Cross-polarized Imaging Research Articles

Influence of Compression Loading on Acoustic Emission and Light Polarization Features in TeO2 Crystal.

Monitoring the processes inside crystalline materials under their operating conditions is of great interest in optoelectronics and scientific instrumentation. Early defect detection ensures the proper functioning of multiple crystal-based devices. In this study, a combination of acoustic emission (AE) sensing and cross-polarization imaging is proposed for the fast characterization of the crystal's structure. For the experiments, tellurium dioxide (TeO2) crystal was chosen due to its wide use in acousto-optics. Studies were performed under uniaxial compression loading with a simultaneous acquisition of AE signals and four polarized optical images. An analysis of the temporal dependencies of the AE data and two-dimensional maps of the light depolarization features was carried out in order to establish quantitative criteria for irreversible damage initiation and crack-like defect formation. The obtained results reveal the polarization image patterns and the AE pulse duration alteration specific to these processes, and they open up new possibilities for non-destructively monitoring in real-time the structure of optically transparent crystals under their operating conditions.

Application of cross-polarization imaging in distinguishing between squamous and columnar epithelium of the cervix

The careful observation and evaluation of the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ) are essential requirements in colposcopy procedures. While traditional colposcopes with visible light offer high resolution and sensitivity, the presence of glare patterns on the cervix limits the visualization of deeper tissue features. Cross-polarization imaging, on the other hand, overcomes this limitation by effectively removing glare and providing greater optical penetration depth to noninvasively examine subsurface tissue structures. In this study, we present the potential of polarized light in enhancing diagnostics through cross-polarization imaging for the identification and contrast enhancement of squamous and columnar epithelium (CE) in cases of cervical ectropion. Our results demonstrate that polarized light colposcopy offers valuable diagnostic information that complements traditional colposcopy. By effectively reducing glare and improving visibility during cervical examinations, polarized light colposcopy proves to be a useful tool. Furthermore, we introduce a novel method that practically enhances the contrast ratio (CR) between columnar and squamous epithelium (SE) in colposcopic images. This method significantly increases the contrast between these tissue types, facilitating clearer differentiation and improving diagnostic accuracy. Notably, the combination of the cross-polarization imaging technique with our proposed algorithm enables the clear observation of the SCJ boundary. These findings emphasize the potential of our approach in enhancing the accuracy and effectiveness of polarized colposcopy for evaluating cervical tissue.

Direct observation of exceptional points in photonic crystal by cross-polarization imaging in momentum space

This study explores exceptional points (EPs) in photonic crystals (PhCs) and introduces an experimental technique for their single-shot observation. Exceptional points are spectral singularities found in non-Hermitian systems, such as leaky PhC slabs. However, directly observing EPs in PhC systems using regular reflectivity spectroscopy is a considerable challenge due to interference between guided resonances and background signals. In this work, we present a simple, nondestructive technique that employs crossed polarizations to directly observe EPs in momentum-resolved resonant scattering. This approach effectively suppresses the background signal, enabling exclusive probing of the guided resonances where EPs manifest. Our results demonstrate the formation of EPs in both energy-momentum mapping and isofrequency imaging. All experimental findings align seamlessly with numerical simulations and analytical models. Our approach holds great potential as a robust tool for studying non-Hermitian physics in the PhC platform.

Artifact suppression using cross-circular polarization for millimeter-wave imaging

Millimeter-wave imaging is widely applied to radar detection, personnel security inspection, environmental perception, and so on. Multipath artifact is a common phenomenon in active millimeter-wave (AMMW) imaging and is difficult to be removed. The suppression methods in image reconstruction and post-processing stage are usually complex or time-consuming. This report proposes a cross-polarization method to suppress multipath artifacts between equivalent two-cylinder structures before image reconstruction. The physical mechanisms of co-polarization and cross-polarization imaging are revealed. The suppression effectiveness is demonstrated by conducting W-band AMMW imaging simulation and measurement experiments of a typical multipath scenario at the central frequency of 100 GHz (97 ∼103 GHz). The proposed method can directly reconstruct the image with artifact suppression and reduce the pressure of post-processing.

