Crossing Borders Research Articles

Effect of cross-border migration on the healthcare system of a destination community: Insights from mathematical modelling of COVID-19 in a developing country

The movement of persons during the pandemic has played a significant role in increasing the disease transmission rates as well as the spread of COVID-19 variants from one region to another. Although, strict restrictions on movement of persons across borders had been imposed early on in the pandemic, countries had to open up their borders to travel as a way of trying to resuscitate their economies that were declining due to closure of businesses and restriction on both local and international travel. Although the lifting of travel bans was done under strict regulations, there has since been a spike in the number of infection cases and spread of virus variants. These increases have certainly put a lot of strain on the rather limited resources allocated to fighting COVID-19 in most regions including the Eastern and Southern Africa. In this manuscript, we examine the potential role played by cross-border movements on the number of detected cases in a developing country. Here, we consider cases where persons cross borders through either designated controlled border points with proper facilitation for screening and detection of potentially infected cases, as well as border crossings through ungazatted points. The persons crossing borders are considered to be either susceptible, exposed or infected with no or mild symptom. A mathematical model was formulated to cater for the aforementioned classifications as well as additional important dynamics related to the disease. The behaviour of solutions for the model is determined and the conditions for existence of the disease free equilibrium as well as the disease persistent equilibrium ascertained. Finally, a dynamically consistent nonstandard finite difference scheme is proposed to replicate the properties of the continuous model. The baseline model was fitted to data of two waves, parameter values were determined and used to obtain numerical results. Our results show that, an increase in cross border movement can result in an increase in the number of detected cases. We observed that if the number of persons who cross-border points while positive for COVID-19 is reduced by 60%, the total number of detected cases can be reduced by up to 58%. In addition, an 83% increase in immigration of exposed persons can increase the disease burden in a destination country by at least 14%. These results justify border points closures during a pandemic or imposing very stringent measure across borders to curtail the importation of positive cases in a country.

From the exotic to the everyday: The Avocado crossing borders via cyberspace

With the globalization of food sales and consumption, exotic foods are now regularly crossing geographical and cultural borders and moving into local areas. This process is attracting ever-increasing attention from academics. Taking avocado consumption presented on Sina Weibo as an example, this research analyzes avocado related user-generated content on Sina Weibo over three years– 2013, 2015, and 2017– and employs topic modeling and semantic network methods to obtain the mechanism by which exotic food cross borders to appear in local consumers' daily food choices. Two specific links are explored: online information dissemination and offline daily consumption. The result indicates that a selective geographical narrative and framework for avocado information influence local consumers' choice of exotic foods according to three aspects: edibility, accessibility, and acceptability. For local consumers, the avocado is now connected with local objects and spaces, gradually transforming from a novelty to functional daily food and from low to high-frequency consumption to high-frequency consumption, escaping the marginal and penetrating into the core cultural context and completing the process of embedment into the everyday. This study refutes the assertion that “globalized diets bring about homogenized diets,” explores the mechanism of influence by which information dissemination in cyberspace affects cultural borders, complements the study of food consumption in Southern countries, and provides new thoughts on the theoretical and practical exploration of food globalization from the perspective of food geography.

Film adaptations crossing borders: The reception of Spanish literature in the United States through film

A growing body of research has been devoted to examining the parallels between translation and film adaptation. Given these parallels and the role of translation in intercultural exchange, this paper aims to explore the role of film adaptation as another possible means of exchange, i.e. how literature crosses borders through film adaptations. To do so, it will draw upon the case of Spanish literary works (i.e., from the nation of Spain) that have been present in the United States as both film adaptations and literary translations. This will be done by analyzing a corpus of Spanish films that have been imported into the United States as both film adaptations and literary translations between the years 1895 and 2018. Theoretical tools from the Polysystem theory will be used to examine the characteristics of these films, their corresponding literary works, and the combinations arising from their importation. Seven main patterns governing the relationship between film adaptation and literary translation will be revealed and briefly illustrated.

