Cross Sections For Proton-induced Reactions Research Articles

Measurement of nuclide production cross sections for GeV-region proton-induced reactions on [formula omitted]Mg, [formula omitted]Si, [formula omitted]Fe, [formula omitted]Cu, and [formula omitted]Zn

Nuclide production cross sections for proton-induced reactions on natMg, natSi, natFe, natCu, and natZn at several GeV were measured using an activation technique at Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex. The aggregate results of 250 cross sections were successfully acquired. The cross sections of the natFe(p,X)44mSc, natZn(p,X)22Na, natZn(p,X)28Mg, natZn(p,X)48Sc, and natZn(p,X)69mZn reactions were acquired for the first time. The cross sections of the natFe(p,X)46Sc, natFe(p,X)52Fe, natCu(p,X)43Sc, natCu(p,X)48Sc, natCu(p,X)58Co, and most of the natZn(p,X) reactions above about 1 GeV were firstly measured. The data obtained in this study were compared with the results from nuclear reaction models in PHITS and the data retrieved from Japanese Evaluated Nuclear Data Library High Energy file 2007 (JENDL/HE-2007). As the nuclear reaction models, Liège IntraNuclear Cascade, two versions of JAERI Quantum Molecular Dynamics, and Jet AA Microscopic Transport Model coupled with an evaporation process were applied. Among all of the models, INCL/GEM, JENDL/HE-2007, and JAM/GEM generally showed the good agreement.

Measurement of nuclide production cross sections for proton-induced reactions on [formula omitted]Ti and 93Nb at 0.8 and 3.0 GeV

The nuclide production cross sections for proton-induced reactions on natTi and 93Nb at 0.8 and 3.0 GeV were measured using an activation technique at Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex. A total of 27 and 94 nuclide production cross sections for the natTi(p,X) and 93Nb(p,X) reactions were obtained, respectively. Cross sections of the natTi(p,X)44Sc, 93Nb(p,X)52Mn, 93Nb(p,X)69mZn, 93Nb(p,X)82mRb, 93Nb(p,X)85mY, 93Nb(p,X)87mY, 93Nb(p,X)90mY, 93Nb(p,X)91mNb, 93Nb(p,X)92mNb, and 93Nb(p,X)93mMo reactions were successfully measured for the first time. In addition, the cross sections of the natTi(p,X)46Sc, 93Nb(p,X)73As, 93Nb(p,X)85Y, and 93Nb(p,X)87Y reactions above about 1 GeV were firstly measured. The present data were compared with the results from nuclear reaction models in PHITS and data retrieved from Japanese Evaluated Nuclear Data Library High Energy file 2007 (JENDL/HE-2007). As the nuclear reaction models, Liège IntraNuclear Cascade (INCL), two versions of JAERI Quantum Molecular Dynamics, and Jet AA Microscopic Transport Model coupled with an evaporation process were applied. The prediction accuracy of JENDL/HE-2007 was the best for the 7Be production cross section of both targets. As an overall trend, underestimation of INCL and all of the models were confirmed for the natTi(p,X) and 93Nb(p,X) reactions, respectively.

Activation cross sections of proton-induced reactions on manganese up to 30 MeV

The excitation functions of the 55Mn(p,x)51Cr, 54Mn reactions were measured up to 30-MeV proton energy. The experiment was performed at the RIKEN AVF cyclotron using the stacked-foil activation technique. High-purity germanium (HPGe) detectors were used for the gamma-ray spectrometry. Obtained results were compared with previous experimental data and the prediction of the TALYS nuclear reaction model code available in the TENDL-2021 library. Physical thick target yields of 51Cr and 54Mn were derived from the measured cross sections.

Activation cross sections of proton-induced reactions on natural platinum up to 30 MeV

Activation cross sections of proton-induced reactions on natural platinum were measured. The stacked-foil activation technique and high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry were used. The production cross sections of 198, 196, 196m2, 195, 194, 193, 192, 191Au, 191Pt, and 192, 190Ir were determined up to 30 MeV. The experimental results were compared with previous experimental data and theoretical calculations in the TENDL-2019 library.

