Cross-sectional Census Data Research Articles

Suicidal ideation in patients with mental illness and concurrent substance use: analyses of national census data in Norway

BackgroundSuicidal ideation may signal potential risk for future suicidal behaviors and death. We examined the prevalence of recent suicidal ideation in patients with mental illness and concurrent substance use and explored the clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with suicidal ideation in this patient subgroup, which represents a particular risk group for adverse psychiatric outcomes.MethodsWe used national cross-sectional census data in Norway collected from 25,525 patients in specialized mental health services. The analytic sample comprised 3,842 patients with concurrent substance use, defined as having a co-morbid substance use disorder or who reported recent regular alcohol use/occasional illicit drug use. Data included suicidal ideation measured in relation to the current treatment episode, sociodemographic characteristics and ICD-10 diagnoses. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to examine differential characteristics between patients with and without suicidal ideation.ResultsThe prevalence of suicidal ideation was 25.8%. The suicidal ideation rates were particularly high for those with personality disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression, and for alcohol and sedatives compared with other substances. Patients with suicidal ideation were characterized by being younger, having single marital status, and having poorly perceived social relationships with family and friends.ConclusionSuicidal ideation in patients with mental illness and concurrent substance use was associated with a number of distinct characteristics. These results might help contribute to an increased focus on a subgroup of individuals at particular risk for suicidality and support suicide prevention efforts in specialized mental health services.

Trust in the Israeli Healthcare System Among Arabs, Jewish Immigrants, and Non-immigrants.

Previous studies have shown that minorities and immigrants have low levels of trust in healthcare systems (HCSys), which might present a barrier in access to and utilization of healthcare services. We compared the levels of trust in Israel's HCSys among the Arab minority, immigrant Jews, and non-immigrant Jew sand draw on the integrative model of organizational trust to explore factors that can explain differences in the trust level within and between the study groups. We obtained cross-sectional census data from the 2017 Social Survey of the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. We studied levels of trust based on a survey question: "Do you have trust in the HCSys?" We used logistic regression models to compare levels of trust in HCSys among the study groups, adjusting for components of the integrative model: characteristics (sex, age, education, religiosity, and healthcare service use), abilities (private health insurance ownership), integrity (discrimination, trusting the justice system and government), and perceived risk (self-reported health). Our findings revealed that Arabs (odds ratio (OR) = 4.20, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 4.17, 4.23) and immigrant Jews (OR = 2.54, 95% CI = 2.51, 2.58) had more trust in the HCSys compared to non-immigrant Jews, even after adjusting for all the component variables. Different components of the integrative model explained trust in each population group. Minority and immigrant groups had greater trust in the HCSys compared to the non-immigrant group. These findings may indicate different expectations with respect to patient-caregiver relations and HCSys utilization and raise questions regarding access to HCS and quality of care among minority and immigrant groups.

The Age of Independence, Revisited: Parents and Interracial Union Formation Across the Life Course1.

Romantic relationships that cross racial lines have grown since anti-miscegenation laws were deemed unconstitutional. In The Age of Independence, Rosenfeld argued that parental influence over children's mate selection processes had waned. Rosenfeld, however, was not able to test this supposition directly because of his reliance on cross-sectional census data. Using Waves I and III of Add Health for a cohort of individuals from 1994 to 2002, we examine whether parents matter in shaping their offspring's romantic attachments, by exploring whether adolescent reports of maternal closeness and parental control are associated with youth's likelihood of being in an interracial relationship in emerging adulthood. We find that parental factors do influence emerging adults' romantic relationships; these associations vary by race, ethnicity, and gender. Among white men, maternal closeness in adolescence reduces the likelihood of being in an interracial relationship in emerging adulthood. Parental control elevates the odds of being in an interracial relationship among black and Hispanic women. We also find that parental decisions on where families live shape offspring's choices, as relative exogamous group size in adolescence is associated with interracial union formation in later life. Our findings suggest that parental influence remains salient in the partner choices made by emerging adults.

A DYNAMIC MODEL OF SELF-EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIOECONOMIC MOBILITY AMONG RETURN MIGRANTS: THE CASE OF URBAN MEXICO.