Active electrochemical high-contrast gratings as on/off switchable and color tunable pixels

To be viable for display applications, active structural colors must be electrically tunable, on/off switchable, and reversible. Independently controlling the first two functions, however, is difficult because of causality that ties the real and imaginary parts of the optical constants or changing overlap of fields during structural variations. Here, we demonstrate an active reflective color pixel that encompasses separate mechanisms to achieve both functions reversibly by electrochemically depositing and dissolving Cu inside the dielectric grating slits on a Pt electrode with ΔV < 3 V. Varying the modal interference via Cu occupancy in the slits changes the CIE space coverage by up to ~72% under cross-polarized imaging. In the same pixel, depolarization and absorption by the dissolving porous Cu switches the color off with a maximum contrast of ~97%. Exploiting these results, we demonstrate an active color-switching display and individually addressable on/off pixel matrix that highlights their potential in reflective display applications.

Rapid and efficient characterization of cervical collagen orientation using linearly polarized colposcopic images

Collagen provides tissue strength and structural integrity. Quantification of the orientated dispersion of collagen fibers is an important factor when studying the mechanical properties of the cervix. In this study, for the first time, a new method for rapid characterization of the collagen fiber orientations of the cervix using linearly polarized light colposcopy is presented. A total of 24 colposcopic images were captured using a cross-polarized imaging system with white LED light sources. In the preprocessing stage, the Red channel of the RGB image was chosen, which contains no information of the blood vessels because of the low-absorption of blood cells in the red region. OrientationJ, which is an ImageJ plug-in, was used to estimate the local orientation of the collagen fibers. The result shows that in the nonpregnant cervix, the middle zone (Zone 2) has circumferentially aligned collagen fibers while the inner zone (Zone 1) has randomly arranged. The collagen fiber dispersion in Zone 2 is much smaller than that in Zone 1 at all four quadrants region (anterior, posterior, left, and right quadrant). This new analysis technique could potentially combine with diagnostic tools to provide a quantitative platform of collagen fibers in the clinic.

Mobile-device-based two-dimensional measurement for estimating the embryo and endosperm areas of brown rice.

The rice kernel inside a hull is composed of the embryo and endosperm. The embryo or germ of the rice seed will grow and become the shoot and the root parts of a seedling, while the endosperm is an important nutrient source for the embryo in the early stages. Hence, the health of seedlings depends particularly on the sizes of the embryo and endosperm. In this work, we propose and experimentally demonstrate how the embryo and endosperm areas of brown rice can simply be determined. Our key idea is based on the utilization of a smart mobile device equipped with our specifically designed lens module arranged in a simple cross-polarization imaging configuration for acquiring a rice grain image upon the illumination of a white light source and then spatially analyzing the sizes of embryo and endosperm areas. The prototype shows promising results in identifying the sizes of the embryo and endosperm within 2 s per seed with a measurement error of <9% compared with the use of off-the-shelf image editing software. In addition, the prototype is in a small package of 20×32.5×6.5cm3 with 4 kg weight, thus showing high potential to perform in the real scenario.

Nature engineered metasurfaces: spin-to-orbital angular momentum conversion in diatom frustules

Evolution provided, through eras, several animal, vegetal, and protist species with sub-micrometric constituent structures able to manipulate light at the nanoscale in non trivial ways. In particular, diatoms are single-celled microalgae enclosed in a porous silica shell, the frustule, perforated by regular patterns of microand nano-pores and whose functionalities comprise mechanical stability, sorting of nutrients from harmful agents and optimization of sunlight harvesting. Photonic properties of frustules include focusing, photoluminescence, and optical activity, among others. In the present work we show preliminary results concerning the ability of single valves of Arachnoidiscus ehrenbergii diatom frustules to manipulate incoming, circularly polarized radiation in such a way to generate light beams provided with orbital angular momentum (optical vortices). The combination of cross-polarization imaging in different spectral ranges, polarization sensitive digital holographic imaging (PSDHI), and interferometry allowed characterizing the valves and detecting the presence of spin-orbit coupling induced by their ultrastructure.

Spectral Reconstruction Using an Iteratively Reweighted Regulated Model from Two Illumination Camera Responses

An improved spectral reflectance estimation method was developed to transform captured RGB images to spectral reflectance. The novelty of our method is an iteratively reweighted regulated model that combines polynomial expansion signals, which was developed for spectral reflectance estimation, and a cross-polarized imaging system, which is used to eliminate glare and specular highlights. Two RGB images are captured under two illumination conditions. The method was tested using ColorChecker charts. The results demonstrate that the proposed method could make a significant improvement of the accuracy in both spectral and colorimetric: it can achieve 23.8% improved accuracy in mean CIEDE2000 color difference, while it achieves 24.6% improved accuracy in RMS error compared with classic regularized least squares (RLS) method. The proposed method is sufficiently accurate in predicting the spectral properties and their performance within an acceptable range, i.e., typical customer tolerance of less than 3 DE units in the graphic arts industry.

