Cross-tabulation Tables Research Articles

Effects of Non-Tariff Barriers on Promotion of East African Community Integration: A Case of Magasins Généraux du Rwanda

Regional integration in East Africa has proven to strengthen investments within member nations. However, differing non-tariff barrier policies among East African Community (EAC) partner states have posed significant challenges to progress. This study assessed the effects of non-tariff barriers on the promotion of EAC integration, using Magasins Généraux du Rwanda (MAGERWA) as a case study. Specifically, the study evaluated the effects of technical barriers to trade, analysed the impact of import quotas, and scrutinised the effects of foreign exchange restrictions on EAC integration. The study was anchored in three theories: Liberal Intergovernmentalism Theory, Economic Integration Theories, and the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory. It used a descriptive research design with both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The target population consisted of 2,045 individuals. A sample size of 335 was determined using the Yamane formula and selected through both simple random and purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected using a questionnaire survey and analysed using SPSS version 26. Bivariate analysis, including P-values, was used to evaluate the relationship between independent and dependent categorical variables. Descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation, as well as single and multiple logistic regression models, were used to assess the strength of the relationships. A p-value < 0.05 and a 95% confidence interval were used for inference. Results were presented in frequency and cross-tabulation tables. The study found that technical barriers to trade had a statistically significant relationship with the promotion of EAC integration (r = 0.953, p<0.05). Similarly, import quotas showed a significant relationship with EAC integration (r = 0.954). Foreign exchange limitations also demonstrated a significant correlation with EAC integration, with a correlation coefficient of.966. The regression analysis showed a mean square of 199.267 and a residual mean square of 0.107, with an F-value of 1864.147 and a p-value of.000b. The researcher suggested that EAC member states should implement the planned goals of the community to promote free trade in the region, thereby enhancing economic integration.

Remoteness-attributable financial inequality in dental service utilization in Australian older adults: A Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition.

Oral health is often overlooked in ageing health issues, despite its impact on overall health and quality of life. Older Australians, especially those in rural and remote areas, face difficulties accessing oral health services. The aim of the study was to investigate the factors that contribute to financial barriers to accessing dental services among the ageing population in Australia in relation to their residential location. The study included a weighted sample of Australian adults aged 65 years and over from a population-based survey called the National Study of Adult Oral Health (NSAOH) conducted in 2017-18. Descriptive analysis was conducted and generated cross-tabulation tables to investigate the distributions of the outcome, exposure and covariates, including Sex, Education level (the highest level of education), Equivalised household income, Dental insurance, Concession card ownership, Difficulty paying a dental bill and last dental visit. Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition counterfactual analysis was used to explore the potential impact of a person's residence on their financial difficulty accessing dental services. The findings showed that 26.2% (95% CI: 24.3-29.3) of major city residents and 30.1% (95% CI: 26.9-33.3) of rural residents avoided or delayed dental visits due to cost. The decomposition analysis indicated that 53.8% of the disparities in the prevalence of avoided or delayed dental visits due to cost were explained by the selected variables, while 46.2% remained unexplained. The explanatory variable with the largest contribution was difficulty paying a $200 dental bill, accounting for 62.4% of the differences, followed by dental insurance, last dental visit and equivalised household income, which explained 42.1%, 20.8% and 14.9% of the differences, respectively. Regional/remote populations experience more financial barriers to accessing dental care than major city populations and the identified factors explain a significant proportion of these disparities. Based on the study findings, recommendations include expanding public dental service coverage, evaluating concession card mechanisms and advocating for regular dental visits to mitigate disparities in dental care access.