Return migrants engage in high rates of self-employment, which scholars commonly attribute to the accumulation of financial and human capital while working abroad. Central to this scholarship is the assumption that self-employment is positive and leads to upward economic mobility among return migrants. This scholarship is limited, however, because it relies on large surveys and cross-sectional census data that treat self-employment as a single uni-dimensional status measured at one point in time. To improve conceptualization and measurement of self- employment, we engage three bodies of research that have thus far had little cross-fertilization: the literature on work and self-employment in Latin America, the scholarship on return migration and self-employment, and developments in economic theories of international migration. Drawing on results from the first longitudinal analysis of the labor market trajectories of Mexican return migrants in a large urban area in central Mexico, we identify three types of self-employment - survivalist, temporary, and prosperous. To explain these divergent self-employment pathways, we draw on biographical narratives and identify two sets of mechanisms - human capital formation and life-course stage. Overall, our investigation of self-employment types suggests a complex relationship between international migration experiences and the labor market mobility of return migrants which cannot be understood without taking into consideration migrants' social and economic circumstances before, during, and after migration. Consequently, our study yields insights into economic theories of international migration and provides direction for future research on return migration and labor market reintegration.

Macronutrient Composition or Social Determinants? Impact on Infant Outcomes With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

The purpose of this study was to examine, through a randomized, controlled trial, the effects of a maternal carbohydrate-restricted diet on maternal and infant outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Women diagnosed with GDM were randomly allocated into one of two groups: an intervention group that was placed on a lower-carbohydrate diet (35–40% of total calories) or a control group that was placed on the usual pregnancy diet (50–55% carbohydrate). A convenience sample of participants diagnosed with GDM (ages 18–45 years) was recruited from two different sites: one urban and low-income and the other suburban and more affluent. Individual face-to-face diet instruction occurred with certified diabetes educators at both sites. Participants tested their blood glucose four times daily. Specific socioeconomic status indicators included enrollment in the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children or Medicaid-funded health insurance, as well as cross-sectional census data. All analyses were based on an intention to treat. Although there were no differences found between the lower-carbohydrate and usual-care diets in terms of blood glucose or maternal-infant outcomes, there were significant differences noted between the two sites. There was a lower mean postprandial blood glucose (100.59 ± 7.3 mg/dL) at the suburban site compared to the urban site (116.3 ± 15 mg/dL) (P <0.01), even though there was no difference in carbohydrate intake. There were increased amounts of protein and fat consumed at the suburban site (P <0.01), as well as lower infant complications (P <0.01). Further research is needed to determine whether these disparities in outcomes were the result of macronutrient proportions or environmental conditions.

Maternal mortality and distance to facility-based obstetric care in rural southern Tanzania: a secondary analysis of cross-sectional census data in 226 000 households.

Access to skilled obstetric delivery and emergency care is deemed crucial for reducing maternal mortality. We assessed pregnancy-related mortality by distance to health facilities and by cause of death in a disadvantaged rural area of southern Tanzania. We did a secondary analysis of cross-sectional georeferenced census data collected from June to October, 2007, in five rural districts of southern Tanzania. Heads of georeferenced households were asked about household deaths in the period June 1, 2004, to May 31, 2007, and women aged 13-49 years were interviewed about birth history in the same time period. Causes of death in women of reproductive age were ascertained by verbal autopsy. We also asked for sociodemographic information. Multilevel logistic regression was used to analyse the effects of distance to health facilities providing delivery care on pregnancy-related mortality (direct and indirect maternal and coincidental deaths). The study included 818 583 people living in 225 980 households. Pregnancy-related mortality was high at 712 deaths per 100 000 livebirths, with haemorrhage being the leading cause of death. Deaths due to direct causes of maternal mortality were strongly related to distance, with mortality increasing from 111 per 100 000 livebirths among women who lived within 5 km to 422 deaths per 100 000 livebirths among those who lived more than 35 km from a hospital (adjusted odds ratio 3·68; 95% CI 1·37-9·88). Neither pregnancy-related nor indirect maternal mortality was associated with distance to hospital. Among women who lived within 5 km of a hospital, pregnancy-related mortality was 664 deaths per 100 000 livebirths even though 72% gave birth in hospital and 8% had delivery by caesarean section. Large distances to hospital contribute to high levels of direct obstetric mortality. High pregnancy-related mortality in those living near to a hospital suggests deficiencies in quality of care. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Examining the Relationship between Spatial Patterns of Household Deprivation and Some Socioeconomic Indexes in Iraq-2004