Reflected cross-polarized light microscopy as a method for measuring collagen fiber crimp in musculoskeletal tissues

Many musculoskeletal tissues are composed primarily of type I collagen, which takes on a periodic crimp morphology that allows large tensile strains in the tissue. The spatial period of collagen fiber crimp may be used to infer internal strains in a tissue and is typically measured using transmitted cross-polarized light imaging of thin slices. However, slicing may induce specimen distortion and precludes mechanical loading of the specimen during imaging. We hypothesized that reflected cross-polarized light imaging of thick tissue explants would yield crimp period measurements comparable to those obtained from transmitted light imaging of thin slices. We further hypothesized that these measurements would be sensitive to applied uniaxial strain in the fiber direction. These hypotheses were tested by imaging both intervertebral disc outer annulus fibrosus and medial collateral ligament tissue specimens. We found that both transmitted and reflected light yielded similar crimp period measurements for intervertebral disc tissue, with an overall average of 43.5 ± 11.5 μm. Reflected light yielded a significantly higher crimp period with lower variance than transmission through thin specimens (54.1 ± 10.6 μm versus 50.4 ± 16.0 μm) in the ligament. Upon application of axial tension, crimp periods in both fibers increased at a rate of approximately three times the applied strain (with 3.17% applied strain yielding a 9.64 ± 4.4% increase in crimp period in the disc and an 11.7 ± 3.7% increase in the ligament), indicating significant fibril sliding. In support of our hypotheses, these findings suggest that reflected cross-polarized light is a suitable method for measuring collagen fiber crimp in musculoskeletal tissues, both statically and under tension.

Dipolar particles via photopolymerization of 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate miniemulsion template tailored with oppositely-charged polymerizable surfactants

A new technique was developed for producing dipolar colloidal particles via miniemulsification of 1,6-hexandiol diacrylate (HDDA), which was stabilized by a non-ionic surfactant, in presence of a UV initiator, and doped with different oppositely-charged polymerizable surfactants (surfmers). The surfmers were chosen of poor miscibility with water to ensure their existence at the interface between the phases while the charged moieties are exposed toward the aqueous phase. Thereafter, the miniemulsion was mixed with agarose medium, and gelation was accomplished instantly to arrest the oil drops while the charged surfmers are immobilized on their surfaces. The drops were exposed to DC-field for polarization of the charges whereas UV radiation was applied simultaneously to trigger polymerization. The well-known particle nucleation in miniemulsion systems as well as polarizability of the charged moieties of the surfmers under the effect of the field and complete conversion of UV-initiated polymerization allowed the formation of particles bearing strong dipole moment. Size and zeta potential measurements of particles confirmed the nanometric size, typical of miniemulsion technique, which was further confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). On the other hand, a net charge on the surface even in presence of both cationic and anionic surfmers, is an evidence of non-equal hemispheres of the particles under the alignment induced by the electric field. This is dependent on the molar ratio of the charged species and intensity of the electric field during polymerization. In addition, the high resistance of aqueous dispersions of the polarized particles to induced aggregation in presence of an electrolyte, compared to a weakly-polarized comparable system, approves strongly the dipolarity of the particles. Cross-polarized optical imaging of assemblies formed in presence of electrolytes indicated clusters around 30 µm in size with excellent birefringence. Nevertheless, that was not the case for the un/weakly-polarized particles, indicating the anisotropy of the particles that agrees with the expected dipolar nature. This was also supported by SEM images recorded after DC induced polarization, which showed ordered aggregates in response to the applied DC field on particles holding aligned opposite charges.

Noninvasive diagnostic techniques of port wine stain.

Port-wine stain (PWS) is a benign capillary malformation that most commonly occurs in the head and neck. It is present at birth and progresses over time. It is formed by progressive dilatation of post-capillary venules and is associated with hypertrophy and nodularity with increasing age, leading to cosmetic disfigurement and psychological aggravation. It is caused by genetic mosaicism in GNAQ and GNA11 genes. Histopathology is the gold standard for assessment of PWS but it is invasive and may cause scarring. Inadequate characterization of the lesions may predispose to inadequate treatment protocols as well as higher treatment dosages. Clinical evaluation of treatment efficacy is subjective and may not be a representative of actual results. Therefore, an objective visualization modality is required. With evolving technology, numerous optical instruments have been developed for objective evaluation and visualization of subsurface structures. These include VISIA-CR™ system, videodermoscopy, high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS), laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI), reflectance spectrophotometers and tristimulus colorimeter, laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), cross-polarized diffuse reflectance imaging system (CDR), reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI). These semi-quantitative modes of diagnosis are complementary to each other. Some can be used in the clinical setting while others, due to high instrument cost, are limited to the research settings. In this review, we bring to you a brief overview of noninvasive diagnostic modalities in PWS.