Association of mobile device proficiency and subjective cognitive complaints with financial management ability among community-dwelling older adults: a population-based cross-sectional study

BackgroundMobile devices have been used by many older adults and have the potential to assist individuals with subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs) in daily living tasks. Financial management is one of the most complex daily activity for older adults, as it is easily impaired in the prodromal stage of dementia and cognitive impairment.AimTo investigate financial management ability among older adults from SCCs and mobile device proficiency.MethodsA self-administered questionnaire was sent to 529 participants who were ≥ 65 years and regularly use mobile devices. Participants were divided into four groups based on SCC prevalence and scores of the Mobile Device Proficiency Questionnaire (MDPQ-16). Financial management abilities were compared between groups using the Process Analysis of Daily Activities for Dementia subscale. Regression model and crosstabulation table were used to investigate associations in detail.ResultsA significant difference in financial management ability was observed among the four groups (p < 0.001), with the dual impairment group showed significantly lower than the robust and SCC groups (p < 0.001). Educational history, sex, and MDPQ-16 score were significantly associated with participants’ financial management ability (p ≤ 0.01). The proportion of participants who could use ATMs and electronic money independently was significantly lower among those with low proficiency in mobile devices (LPM), regardless of SCC (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe LPM group showed an impaired ability to manage their finances, particularly in situations where they would use information devices. Therefore, healthcare professionals should assess not only the SCC but also their proficiency with mobile devices to predict their impairment in activities of daily living.

Use of Social Media, Satisfaction with Body Image, and the Risk of Manifesting Eating Disorders

Eating disorders in adolescents are an increasingly important issue nowadays. Although they have been shown to be a pathology with multifactorial causes, the objective of our study is to determine the degree of influence that body dissatisfaction and the use of social media (time and type) might have on the risk of manifesting eating disorders. To perform this, the Sick Control One Fat Food scale was used as part of a randomized survey carried out among 12 schools in Almería (Spain). The sample consisted of 605 students in Compulsory Secondary Education between the ages of 12 and 17 years (M = 14.27; SD = 1.44), 48.42% female and 51.52% male. Cross-tabulation tables were constructed to observe the relationship of sex and age with the risk of manifesting EDs, and, subsequently, a two-factor ANOVA was performed using the risk of suffering from an eating disorder as a dependent variable. The results show that 29.3% of the respondents express an elevated risk of suffering from an eating disorder. There are no significant differences regarding sex, but there are differences regarding age. It was also observed that dissatisfaction with body image is a significant risk factor, but not the time that young people spend on social media. Furthermore, the type of content displayed on social media has a significant influence, both independently and together with body dissatisfaction. The main conclusion highlighted in this study relates to the importance of self-perceived body image (satisfaction and dissatisfaction) and its relationship with the type of content seen on social media. For this reason, it is essential to work on self-esteem at an early age as well as learn to value others and oneself beyond just the physical.

Principals’ Management of Teachers’ Workload Pressure and Students’ Academic Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Kenya

This study sought to investigate the principals’ management of teachers’ workload pressure and students’ academic performance in public day secondary schools in Kitui West sub-County. The study objective sought to establish the influence of Principals’ teacher workload management practices on students’ academic performance. The study was based on Job Demands–Resources theory whose characteristics can be categorized into two major groups which include job demands and job resources. Descriptive survey research design was used in the study. The study target population included all the 26 principals and 249 teachers. Census and systematic sampling techniques were used to select a sample of 26 principals and 38 teachers respectively. Questionnaires were used as data collection tools. Data was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using descriptive statistics. Frequency distribution and cross tabulation tables were used to present data. Qualitative data was analysed organized in subthemes and analysed qualitatively based on research objectives and presented in a narrative form. The study found that on average majority 83.7% of the principals and 74.8% of the teachers respectively were in agreement with the statement that the management practices of teacher workload pressure influences students’ academic performance. The study recommends ensuring adequate staffing in schools by the Teachers’ Service Commission to curb overworking teachers and promotion of teamwork for better academic performance. This study may be significant in that the research outcomes could inform policy formulation in the Ministry of Education regarding principals’ work environment management. The findings contribute to existing knowledge and serve as a basis for future research. The study advances conceptual understanding and provides empirical evidence in educational leadership and organizational behavior in relation to teacher workload management practices. The study concluded that principals’ management practices can significantly impact on students’ academic performance.