Measurement of nuclide production cross sections for proton-induced reactions on [formula omitted]Ni and [formula omitted]Zr at 0.4, 1.3, 2.2, and 3.0 GeV

Nuclide production cross sections for proton-induced reactions on natNi and natZr at incident energies of 0.4, 1.3, 2.2, and 3.0 GeV were measured by the activation method at Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC). In total, 24 and 43 residual nuclides were measured for the natNi and natZr targets, respectively. Among them, the cross sections of the following reactions were measured for the first time: natZr(p,x)28Mg, natZr(p,x)42K, natZr(p,x)43K, natZr(p,x)44gSc, natZr(p,x)55Co, natZr(p,x)69mZn, and natZr(p,x)93Y reactions. To examine the prediction capabilities, the measured data were compared with the spallation reaction models in PHITS (INCL4.6, Bertini, and JAM as intranuclear cascade models, and GEM as an evaporation model), INCL++/ABLA07, semi-empirical calculation code SPACS, and the JENDL/HE-2007 library. From the evaluation introducing the mean square deviation factor, the best reproducibility was exhibited by the JENDL/HE-2007 library for natNi and INCL++/ABLA07 for natZr.

An overview of activation cross-section measurements of some neutron and charged-particle induced reactions in Bangladesh

Abstract Over the last several decades, our research group has been working on nuclear data measurements using a J-25 Neutron Generator, a TRIGA Mark II Research Reactor and a Tandem Accelerator at Savar, as well as an Am/Be neutron source at Rajshahi. The spectrum of fast neutrons having energies from 0.5 to 20 MeV in the core of the TRIGA reactor as well as from 1.5 to 11 MeV of the Am/Be source was well characterized for validation of evaluated data of neutron threshold reactions. Spectrum-averaged cross sections were determined by integral measurements. The integral values measured at both the reactor and the Am/Be source were compared with the integrated data deduced from measured and evaluated excitation functions of some nuclear reactions given in some data libraries. As example, the details on the integral and integrated cross sections of the 64Zn(n,p)64Cu and 60Ni(n,p)60Co reactions are discussed. In both cases, integral test shows that further improvement of the evaluated excitation function reported in data libraries is needed. The use of a newly developed facility at the 3 MV Tandem Accelerator in measurement of proton induced reaction cross sections in the energy region below 5 MeV is outlined, and new results on the 64Ni(p,n)64Cu and natNi(p,x)61Cu processes below 3 MeV are discussed.

Excitation functions of proton-induced reactions on natW target for rhenium isotope production

The proton-induced reaction cross-sections on natural tungsten within the proton energy range of 12.50 ± 0.79 MeV to 44.08 ± 0.33 MeV are determined by using the stacked-foil activation method and offline γ-ray spectrometry at the MC50 cyclotron of the Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science. The proton beam intensity is determined by using the natCu(p,xn)62Zn and natCu(p,xn)65Zn monitor reactions. The residual nuclide activities are measured using an HPGe γ-ray detector. The experimental results in this work contains 63 individual measured points for seven identified nuclides 181;182m,g;183;184m,g;186Re via the natW(p,xn) reactions. In addition, the thick target yields are determined for the 181;182m,g;183;184m,g;186Re products produced from the natW(p,xn) reactions. The present data are compared with literature data and the theoretical predictions from the TALYS-1.9 code and the TENDL-2019 library.

Measurement of nuclide production cross sections for proton-induced reactions on Mn and Co at 1.3, 2.2, and 3.0 GeV

Nuclide production cross sections for proton-induced reactions on Mn and Co at incident energies of 1.3, 2.2, and 3.0 GeV were measured by the activation method at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC). In total, 143 production cross sections of reaction products with half-lives ranging from 1.8 h to 2.6 yr were obtained. Among them, the cross sections of 55Mn(p,x)38S, 55Mn(p,x)41Ar, and 59Co(p,x)38S reactions were measured for the first time. The stable proton beam and well-established beam profile-motoring system contributed to the reduction of the systematic uncertainties to typically less than 5%, which was better than those of the previous data (typically ∼10%). To examine the prediction capabilities of spallation reaction models and evaluated nuclear data library, the measured data were compared with the spallation reaction models in PHITS (INCL4.6, Bertini, and JAM as intranuclear cascade models, and GEM as an evaporation model), INCL++/ABLA07, and the JENDL/HE-2007 library. The comparison of the mean square deviation factors indicated that both INCL4.6/GEM and JENDL/HE-2007 showed better agreement with the measured data than the others.