Regions, independent of their geographic level of aggregation, are known to be interrelated partly due to their relative locations. Similar economic performance among regions can be attributed to proximity. Consequently, a proper understanding and accounting of spatial liaisons are needed in order to effectively forecast regional economic variables. In this research household deprivation (HD) is viewed from the perspective of living standards index (LSI). Historically, governorates in Iraq suffered inequalities of living standards for many reasons, such as government’s focus on the heart of the city, specifically Baghdad, Basra, and Nineveh. Question is raised whether the spatial pattern of HD is existed in Iraq? If so, can household economic status (HES) and education indexes explain this pattern?The objective is to investigate spatial structure of LSI and its spatial correlation to spatial structure of each of HES and education. This investigation will provide implications for policy makers, finding local clusters and showing visual picture for each of LSI, HES and education.The study utilizes a cross-sectional census data collected in 2004 for 18 governorates. Mapping is used as the first step to conduct visual inspection for LSI using quartiles. Several spatial econometric techniques are available in the literature, which deal with the spatial autocorrelation in geographically referenced data. Two statistics of spatial autocorrelation, based on sharing boundary neighbours, known as global and local Moran's I, are carried out. Wartenberg’s measure is used to detect bivariate spatial correlation.The hypothesis of spatial clustering for LSI was confirmed by a positive global Moran’s I of .34 with p= .002 and permutation p=.006, while for education was not confirmed by a negative global Moran’s I of -.16 with p=.451 and for HES was confirmed by a positive global Moran’s I of .28 with p= .010. Bivariate spatial correlation between LSI and education wasn’t found significant .09 with p=.165 and between LSI and HES was found significant .31 with p=.002.In conclusion, based on visual inspection of mapping global clustering was found in LSI on the northern and southern parts. It was confirmed by the significant global Moran’s I statistic. Out of 18 governorates; eight, seven, and one were found as local clusters in LSI, HES, and education respectively based on local Moran's Ii. The bivariate spatial correlation between LSI and education was not found significant while between LSI and HES was found significant.

The relationship between spatial patterns of illnesses and unemployment in Iraq-2007.

Studies of the relationship between spatial patterns of chronic illnesses (CI) and unemployment rate (UR) characteristics were not well documented. However, when analyzing the data that were collected on geographic areas, the spatial effects were seldom considered. This study addresses this concern by applying the mapping and spatial analysis techniques in studying how UR pattern is related to the CI pattern in Iraq. The aim is to assess the existence of spatial pattern in CI across geographical areas, and find whether this pattern was influenced by the pattern of socioeconomic indicators such as UR. The study design was cross-sectional census data obtained in 2007. Governorates were used as the respective units of the analysis. Two statistics of spatial autocorrelation based on sharing boundary neighbours known as global and local Moran measures were used to investigate the global and local clustering respectively. To investigate the bivariate spatial relationship between CI and UR, Wartenberg’s (1985) measure was used. It was found that UR varied significantly across different governorates, while CI didn’t. Significant local clusters in UR, in northern and southern parts of the country were found, while no significant local clusters were found in CI. No significant spatial association was found between CI and UR based on bivariate spatial correlation coefficient.

Measuring the Spatial Correlation of Unemployment in Iraq-2007

Although many studies examined the existence of spatial pattern of unemployment in some developing and many developed countries in improving the prosperity or social status and reducing the inequalities in unemployment between areas of such country, there is still much work to be done. Some of these studies were found spatial pattern for unemployment using different statistical techniques and geographical mapping. Question is raised whether the spatial pattern of unemployment is existed in Iraq? The objective is to investigate the spatial structure of unemployment rate (UR) across different governorates to provide implications for policy makers, investigating the hot spots of UR, and showing visual picture for UR. The study utilized a cross-sectional census data for 18 governorates collected in 2007. Mapping was used as a first step to conduct visual inspection for UR using quartiles. Two statistics of spatial autocorrelation, based on sharing boundary neighbours, known as global and local Moran's I, were carried out for examining the global clustering and local clusters respectively. Based on visual inspection of mapping, the global clustering was found in UR and it was confirmed by the significant statistic found by global Moran’s I . Out of 18, seven governorates: 3, 4, 5, 12, 15, 16, and 17 were found as local clusters in UR based on local Moran's I. In conclusion, the UR varied across different governorates with black spots in northern and southern parts of the country.