Gender-Specific Variations in BMI Status of Students' Social Networking Site Usage: A Comprehensive Statistical Analysis

The present study investigates the association between gender and body mass index (BMI) status through a comprehensive statistical analysis. A diverse sample of participants was utilized to examine the prevalence and distribution of different BMI categories among males and females. Statistical techniques, including crosstabulation, chi-square tests, and correlation analysis, were employed to analyze the data and determine the significance of the relationship. The results of the analysis revealed distinct gender-specific variations in BMI status. Among females, the majority fell into the normal weight category (n=89, 49.0%), while males showed a higher prevalence of overweight (n=32, 21.5%). The crosstabulation table further demonstrated the distribution of participants across gender and BMI status categories, providing valuable insights into the prevalence of specific BMI statuses among males and females. The chi-square tests confirmed a significant association between gender and BMI status (p &lt; 0.001), indicating that gender significantly influenced the likelihood of being in specific BMI categories. This finding emphasizes the importance of considering gender-specific factors in understanding and addressing BMI-related health disparities. The correlation analysis revealed a moderate positive association between gender and BMI status (r=0.205, p &lt; 0.001), indicating that as gender changed from female to male, there was a tendency for BMI status to shift from lower categories to higher categories.&#x0D;

Description of Work Related Neck Pain Among Employees in State Electricity Company (PLN Indonesia)

Introduction: The use of electronic devices without proper usage techniques can result in a variety of health problems, including neck pain. This study aimed to describe neck pain problems among office workers who use electronic devices.Method: This study was quantitative research in which descriptive, observational, and cross-sectional methods were used. This study was conducted from July to December 2022 at the State Electricity Company at Semarang office, Indonesia. Total of 57 participants were chosen using a purposive sampling technique. A Google Form-based questionnaire was designed to collect the study data. Univariate analysis and cross-tabulation table were used.Result: Total of 60% of participants reported experiencing neck pain. The proportion of neck pain was higher among men and among older age (&lt;35 years old). A more significant proportion of participants who reported neck pain were those who used their devices for ≥ four hours (94.4%) compared to users for &lt; 4 hours. In addition, people with more than five years of employment length were more likely to report neck pain (75%) compared to employment with &lt;5 years.Conclusion: This research concluded that work-related neck pain in the State Electricity company was due to improper use of electronic devices.

Bivariate spatial clustering in differential time trends of related tropical diseases: Application to diarrhea and intestinal parasite infections

There has been a rapid development of space–time multivariate disease mapping methods that focus on space–time variation of risks. Examining the posterior estimates of the space–time random effects can provide compelling epidemiological information that is necessary for public health monitoring. In this study, we propose and evaluate the posterior estimates of the random effects to examine spatial and temporal trends of two tropical diseases. Our model is a multivariate Bayesian space–time model with common spatial and temporal trends, and a space–time interaction term that allows different time trends for different areas. When applied to diarrhea and intestinal parasites data from Ghana, the model that consolidates all random effects as a multivariate conditional autoregressive prior was the best fit. The implementation is based on the notion that diarrheal and intestinal parasite infections share common risk factors Our novel contribution concerns the posterior joint evaluations of the spatial and temporal random effects into a 5 × 5 cross-tabulation table. The method presented is useful for developing and implementing joint epidemiological control strategies, especially in countries where resources are scarce.

A Cross-Sectional survey on Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Neuromuscular Monitoring among Indian Anesthesiologists

Background: The utility of Neuromuscular monitoring (NMT) has not been studied in Indian scenario till date. We did a survey to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, practices of NMT among Indian anesthesiologists.&#x0D; Methods: A questionnaire-based google form was sent to 350 anesthesiologists over 3-months. Demographic data was collected in initial questions, followed by data on their concepts, practices, and knowledge of NMT and postoperative residual nerve block (PRNB). Data were descriptively analysed using frequencies and percentages. Descriptive statistical testing was done using software package IBM SPSS 23.&#x0D; Results: 88.9% of participants reported the use of clinical assessment. Though majority used clinical parameters, they were well-versed about Train-of-Four criteria. 75.9% stated the use of objective NMT in &lt; 25 % of patients. The reasons for not using objective monitoring were scarcity of neuromuscular monitors, non-familiarity, and complexity of monitors. In regards to PRNB, 79.6 % participants considered PRNB to be an important clinical issue. Although in their clinical practice they rarely encountered PRNB, 74% responded that routine NMT can decrease PRNB. The cross-tabulation table reflected that the use of objective tools (P= 0.014), knowledge about the essentiality of NMT (p=0.003), correctly stating PRNB as an important clinical issue (p=0.006), and their understanding about unreliability of clinical tests (p=0.001) showed significant improvement with increasing anesthesia experience.&#x0D; Conclusion: Participants showed great understanding of clinical and qualitative tests but not of quantitative tests, with low rate of usage of objective NMT. A lacuna in understanding of quantitative parameters must be addressed considering high incidence of PRNB and lack of sensitivity of clinical parameters.