Decontamination of Hard Tissue Using a Scanning Pulsed 9.3-µm CO2 Laser

Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of a scanning 9.3-µm CO2 laser beam to reduce or eliminate bacteria on hard tissue as a new method of non-specific decontamination to prevent cross-contamination during dental or medical procedures. Methods: A low energy level of a 9.3-μm CO2 laser beam was designed to deliver overall uniform photothermal energy in a 2-mm-diameter beam to eliminate bacteria on the surface of dental enamel without damaging the surface of the tooth. The study was conducted in two parts. The first part consisted of 10 human molars polished to a 1-μm finish and inoculated with S. mutans. The bacteria were stained with methylene blue and imaged through cross-polarization microscopy, and the area of the imaged surface containing bacteria was analyzed using ImageJ. The second part of the study consisted of 20 uncleaned extracted human molars used for evaluating cross-contamination of bacteria by measuring bacteria Colony Forming Units (CFU) ejected during an aerosol-generating procedure in vitro. Tryptic soy agar (TSA) plates were used to collect bacteria while cutting enamel. The TSA plates were incubated at 35o C for 24 hours, after which bacteria colonies were counted. Results: Examination using cross-polarization microscopy and imaging showed that the CO2 laser eliminated &gt;98% of bacteria on the surface without altering the surface of teeth and similarly &gt;98% in the aerosol/splatter from cutting of the enamel. Conclusion: The 9.3-μm CO2 laser resulted in nearly a complete elimination of viable bacteria.

Developing a multi-spectral imaging system using a RGB camera under two illuminations

This paper proposes a multi-spectral imaging system, developed using a commercial-grade camera, under two commonly used illumination. Rather than using conventional direct or diffuse light, the novelty of our method is to use a cross-polarized imaging system to eliminate glare and specular highlights. Two RGB images are captured under two different color temperature lighting conditions. An improved reflectance estimation method is developed to transform camera RGB under two illumination to spectral reflectance using a regulated model, combining the polynomial expansion of the camera signals with optimally selected feature. The method was tested using both a semi-gloss ColorChecker SG (140) and matte ColorChecker DC (240) chart. The results indicate that the proposed method significantly outperforms the traditional methods both in terms of spectra and colorimetric accuracy. This new multi-spectral imaging system is sufficiently precise to predict spectra properties and its performance within an acceptable range.

An assessment method for dermal structures using cross-polarized light imaging with a green light-emitting diode.

Several experimental methods for evaluating dermal structures exist; however, most of these are not used in dermatology clinics because of cost and functional limitations. To propose a simple, non-invasive method for dermal structure evaluation using a green light-emitting diode (LED) with cross-polarized light (CPL) imaging and compare the quality of the images taken using either green or white LED. Skin specimens were taken from fifteen cadavers. Images were captured using CPL photography with a green or white LED. The Commission International d'Eclairage L*a*b* (CIELAB) values were calculated for each image. The skin specimens were processed and stained with Masson's trichrome to visualize collagen fibers with major image scattering. The images were histologically analyzed, and correlational and regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between the L* values and histologic measurements. The L* values for the green images were positively correlated with collagen fiber density, reticular collagen bundle diameter, and dermal thickness. They were effective for estimating dermal properties. The L* values for the white images were positively correlated with reticular collagen bundle diameter and dermal thickness. Correlational coefficients for white images were lower than those for green images. In regression analysis, green images showed a higher coefficient of determination (R2 ) for predicting reticular collagen bundle diameter than white images (0.1128 vs. 0.0827). Cross-polarized light imaging with a green LED is a simple, non-invasive method for evaluating dermal structures. The use of a green LED was also more effective for image analysis.

Retinal imaging think tank convened by the Alzheimer's Association to examine its promise in the early detection of Alzheimer's.

