seven days from 69 employees and partners for 483 data points. Since the occurrence of homebound violations and associated effects on employees and partners likely fluctuates daily, a multilevel two-stage moderated-mediation model was tested. Results showed indirect effects of violations on partner affective strain through employee affective strain, with a backdrop of high emotional strain for the week moderating the affective event and crossover processes. Implications for scholars and organizations are discussed.

Relationship between mindfulness and general health among couples in Mainland China: A crossover perspective

RationalePrevious research has indicated that mindfulness can be beneficial both intrapersonally and interpersonally. Although mindfulness has been shown to improve an individual's health, much less is known about whether these health benefits extend to the individual's spouse. ObjectiveThe present study aims to establish a crossover model to expound ''how'' and ''why'' mindfulness might be associated with both the individual's and the spouse's general health. MethodsIn total, 319 married couples in Mainland China participated in a two-wave survey study with a 3-month interval. The hypotheses were tested by Structural Equation Modeling. ResultsAs expected, mindfulness was positively correlated with personal general health through decreases in perceived social undermining. However, mindfulness had an asymmetrical crossover effect on spouses' general health. Whereas wives' mindfulness had significant benefits for husbands' general health, husbands' mindfulness was not a significant protective factor of wives' general health. The benefits of wives' mindfulness on husbands' general health were mediated by the direct crossover of lower perceived social undermining from wives to husbands. ConclusionsThis study is the first to investigate the relationship between mindfulness and general health at the couple level. Our findings help clarify the benefits of mindfulness on couples' health management from a systemic perspective and provide further support for the crossover theory.