Study of regularities in transport preferences by analysis of transport survey results

Introduction. Transport in cities has a huge impact on the environment, the quality of life of people, their health, road safety, etc., which is the subject of a fairly large number of scientific publications. It is obvious that measures aimed at shifting transport demand from a private car towards the use of public transport are extremely relevant. One way to develop such measures could be through a survey of users of transport services.This article reveals patterns in the transport preferences of the inhabitants of the city of Gomel by analysing the results of their transport survey.The purpose of the work is to obtain data on the transport preferences of the inhabitants of the city of Gomel. Materials and methods. When writing the article, materials obtained during the transport survey of residents of the city of Gomel were used. At the same time, graphical analysis methods, crosstabulation tables, Chi-square test (when comparing differences in independent samples of nominal variables), analysis of variance (when comparing differences in independent samples of nominal and numerical variables, depending on the law distributions within groups) implemented in a specialised software product.Results. Based on the results of the article, information was obtained about the transport preferences of the inhabitants of the city of Gomel.Discussion and conclusion. The obtained results of the analysis of the transport survey are the basis for the subsequent justification of measures aimed at shifting transport demand from individual cars towards the use of regular public transport.

Monitoring and Evaluation Practices and Performance of Environmental Project in Nyabitekeri Sector, Rwanda. A Case of Environment and Climate Change Fund Project

Assessment of projects monitoring and evaluation practice processes an effect on performance is critical in identifying opportunities for improved Monitoring and Evaluation (M &amp; E) project plan. The effects of degradation arise from poor land use practices such as deforestation which lead to soil erosion. Other existing challenges include minimal capacity in terms of facility, information, manpower and funding for effective rivers and watershed management. The general objective of the study is to assess role of monitoring and evaluation practices on performance of environmental project in Rwanda. The specific objectives were to identify the contribution project budget on performance of environmental project in Nyamasheke, to determine the extent to which project risks analysis contributes to the performance of environmental project in Nyabitekeri Sector, to assess the role of capacity building on performance of environmental project in Nyabitekeri Sector and to establish relationship between monitoring and evaluation practice and performance of environmental project. The study used three theories such as social action theory, Social Control Theory and Habituated Action Theory. For the study researcher used descriptive research design with mixed methods such as quantitative and qualitative approaches. The target population was the district environmental protection officers, monitoring and project risks analysts at sector level, and environmental project beneficiaries and in total they were 27 213 from whom a sample of 394 was selected. Simple random sampling technique was used and data was collected using the questionnaire, interview and documentation. The analysis of data was done using SPSS version 21 and bivariate analysis was used to assess the association between the independent and dependent categorical variables using -values. The strengths of the associations were determined using simple and multiple logistic regression models, mean and standard deviation. Inference was made using a 95% confidence interval and a -value &lt; 0.05. The results were presented in frequency, cross tabulation tables, pie charts and graphs. The study findings showed that monitoring and evaluation measured in terms of (project budget, project risks analysis and capacity building) played important role on performance of environmental project with -value= 0.000, -value =0.000 and -value =0.042 respectively. Keywords: Monitoring, Evaluation, performance, environment. Environmental project

Effect of Cost Leadership Strategy on The Performance of Seed Companies in Trans Nzoia County, Kenya