Activation cross sections of proton-induced reactions on praseodymium up to 30 MeV

Activation cross sections of proton-induced reactions on 141Pr were measured. Stacked foil activation technique and γ-ray spectrometry were adopted to derive the cross sections. The production cross sections of 141,140,139mNd, and 139Ce were determined up to 30 MeV. The physical yield of 140Nd was deduced using the measured cross sections of the 141Pr(p,2n)140Nd reaction. The physical yields of the proton- and deuteron-induced reactions on 141Pr and 3He-induced reaction on natCe for 140Nd production were compared.

First beams at neutrons for science

The neutrons for science facility (NFS), the first operational experimental area of the new GANIL/SPIRAL-2 facility, received its first beams in December 2019. Proton-induced reaction cross-sections as well as neutron beam characteristics were measured during the first commissioning phases. The first results, showing the features of the facility, are presented here and compared with previously published data. The physics cases and the first accepted experiments are presented as well.

Short-lived radionuclide production cross sections calculated by the Liège intranuclear cascade model

In this paper, we calculate the cross sections for proton-induced reactions producing short-lived radionuclides like $^{7,10}\mathrm{Be}$, $^{26}\mathrm{Al}$, $^{53,54}\mathrm{Mn}$, etc., with the Li\`ege intranuclear cascade model (incl$++$). The results show that the incl model, when coupled with the proper deexcitation model, gives satisfactory results for most of the considered reactions. Generally, results for reactions with $(\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}N\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}Z)$ equal to 0 or 1 are more likely to precisely match experimental data than those for reactions with larger or smaller $|\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}N\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}Z|$. Our results can provide useful references for both the users and developers of incl and deexcitation models.

Measurement of cross sections for proton-induced reactions on natural Zn

We present the cross sections for the natZn(p,x)67Cu and natZn(p,x)67Ga reactions within a proton energy range of 47.5–99.2 MeV. We efficiently separated the overlapping gamma-ray spectra of the two isotopes 67Cu and 67Ga, using an analytical method without radiochemical separation. The present data were compared with previous data from the literature, typically obtained by radiochemical separation before measuring the gamma-ray spectra of the two isotopes. Our results for the two isotopes generally showed greater or smaller values than those reported in the literature, except for some data concerning partial energy ranges, which were in agreement with the literature data. The present data were also compared with the TENDL-2017 library based on the TALYS code.

Theoretical study of cross sections of proton-induced reactions on cobalt

Abstract Nuclear fusion may be among the strongest sustainable ways to replace fossil fuels because it does not contribute to acid rain or global warming. In this context, activated cobalt materials in corrosion products for fusion energy are significant in determination of dose levels during maintenance after a coolant leak in a nuclear fusion reactor. Therefore, cross-section studies on cobalt material are very important for fusion reactor design. In this article, the excitation functions of some nuclear reaction channels induced by proton particles on 59 Co structural material were predicted using different models. The nuclear level densities were calculated using different choices of available level density models in ALICE/ASH code. Finally, the newly calculated cross sections for the investigated nuclear reactions are compared with the experimental values and TENDL data based on TALYS nuclear code.

Simulation study of the proton-induced reaction cross sections for the production of 18F and 66–68Ga radioisotopes

The excitation functions of 18O(p,n) and 66–68Zn(p,xn) reactions were calculated using nuclear model based computer codes for the production of 18F and 66–68Ga radioisotopes. The model-based calculations, EMPIRE 3.2 Malta, ALICE/ASH and TALYS 1.8 nuclear reaction codes were used for obtaining the cross sections in the production of these radioisotopes. The nuclear reaction model results were compared to the existing experimental values, and TENDL-2015 data. It is generally accepted that the cross section predictions obtained using Superfluid model are preferable for the better description of experimental measurements.

Cross sections for proton-induced reactions on natSb up to 68 MeV

Abstract Nuclear excitation functions for proton induced reactions on antimony targets have been measured up to 68 MeV using stacked foil activation techniques at the Crocker Laboratory of the University of California at Davis. Measurements made are expected to be useful in production of therapeutic radionuclides 119Sb (via production of its parents 119mTe and 119gTe) and 117mSn. This work extends the energy coverage of available data upwards by approximately 30 MeV into a range relevant to medium-energy radionuclide production facilities like the Isotope Production Facility in Los Alamos, New Mexico and the Brookhaven Linear Isotope Producer in Upton, New York.