Persistence and change of the relative difference in educational attainment by ethno-cultural group and gender in Canada

This article presents analytical findings on the persistence and change of the relative difference in educational attainment by ethno-cultural group and gender in Canada. As these trends cannot be observed from a single data source, a modelling technique to integrate longitudinal data lacking ethno-cultural detail with cross-sectional Census data was developed. First- and second-generation immigrants and/or members of most visible minority groups on average reach higher educational levels than their Canadian-born peers not belonging to a visible minority. This study reveals that the relative educational differences between the studied groups are both important in extent and remarkably stable over birth cohorts. The research presented in this paper was conducted in the context of Statistics Canada&#x2019;s population projection microsimulation model Demosim. Demosim marks an important milestone in establishing microsimulation for official population projections. It reflects the demand for models which can go beyond age and sex, capturing geographical detail, ethnic diversity, educational attainment and other characteristics.

Measuring Neighborhood Diversity and Stability in Home-Buying: Examining Patterns by Race and Income in a Robust Housing Market

ABSTRACT:In recent years, there has been continued interest in prospects for the development and sustainability of both mixed-income and racially diverse communities. We examine an important contributor to racial and economic diversity and segregation—the geographic patterns of homebuyers. In particular, we examine the extent to which neighborhoods within the Chicago metropolitan area have obtained significant levels of income and racial diversity in home buying and maintained such diversity over the 1990s. We analyze the racial and income composition of homebuyers by census tract for two periods: 1993 to 1994 and 1999 to 2000. First, by comparing changes in home buying to 1990 to 2000 changes in cross-sectional census data, we find that changes in home-buying patterns are significant contributors to neighborhood racial change. We then find a significant decline in the proportion of whites buying into neighborhoods where nearly all buyers are white. The policy implications of our findings are described and discussed.

Initial Earnings and Catch-up Capacity of Immigrants

The literature, largely based on cross-sectional census data, has suggested that recent immigrant cohorts to Canada earned less than earlier ones relative to Canadians' earnings. The Longitudinal Immigration Data Base (IMDB) developed by Citizenship and Immigration Canada and Statistics Canada provides rich data for studying immigrants' longitudinal earnings profiles. Using custom-made IMDB tables, this paper estimates the initial earnings gap between immigrants and Canadians, and immigrants' catch-up capacity, defined as the number of years immigrants took, or expected to take, to reach earnings parity with Canadians. The findings show that recent immigrant cohorts earned less initially than earlier ones, but caught up faster. Some tentative explanations and policy implications are offered.

Nuclear hardship or variant dependency? Households and the Scottish Poor Law

The ‘nuclear hardship’ hypothesis claims that where nuclear families predominated collective aid prevailed, whereas extended households were co-extensive with kin-based support. This article tests this assumption by considering the relationship between households and the Poor Law in Lowland Scots communities after 1845. While cross-sectional census data are inconclusive, a longitudinal analysis based on case study evidence, including temporary as well as permanent relief patterns, suggests that ‘nuclear hardship’ might be replaced by a model that matches household structure with the varying sources of aid given during critical life situations while focusing upon applicants as negotiators rather than victims.

Measuring Gentrification and Displacement in Greater London

The use of aggregate data to understand the linkages between gentrification and displacement has been considered problematic because of a lack of refinement or closeness to the nature of these processes as well as lacking the ability to 'track' displacees. This paper presents the results of pioneering work designed to overcome these problems by combining cross-sectional census data with spatially re-aggregated longitudinal census data (the Longitudinal Study). Using established approaches to measure gentrification, via proxy measures, and devising others for its potential displacees, the work demonstrates a displacement effect clustered around gentrified wards. Attempts are made to quantify flows of displacement relative to city-wide changes over the decade. The paper concludes that, although replacement and displacement are difficult to distinguish, displacement appears prevalent for certain groups and this requires further research initiatives to explore a process that is socially and psychologically harmful.

Age-Earnings Profile Estimates for Older Persons in Wrongful Death and Injury Cases

Age-Earnings Profile Estimates for Older Persons in Wrongful Death and Injury Cases