The study aimed at establishing the effect of cost leadership strategy on performance of seed companies in Trans Nzoia County. Implementation of the findings and recommendations of the study would be of significant to several stakeholders for instance, they would aid the government in guiding the policy framework that would enhance sustainable seed production hence national development. The study was anchored on the contingency theory and theory of Mintzberg’s 5Ps of Strategy. This study used a survey design as it assumed quantitative methods in data collection. The target population consisted of the functional heads and the employees of the five seed crop companies in Tran Nzoia a total of 553 respondents. The sample of the study was 232 respondents. The primary data was collected through questionnaires. The sample of the study was 232 respondents. The primary data was collected through questionnaires as the secondary data was collected through literature review. Prior to the commencement of data collection, the study obtained all the necessary documents, including an introduction letter from the University which will necessitate application for a permit from the National Commission for Science Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI). Respondents were then supplied with tools of data collection through the departmental heads, given time to respond to them and return them to their department heads for onward collection. Quantitative data gathered from closed ended questions were first coded and then analyzed descriptively and using inferential statistics and presented using frequency distribution and cross tabulation tables. The study found a positive and significant relationship between cost leadership strategy and organizational performance at the seed companies in Trans Nzoia County. The correlation results showed a positive and significant association between cost leadership and performance. The study concludes that there is a positive and significant relationship between production strategy and organizational performance. The study recommends that companies should have a good market research and understanding on what the critical cost factors customers appreciate and value in their product then only focus on them

An Empirical Analysis on Multicultural Learner’s Variables and Learning Effects in Classics Reading Classes

This study empirically analyzes the relationship between the multicultural learning variables and the learning effects of classics reading lessons regarding Korean and foreign students. The t-test, cross tabulation table, and discriminant analysis showed that Korean students improved their logical thinking power and became more interested than foreign students through the classic reading classes. The regression analysis showed that the recognition variables such as interest level, importance, necessity, and the reading of the classics did not influence the learning effects of classics reading class in regards to the necessity of the classics and the satisfaction level derived from classics reading classes. However, the improvement in presentation and the power of expression, logical thinking power, and the interest in the classic classes did affect the learning effects of classics reading class. As for the path analysis, while the recognition variable regarding the importance of the classics did not directly affect the learning effects of the classics reading classes, it appeared to indirectly influence the learning effects via the mediate variables of the enhancement of presentation and power of expression, logical thinking power, and the interest in these classic reading classes.

Perspective on the profile of a technical director of fitness centers in the northern region of Portugal

Fitness is an evolving and changing market, and currently, Fitness Centers are one of the main choices for sports and physical activity. The Technical Director (DT) is important in the management and organization of these spaces, as well as their proper functioning, fulfilling their duties. Thus, it is relevant and pertinent to know the DT better. Thus, the main objective is to understand and describe the functional profile of the DT of the Fitness Centers, specifically in the North region of Portugal. Regarding the methodology, it was decided to develop and apply a questionnaire to the Technical Directors of Fitness Centers. 128 Technical Directors from Northern Portugal responded to the questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out using the SPSS program, the consistency of the questionnaire was determined (α&gt; 0.70) and descriptive measures, frequency tables, graphs, and cross-tabulation tables were used. The results show that the Technical Directors are mostly male, aged between 30 and 39 years old, who mostly have higher education in Physical Education and Sports, few of them have training in Sports Management and most of them accumulate extra functions. The main areas of intervention are coordination and evaluation, organization, planning, and management of human resources. However, professionals with different levels of experience (years in the field of Sports Management) value the areas of intervention differently. Finally, the present study clarifies that the functions of the Technical Director defined in the Law are not performed by everyone. This study revealed for the practice of Fitness Management that, on the one hand, the position of Technical Director changes uniformly according to changes in the Fitness Industry and in a different way according to the type of Fitness Centers where it operates. On the other hand, it also revealed that training in the area of ​​Sports Management will be an asset for the performance of the position of Technical Director.