City and Industry: How to Cross Borders? Learning From Innovative Company Site Transformations

While working and living coexisted in the historical city, the functions are separated in the Modernist city. Recently, the idea of connected urban districts with short distances and attractive work spaces have received renewed attention from companies and planners alike, as soft site factors, tacit knowledge, and local production are gaining importance. In this article we focus on the development of multi-national company sites and the economic and spatial conditions that encourage them to transform existing sites, improve placemaking, and cross borders. We also have a look at their interactive influence on the neighbourhood. We talked to the real estate managers of BASF, BMW, Bosch, Siemens, and Trumpf about site development strategies and approaches for connecting and mixing functions, and therefore crossing borders and, where it is necessary, separating. The professional discourse on “productive cities” and “urban manufacturing” is concerned with reintegrating production into the city. Reurbanisation is especially instrumental in overcoming a major guiding principle or dogma of the Modernist city: the separation of functions. Nevertheless, reurbanisation results in price rises and increases the competition for land. Therefore, planning has to pay attention to industrial areas, as well as housing or the inner-city. An important thesis of the article is that multi-national companies are pioneers in transforming their priority sites to suit future development. For cities, it is an upcoming communal task to ensure that all existing industrial areas develop into “just, green and productive cities,” as pointed out in the New Leipzig Charter. To a certain extent, it is possible to adapt the urban planning and design strategies of multi-national companies for existing industrial areas. This is especially true regarding the question of how borders and transition zones between industrial areas of companies and the surrounding neighbourhood can be designed to be spatially and functionally sustainable or how they can be transformed to suit future urban needs. However, urban planning has to balance many concerns and therefore the article concludes with a synopsis of the importance of strategic planning for transforming existing industrial areas.

Transnational social work: Challenging and crossing borders and boundaries

Summary Interest in transnationality and borders has expanded considerably within several academic disciplines over the last decades. This paper explores the way this transnational perspective has been developed within social work. It then identifies a number of gaps in current transnational social work research and proposes four avenues for additional inquiry that allow for an unbounding of how social work is theorised and the development of a perspective that recognises social work’s role beyond a bounded national state. Findings Borders and cross-border processes and structures pose essential challenges to social work research and practice. State borders may be opening to certain cyber, social and economic functions, but are at the same time (re-)closing to other security and political functions. Moreover, more metaphorical and symbolic boundaries are also strengthening. A transnational turn in the educational, theoretical and practical field of social work requires a move away from the conventional local and sedentary conceptualisation of society and social life that is still omnipresent today, in order to develop a social work that recognises and explores, as well as challenges and crosses borders and boundaries. Applications Despite the increase of transnational lifestyles, social problems and social work practices, the body of knowledge in this domain is as yet rather limited and fragmented. The applications of this article concern a theoretical contribution to this body of knowledge, which can also be used in curricula for social work education. Moreover, it contributes to a move away from the ‘methodological nationalism’ at work in social work.

Crossing borders . . . shifting sands: An investigation of Chinese students’ study experiences in the UK and China

In the current landscape of higher education in the UK, international students play a key role. It is an environment in which they not only cross borders physically but also transition through various identities as they develop their professional and linguistic confidence and skills to fully access and contribute to their programme of study and beyond. The aim of this paper is to outline the results of an empirical investigation into Chinese students’ perceptions of their study experiences in the context of student mobility and English-medium instruction in higher education. It reports on a study of two groups of Chinese students – one group studying in an English-speaking environment, the other in their home country where instruction is delivered through the medium of English. Semi-structured focus group interviews were conducted at each site which focused on the transition of “crossing borders” for educational purposes. The data was analysed using thematic analysis (Clarke & Braun, 2016). The main finding was that both groups experienced remarkably similar learning issues, despite being located in very different learning environments and crossing different types of borders.