Production cross sections of proton-induced reactions on yttrium

The production cross sections of residual radionuclides such as 86,88,89gZr, 86g,87m,87g,88Y, 83g,85gSr, and 83,84gRb in the 89Y(p,x) reaction were measured using a stacked-foil activation and offline γ-ray spectrometric technique with proton energies of 57MeV and 69MeV at the 100MeV proton linac in the Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex (KOMAC), Gyeongju, Korea. The induced activities of the activated samples were measured using a high purity germanium (HPGe) detector, and the proton flux was determined using the natCu(p,x)62Zn reaction. The measured data was compared with other experimental data and the data from the TENLD-2015 library based on the TALYS code. The present results are generally lower than those in literature, but are found to be in agreement with the shape of the excitation functions. The integral yields for the thick target using the measured cross sections are given.

Studying the Nuclear Structure of Some Target Nuclei Used for Radiotherapy Nuclei Production by Using Skyrme-Hartree-Fock Method

The nuclear structure for some target nuclei namely: 32S, 58Ni, 89Y, 90Zr, 100Mo and 197Au used for production of the therapeutic radionuclides; 32P, 58Co, 89Sr, 90Y, 99Mo, 100Tc, 197Pt and 197Hg has been investigated using Skyrme-Hartree-Fock method based on Skyrme effective two-body interaction. For these purpose, we have calculated the various nuclear densities, the corresponding root mean square radii and nuclear binding energies. The density dependent initial neutron and proton exciton numbers have been also calculated which give the ability to investigate the neutron and proton induced reaction cross-sections for these target nuclei using hybrid model for pre-equilibrium nuclear reactions. The calculated results are compared with available experimental data.

Cross sections of proton- and neutron-induced reactions by the Liège intranuclear cascade model

The purpose of the paper is mainly to test the validity of the Liege intranuclear cascade (INCL) model in calculating the cross sections of proton-induced reactions for cosmogenic nuclei using the newly compiled database of proton cross sections. The model calculations of He-3 display the rising tendency of cross sections with the increase of energy, in accordance with the experimental data. Meanwhile, the differences between the theoretical results and experimental data of production cross sections (Be-10 and Al-26) are generally within a factor of 3, meaning that the INCL model works quite well for the proton-induced reactions. Based on the good agreement, we predict the production cross sections of Al-26 from reactions n + Al-27, n + Si-28, and n + Ca-40 and those of Be-10 from reactions n + O-16 and n + Si-28. The results also show a good agreement with a posteriori excitation functions.

Experimental determination of proton induced reaction cross sections on natNi near threshold energy

Abstract A newly developed facility at the 3 MV Tandem Accelerator at Dhaka for measurement of proton induced reaction cross sections in the energy region below 5 MeV is outlined and tests for the beam characterization are described. The results were validated by comparison with the well-known excitation function of the 64Ni(p, n)64Cu reaction. Excitation functions of the reactions nat Ni(p, x)60,61Cu, nat Ni(p, x)55,57,58m+g Co and nat Ni(p, x)57Ni were also measured from threshold to 16 MeV using the stacked-foil technique, whereby irradiations were performed with 5 MeV protons available at the Tandem Accelerator and 16.7 MeV protons at the BC 1710 cyclotron at Jülich, Germany. The radioactivity was measured using HPGe γ-ray detectors. A few results are new, the others strengthen the database. In particular, the results of the reaction nat Ni(p, x)61Cu below 3 MeV could serve as beam monitor.

Resonance Strength Measurement at Astrophysical Energies: The17O(p,α)14N Reaction Studied via THM

In recent years, the Trojan Horse Method (THM) has been used to investigate the low-energy cross sections of proton-induced reactions on 17 O nuclei, overcoming extrapolation procedures and enhancement effects due to electron screening. We will report on the indirect study of the 17 O(p, α ) 14 N reaction via the Trojan Horse Method by applying the approach developed for extracting the resonance strength of narrow resonance in the ultralow energy region. The mean value of the strengths obtained in the two measurements was calculated and compared with the direct data available in literature.