Hubungan Antara Status Gizi Dengan Perkembangan Motorik Kasar Pada Balita

Healthy toddlers (1-3 years old) will experience reasonable and normal development, according to the ability standards of children their age, while children with impaired nutritional status will experience obstacles in their development. This study aims to study the relationship nutritional status and gross motor development of toddler in ujung piring Village, Bangkalan Regency.The research method based on Cross Sectional where the population is all children aged 1-3 years as many as 80 children, while the sample taken is 45 people by simple random sampling. The data collection method used the standard deviation table and KPSP, with a cross tabulation table and tested with the Spearman rank test, with a significance level of = 0.05.The results of the study, most of the nutritional status of toddler is good nutrition (55.6%), most of the gross motor development of children is appropriate (64.4%). From the results of the Spearman rank test, a significance value of p = 0.000 (p&lt;α) was obtained, which means that there is a relationshipnutritional status and children's gross motor development.The results of this study can be concluded that there is a relationship between nutritional status and gross motor development of children. For this reason, it is expected that parents will care more about their children, provide nutritious food and provide appropriate stimulation so that the growth and development of children can be exceeded in accordance with expectations.

The Influence of Performance Feedback Practices on Implementation of Teachers’ Performance Appraisal in Public Secondary Schools in Makueni Sub- County, Kenya

The current study purposed to establish the influence of performance feedback practices on implementation of teachers’ performance appraisal in Public secondary schools in Makueni Sub-County, Kenya. The study objectives sought to investigate the influence of timely and regular feedback, involving teachers and clear guidelines on implementing of performance appraisal of teachers in public Secondary Schools in Makueni Sub-County. This study was underpinned on Goal setting theory. Descriptive survey research design was adopted targeting 44 head teachers of public secondary schools, 563 secondary school teachers and 1 Teachers’ Service Commission Human Resource Officer. Stratified Proportionate Sampling and simple random sampling methods got employed to select 22 principals and 56 teachers from the secondary schools. Census and purposive sampling techniques were applied to select 1 Teachers Service Commission Human Resource Officer. Questionnaires and interview schedule were adopted as tools for data collection. Validity and reliability of instruments was established by way of a pilot study and Split-half technique respectively. Data was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively with the help of descriptive as well as inferential statistics with the aid of SPSS computer software. Quantitative data was presented by way of cross tabulation tables and frequency distribution tables. Qualitative data was organized into themes based on study objectives and presented in a narrative form. Correlation analysis was done using Pearson’s Product moment Correlation (r). Analysis on Principals and teachers’ responses indicated a positive interrelationship ( r (20) = 0.704, r (20) 0.712, r (20) 0.632 and r (56) = 0.783, r (56) = 0.744, r (56) =0.665 all at p&lt;0.05 ) existing between timely and regular feedback, involving teachers as well as clear guidelines and implementing of teachers’ performance appraisal respectively. The study concluded that regular and timely feedback, involving teachers and clear guidelines have positive influence on implementation of performance appraisal for teachers and need to be practiced in schools. Keywords: Performance Feedback, Implementation, Performance Appraisal, Regular Feedback, Timely Feedback, Involving Teachers, Clear Guidelines DOI: 10.7176/JEP/12-33-06 Publication date: November 30 th 2021

The Preferences of the Students to Select the Seating Position in the Architecture Design Studios

Both seating arrangement and position have been one the problematic topic in educational studies, particularly in higher education. There is a large body of studies on the seating arrangement; however, an architectural design studio is specialized in different activities and interaction that challenges the classical form of arrangement. For this reason, the students arrange, rearrange, and disarrange the seating arrangement and position in the studio. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the viewpoints of the students with seating arrangement positions to find out the students’ preferences to select seating positions. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were applied to analyze data. The Likert questionnaire with fifteen criteria analyzed variables through chi-square, mode, and the graphical analysis illustrated important aspects of the seating arrangements in the department of architecture, the University of Rwanda. The findings addressed that students preferred to use a U-shaped classroom and studio and five statistical criteria supported the association between the viewpoint of students and seating arrangement including the trend to personalize the position, to teamwork activity, to sit close lecturers, to enhance their position. Although other criteria statistically did not associate with the seating arrangement, the cross-tabulation table address that the rear seats in the studio were more preferable for students due to the visual corridor to the front, monitoring, and eye contact.