THE ROLE OF FOREIGN TERRORIST FIGHTERS PROFILING METHODOLOGY

The terrorist attacks have highlighted the importance of threats in the cross border dimension in regards to the identification of terrorists, the monitoring of ‘subjects of interest’ and other terrorism-related actors. The essence of research is determined by the dramatic increase of number of terrorists who perpetrated terrorist attacks and had used all available modes of transport, including legal and irregular options for crossing borders. The aim of the paper is to provide assistance in establishing/strengthening identification and profiling mechanisms in order to better distinguish among different categories of persons. The task of the paper is to analyse risk indicators provided by General Secretariat and compare them with European Border and Coast Guard Agency’s developed risk indicators in order to provide a support instrument (methodology for the profiling and identification of the foreign terrorist fighters (hereinafter – FTF) (hereinafter – the Methodology) for risk assessment performed at national level. In order to provide additional support for law enforcement agencies (especially for border guards) the author of the paper will come up with a range of recommendations. Main conclusion: At the national level, it is necessary to develop the Methodology of the FTF. Taking into account Methodology, it is possible to develop a system of risk indicators and apply them in practice to prevent irregular migration, trafficking in human beings etc. Primary methods: content analysis, multidimensional measurement and factor analysis. Achieved results: recommendations made by the author of the paper will improve the border check procedures regarding identification of FTF.

Interaction Community in Indonesia – Philippines Border (Studies Crossing Borders in Sangihe Island)

This research takes a place in the region of Sangihe archipelago, with qualitative- research method, aimed to reveal the meaning of crossing border. The process of crossing will be deeply motivated and motivated through in-depth interviews, the observation process takes into account aspects of the cross border activities, the documents and literature related to crossings and policies are part of the data used. The entire data is then analyzed using spatial geography approach. The results found in this research revealed that the interaction is influenced by economic motive (dominant economic motive) and is the interaction of spatial unbalance between regions (imbalance interaction), Sangihe archipelago region showed dependence on economic aspect especially trade. The intensity of interactions marked by the border crossing activity found to be solid and massive between the two regions is measured by the frequency of crossings and laws and the supervision of the border areas ignored by the crosser’s.

Crossing borders in initial teacher education: mapping dispositions to diversity and inequity

In this article, we share a study focused on engaging teacher candidates with multiple forms of diversity and inequity to study emerging patterns of dispositions. Our primary concern is in understanding the processes through which societal inequity becomes reconstituted through teacher education. Our study attempts to deepen discourses of ‘equality’ and ‘equity’ in education, to consider the ways teacher candidates relate to broader systems of power and global and local inequities through their role as educators. Inspired by both decolonial and Western critical theories, we frame this as research that seeks ‘otherwise’ as we invite teacher candidates to ‘cross borders’ to what is ‘other’ to themselves. In this article, we share our study’s priorities, methods, methodological/theoretical framework, data analysis and findings. Our findings identify a significant gap between the priorities of social equity to which teacher candidates state they commit and the educational practices that would affirm those commitments.

Approaches towards the Application of Tax Incentives for Cross-Border Philanthropy

Most governments of high income countries stimulate domestic philanthropy. For philanthropy crossing borders, however, governments are less consentient. These varying standpoints are reflected in the tax legislation of countries. In many of the countries concerned, donations to domestic charitable causes are rewarded with a tax incentive. When a donation crosses borders, however, the tax incentive does not always apply. This article examines the different approaches governments hold towards the application of tax incentives in cross-border situations and the underlying rationales. Through the analysis of the relevant tax sources, tax jurisdictions are classified into four common models that summarize the spectrum of different approaches governments hold. They vary from jurisdictions that support cross-border donations with a tax incentive to governments that restrict tax incentives to donations within the country and two models that represent the more moderate approaches between these extremes.

Passing Over

When Pope Francis was elected in 2013, the church and the world were in for many surprises. His first actions and gestures would speak volumes about his values, vision, and understanding of God's mission. In his humility, solidarity, and magnanimity, he paid his own bills, ate meals with common workers, and visited those in prisons. As he began articulating God's universal care for all, he showed his concern for the vulnerable and marginalized, especially those excluded from the centres of power, privilege, and opportunity--those from the margins. Beyond these initial, highly symbolic gestures, his travel itinerary also revealed much about his mission priorities and pastoral perspective. His first journey outside the Vatican was not to Washington, Geneva, London, Beijing, or other centre of political, economic, and cultural power. Instead he chose to visit a small island off the coast of southern Italy named Lampedusa, where thousands of refugees have perished in their dangerous sea crossing in search for better lives. For most of the world, this was an unknown, isolated, and insignificant territory. But to Pope Francis it would be the land from which he would speak about the message of the reign of God, a message that addressed directly the degrading and dehumanizing conditions that result in poverty, exploitation, and injustice. Pope Francis chose to go to Lampedusa because the tragic deaths of these migrants and refugees reached him like a "thorn in the heart." He went there to "make a gesture of closeness," "to challenge our consciences," and to pray for the thousands who have lost their lives after migrating from countries like Eritrea, Somalia, Egypt, Gambia, Mali, Pakistan, and other countries. (2) During his visit he celebrated a eucharist liturgy, and in addition to speaking through words, actions, and rituals, the symbols of the liturgy magnified the depth and importance of his message. Before mass began outside in the open air, he threw a wreath into the sea in memory of the many migrants who had drowned in these waters. A ship's wheel was placed at the lectern, and the cross, chalice, and altar were carved from refugee boats. During the homily, he contrasted the heart of God's mercy with our own heartlessness in the face of human suffering: Has any one of us wept because of this situation and others like it? Has any one of us grieved for the death of these brothers and sisters? Has any one of us wept for these persons who were on the [refugee] boat? For the young mothers carrying their babies? For these men [sic] who were looking for a means of supporting their families? We are a society which has forgotten how to weep, how to experience compassion--"suffering with" others: the globalization of indifference has taken from us the ability to weep! (3) Lampedusa, sadly enough, is not an isolated instance but rather a highly symbolic representation of a larger global phenomenon. Today there are more than 232 million international migrants in the world, making migration one of the defining issues of modern times. (4) In 2012 approximately 45 million migrants were forcibly uprooted, including 15.4 million refugees, 29 million internally displaced persons, and 2.4 million trafficked persons. (5) In 2010 alone 42 million were displaced by natural disasters. (6) By every estimate, these numbers will increase significantly in the coming years. They will continue to cross borders like those between Afghanistan and Iraq, Syria and Turkey, Bulgaria and Greece, Burma and Thailand, Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa, Mexico and the United States, and many others. Some of the most vulnerable people in the process are women and children, who bear much of the burden of the world's economic, social, and political disorders. (7) In this essay I would like to examine gender injustice and the issue of international migration in ways that expand on Pope Francis's liturgy at Lampedusa by looking at this "globalization of difference" and the challenges of conversion. …

Asian women and intimate work

List of Figures, Photographs and Tables ... vii Introduction: Intimate Work and the Construction of Asian ... 1 OCHIAI Emiko PART ONE IMAGINING INTIMATE WORK 1. Housewives' Work / Mothers' Work: The Changing Position of Housework in Dutch Society ... 37 NAKATANI Ayami 2. The Housewife and Housework in the Indian Urban Middle Classes ... 63 OSHIKAWA Fumiko PART TWO MULTIPLE FACES OF THE GOOD WIFE/WISE MOTHER 3. Troubles of the New Women in the Emergence of Korea: Focusing on the Interrelationship between Women's Liberation and the Image of Wise Mother and Good Wife ... 93 SUH Ji Young 4. Selling Modernity: Housewives as Portrayed in Yuefenpai (Calendar Posters) and Magazine Advertisements in Shanghai of the 1920s and 1930s ... 107 WU Yongmei 5. The Gender Norms of Chinese in the Transitional Market Economy: Research Interviews with Wives in Three Urban Centers ... 139 ZHENG Yang 6. To be Good at Public and Domestic Work, I Need Three Heads and Six Hands: The Dilemma of Vietnamese Modern ... 167 KHUAT Thu Hong, BUI Thu Huong and LE Bach Duong PART THREE WIVES AND WORKERS CROSSING BORDERS 7. From Farmers' Daughters to Foreign Wives: Marriage, Migration and Gender in the Sending Communities of Vietnam ... 191 Daniele BELANGER and TRAN Giang Linh, with LE Bach Duong and KHUAT Thu Hong 8. Commercially Arranged Marriage Migration: The Agency and Inner Struggle of Chinese ... 217 HAO Hongfang 9. Strategies of Resistance among Filipina and Indonesian Domestic Workers in Singapore ... 239 UENO Kayoko 10. Moving from Modernisation to Globalisation: Migrant Sex Workers in Japan ... 263 AOYAMA Kaoru 11. The Role of Multicultural Families in South Korean Immigration Policy ... 289 LEE Hye-kyung Index ... 313

The net effect: spanning diseases, crossing borders-highlights from the fourth triennial APCA conference and annual HPCA conference for palliative care.