KORELASI KOMUNIKASI INTERPERSONA DALAM SOSIALISASI KONSUMSI JAMU SIAP SEDUH PADA EFEKTIVITAS PENANGANAN COVID-19 MASYARAKAT TLOGOSARI WETAN KECAMATAN PEDURUNGAN SEMARANG

Public health is a very important factor and will determine the success of the local government in this case the Tlogosari Wetan village, because the community is the consumer of the service products produced. The measure of the success of service providers as needed and expected in this case is knowledge about Covid-19 and how to prevent and produce products that are expected to anticipate the widespread virus. The restoration of public health in Tlogosari Wetan Village was allegedly due to the use of ready-to-brewed herbs by opinion leaders in the village concerned. Thus, the role of opinion leaders in Tlogosari Wetan Village as a communication bridge is very necessary because the good services achieved will also have an impact on social scientific activities that can be carried out effectively with optimal positive impacts. Based on the results of research on the Correlation of Interpersonal Communication in Socializing the Consumption of ready-to-drink herbs carried out on the Effectiveness of Handling Covid-19, there are several conclusions, namely the results of the study indicate that Communication between Persons in Socializing the Consumption of Ready Seduh Jamu is in the high category. This is evidenced by the categorization of the research results by 62%. Meanwhile, the effectiveness of preventing and handling COVID-19 in the community in the Tlogosari Wetan sub-district also tends to be high, at 65%. This mostly begins with public anxiety about the number of victims due to Covid, so they have great respect for the socialization activities for consuming ready-to-drink herbs carried out by local opinion leaders. The final result of the cross tabulation is that there is a positive relationship between Interpersonal Communication in Socializing the Consumption of ready-to-drink herbs carried out on the Effectiveness of Handling Covid-19 in the community of Tlogosari Wetan Village. This is evidenced from the cross tabulation table which states that the categorization of the X variable is high, the Y variable is also high at 68%.

Does Entrepreneurial Career Choice Lessen the Graduate Unemployment Problem? The Case of Malaysian Graduates

Entrepreneurship has been long regarded as able to lessen the problem of graduate unemployment. This ability of entrepreneurship has been frequently quoted by numerous studies as a motivation of study to engage into the studies of graduate entrepreneurial career choice. Nevertheless, the relationship between the entrepreneurial career choice and graduate unemployment is yet to be explored. This paper aims to estimate the impact of entrepreneurial career choice on the Malaysian graduate unemployment. The targeted population of the present paper was the Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) and Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK) graduates. A sample of 1,723 graduates was collected using self-administered questionnaires. The descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation tables and econometrics analysis are employed. Graduate entrepreneurial career choice is found to be unrelated to the chance of being unemployed and unable to reduce the probability of being unemployed among the low employability graduates. Thus, graduate entrepreneurial career choice does not lessen the graduate unemployment problem. However, there is some evidence that entrepreneurial career choice could reduce the unemployment duration and hinder the occurrence of long-term unemployed among the low employability graduates. The Malaysian government policy to combat the graduate unemployment problem could not rely mainly on the entrepreneurial career choice. The graduate entrepreneurial career choice, however, could be relied on reducing the occurrence of long-term unemployment. Future studies are suggested to use the sample of all graduates to validate the findings.

Intergenerational contact and solidarity, inside and outside the family: patterns in Spain

AbstractAnalysis of intergenerational contact and solidarity patterns has generally focused on the family. However, the unprecedented co-existence of a high number of different generations raises the challenge to delve into how such patterns may develop inside and outside the family. To understand better intrafamilial and extrafamilial intergenerational contact and solidarity in Spain, three national surveys were initially studied using cross-tabulation tables and measures of association. Then, factor analysis and logistic regression of most recent data focused on explanatory variables behind two dimensions of intergenerational solidarity. Regarding intergenerational co-residence, the results point to a highly relevant difference between intrafamilial and extrafamilial habits. As regards regular, but non-residential, contact between the generations, two gaps have been identified. The first gap appears between family practices and non-family practices, with a significant and progressive reduction of the latter being detected. According to the second gap, while intergenerational contact drops outside the family, levels of intragenerational contact are comparable in both settings. In this context, patterns of associational and functional intergenerational solidarity towards older relatives and non-relatives have been identified, with age, distance, civil status and especially gender being the key explanatory variables. The paper argues that there is good reason to pay combined attention to both intrafamilial and extrafamilial forms of intergenerational contact and solidarity, something that has been done very little to date.