The African Palliative Care Association (APCA) jointly hosted its triennial palliative care conference for Africa with the Hospice and Palliative Care Association of South Africa (HPCA) on 17–20 September 2013 in Johannesburg, South Africa. At the heart of the conference stood a common commitment to see patient care improved across the continent. The theme for the conference, ‘The Net Effect: Spanning Diseases, Crossing Borders’, reflected this joint vision and the drive to remember the ‘net effect’ of our work in palliative care—that is, the ultimate impact of the care that we provide for our patients and their families across the disease and age spectrum and across the borders of African countries. The conference, held in Johannesburg, brought together 471 delegates from 34 countries. The key themes and messages from the conference are encapsulated in ten ‘C’s of commitment to political will and support at the highest levels of governance; engaging national, regional, and international bodies; collaboration; diversity; palliative care for children; planning for human resources and capacity building; palliative care integration at all levels; developing an evidence base for palliative care in Africa; using new technologies; and improved quality of care. Participants found the conference to be a forum that challenged their understanding of the topics presented, as well as enlightening in terms of applying best practice in their own context. Delegates found a renewed commitment and passion for palliative care and related health interventions for children and adults with life-limiting and life-threatening illnesses within the region. This conference highlighted many of the developments in palliative care in the region and served as a unique opportunity to bring people together and serve as a lynchpin for palliative care provision and development in Africa. The delegates were united in the fact that together we can ‘span diseases,’ ‘cross borders,’ and realise the ‘African Dream’ for palliative care.

Crossing Borders on Cross Border Car Mobility

“We live in a world of lines and compartments. We may not necessarily see the lines, but they order our daily life practices, strengthening our belonging to, and identity with, places and groups, while - at one and the same time - perpetuating and reperpetuating notions of differences and othering.” (Newman, 2006, p. 143)

Companies Crossing Borders within Europe

Pellé considers corporate mobility within the EU from a wide range of issues, including the right of establishment, the SE and the Cross–Border Mergers Directive. He then deals with the question whether there is still need for a directive on the transfer of the company’s seat.

Crossing Borders: Developing an Innovative Collaboration to Improve the Preparation of High School English Teachers

Broad (1999) observed that “troubled borders crisscross the geography of teacher preparation in English” (p. 373), calling for collaboration where preparation is a university responsibility (Gregorian, 2001). This research documents a three-year complex case study that addressed the question: What happens when English, education, and high school faculty cross borders to prepare secondary English teachers to teach in urban schools? This study looked at faculty mentors and preservice teacher mentees as they collaborated on multi-leveled projects to improve teacher preparation of secondary English teachers. Interventions included collaborative seminars, collaborative mentoring, and individual mentoring of preservice English teachers by English, education, and high school faculty. Results indicate that interventions challenged biases of stakeholders, enhanced the quality of teacher preparation, and revised instructional practices of university English and education faculty and preservice teachers. Results indicate that mentees incorporated suggestions made by mentors that reinforced pedagogical content knowledge. Most mentees regarded content mentors favorably, noting that their focus of observation was different from those of clinical supervisors and cooperating teachers. English and education mentors assimilated changes in personal pedagogy based on observations and discussions with urban high school teachers. Such discussions also challenged personal beliefs about urban students and schools. Content mentors also adjusted syllabi to include materials used in high school curricula. The implication of this study is that “crossing borders” improves and alters how university faculty can better prepare preservice teachers.

Odysseys to Planetary History

44 Historically Speaking · September 2003 The ability ofcertain states to raise formidable armies and theworld'sleadingnavies and to conduct aggressive foreign policies reflected the relative strength ofdieiradministrative systems, which were also dependent on the consent, assistance, and ofteninitiative oflocal government and the socially powerful , particularlythearistocracy. Bothprocesses were more apparent from the mid-17th century onward than earlier, and this adds an important chronological dimension and dynamic Societiesdiatputapremiumoncontinuityand orderreacted againstthe political, religious, and social turmoil ofca. 1520-1660 and searched for an order based on stability and (sociallycircumscribed) consensus. Conversely, it is misleading to draw a directline from the dismantlingofdie indoctrinating institutions and practices of die Counter/Catholic Reformation to the outbreakofthe revolutionarycrisisin the 1780s, aldiough die multiple ideological tensions of Catholic Europe, particularly in the Habsburglands , inpartrelated to the dismantling ofdie confessional state. A similar strand can be seenwitiiin die British Empire from 1775 to 1801, when the authority ofthe Church of England and the nature of confessionalism were challenged. Thus die confessional state should be seen as avital adjunctofabsolutism, and dieroleof confessionalism in both international relations and domesticpoliticsneeds tobe reexamined. As, more generally, with die relationship between crowns and elites, it is necessary to treatdie ideological and cultural dimensions ofdiis issueseriouslyand on theirownterms, and not simply to adopt a functional and instrumental account of the situation. Anodier subjectdiat deserves more scholarlyattentionis therelationship between early modern states and commerce. The liberal political systems ofdie United Provinces and Britain were notably successful in eliciting the cooperation oftheir own and other capitalists , producinga symbiosis ofgovernment and private sector that proved valuable for developing naval strength and mercantile enterprise. As Europe's range increased, cooperation between European states and merchants enabled negotiations with nonEuropean mercantile and territorial interests. These negotiationswere centralto muchthat is misleadingly seen as distincdy European, ranging from the Adantic slave trade to the trade between Western Europe and South Asia. Slavery underlines the point diat such negotiations often came at die expense of others. Yet the development ofa maritime capability,which enabled some Europeans to direct much ofthe process ofglobalization, should notbe extrapolated to the entire continent , much ofwhich did not see comparable developments. This approach opens the way to a revisionistperspective on the 19th and 20di centuries , not least on the various projects for modernity offered during this period. Although, particularlyafter 1850, mostgovernments were self-consciously committed to improvement through change, it is possible to argue for continuity in terms ofdie limited purchase ofliberalism; the degree to which conservatism rested on popular support , not coercion; and the fragility ofpolitical ideologies that encouraged audioritarian governments to neglect domestic opinion. Jeremy BlacksKing's, Nobles, and Commoners : States and Societies in Early Modern Europe, a RevisionistHistoryis forthcomingfromLR. Taurisin November 2003. Itwillbe distributed in the U.S. by PalgraveMacmillan. Odysseys to Planetary History Clark G. Reynolds IN "CROSSING BORDERS" (Historically Speaking, November 2002) Peter Paretreflectedon hisdistinguishedcareeras a military and art historian. Parets essay was thefirst in a series ofautobiographical sketchesbyseniorhistoriansthatwillappear in thesepages. The seriesprovidesprominent andaccomplished historians with the opportunity tocommenton theircareersand to offerreflections onprofessionallivesdedicated to historicalinquiry. Our second installment isfrom the recently "retired" (from teachingonly) Clark Reynolds. One ofthe nationsleadingnaval historians, Reynolds is knownfor his work in the history ofnavalaviation andfor his brilliant conceptualanalyses ofhistory and thesea. The NavalInstitute Proceedings selectedhisThe Fast Carriers: The ForgingofanAirNavy (McGraw-Hill, 1968) asoneofthe ten bestEnglish-languagenaval bookspublished in the Institutesfirst one hundredyears, andhis 1975 essay "American Strategic History and Doctrines: A Reconsideration" (reprintedin Historyand die Seaj received the American Military Institutes Moneado Prize. Forbetter orworse, no history graduate studenttomyknowledgehas everbeen encouraged, much less subsequendy hired, to focus on global historyperse. Our pedagogical canon demands specialized preparation in European, U.S., Asian, or any national history except as linked to some broadersub-discipline like the historyofscience , technology, religion, gender, orthe military . Anything bigger—namely, the universal history which went out ofstyle between die world wars—has been eschewed by die profession until die very recent (and still problematic) vogue forworld history. September 2003 · Historically Speaking 45 Yet I was not only encouraged by my graduate teachers to think beyond the specialty but was expected to do so. As a result, I moved toward world history, thoughbyno means consciouslyoreven deliberately. Ihave continued to harbor deep suspicions ofmost of those...