Retinal changes are evident throughout the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, microvascular changes, evidence of inflammation, and other changes in retinal metabolism. Researchers have also found that retinal imaging may detect signs of underlying neurodegenerative disease even before cognitive impairment is present. Other studies show that non-invasive retinal imaging—including, but not limited to, optical coherence tomography—is a potential inexpensive and patient-friendly tool for screening for signs of AD. To help bring these potential new biomarkers to the forefront of research discussion, the Alzheimer's Association in collaboration with the editorial team from Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring (DADM) convened the “Retinal Imaging and Neurodegenerative Diseases” workshop in May 2019 in Washington, DC. This first-of-its-kind international event brought together 90 researchers from nine countries. The American Optometric Association (AOA) published a report from the workshop in its publication, Primary Care Optometry News.1 Workshop participants discussed multiple imaging modalities and methods, identified areas of data convergence, and explored gaps and potential areas to further advance application of these technologies for clinical trials and diagnostic uses. According to co-chairs Peter J. Snyder, PhD, editor-in-chief of DADM and vice president of research and economic development, University of Rhode Island, and Heather Snyder, PhD, vice president of medical science relations at the Alzheimer's Association, having this workshop is a critical step toward advancing research on retinal changes that may be uniquely amenable to non-invasive ocular imaging. The next step is to advance necessary research to further validate retinal/ocular non-invasive biomarkers. During the day-and-a-half meeting, researchers discussed a wide range of subjects including the quantification of amyloid beta and tau structures; advanced use of 3D macular scans and blood flow measurement; disease-related changes to the structure of retinal neuronal layers, vascular bed changes, and emerging imaging technologies (eg, cross-polarized light imaging, hyperspectral retinal imaging, and fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy); real-world trials of retinal imaging; microglia activation at the preclinical disease stage and imaging of neuroinflammation in the retina; the relationship between sleep disturbances and melanopsin-retinal ganglion cell degeneration; and how best to approach a consensus across research groups with respect to a “standard minimum dataset” to accelerate collaborative efforts. The AOA's chief public health officer, Michael Dueñas, OD, who participated in the workshop, said, “One day Alzheimer's disease could be another significant responsibility for optometry within team-based medical care. Pairing retinal imaging technology and our understanding of early cognitive decline is going to be essential in raising our patients’ health outcomes and preventing or slowing neurodegenerative disease.” A detailed white paper of the proceedings of this workshop is in process.

Infrared versus white light sources for polarimetric imaging setup

The results of the experimental investigation of polarized backscattered light from a biological tissue using cross-polarization imaging technique are presented. A new approach for detecting different morphological abnormalities of the cutaneous structure caused by various diseases and aberrations (pathologies) irradiating the exact sector of the object under study with incoherent infrared light is proposed. The obtained results are compared with results of our previous experiments of illuminating the skin sector with incoherent white light source. Such proposed technique provides the possibility to get the comprehensive information on the structure of the object containing scar structures and other abnormalities and skin illnesses. This method can be used to develop medical devices that are applicable for diagnosing diseases, which are hardly distinguishable at early stages and for monitoring the patient’s condition.

A comparison of four different imaging modalities – Conventional, cross polarized, infra-red and ultra-violet in the assessment of childhood bruising

BackgroundIt is standard practice to image concerning bruises in children. We aim to compare the clarity and measurements of bruises using cross polarized, infra-red (IR) and ultra-violet (UV) images to conventional images. MethodsChildren aged <11 years with incidental bruising were recruited. Demographics, skin and bruise details were recorded. Bruises were imaged by standard protocols in conventional, cross-polarized, IR and UV lights. Bruises were assessed in vivo for contrast, uniformity and diffuseness, and these characteristics were then compared across image modalities. Color images (conventional, cross polarized) were segmented and measured by ImageJ. Bruises of grey scale images (IR, UV) were measured by a ‘plug in’ of ImageJ. The maximum and minimum Feret's diameter, area and aspect ratio, were determined. Comparison of measurements across imaging modalities was conducted using Wilcoxon rank sum tests and modified Bland-Altman graphs. Significance was set at p < 0.05. ResultsTwenty five children had 39 bruises. Bruises that were of low contrast, i.e. difficult to distinguish from surrounding skin, were also more diffuse, and less uniformity in vivo. Low contrast bruises were best seen on conventional and cross-polarized images and less distinctive on IR and UV images. Of the 19 bruises visible in all modalities, the only significant difference was maximum and minimum Feret's diameters and area were smaller on IR compared to conventional images. Aspect ratios were not affected by the modality. ConclusionsConventional and cross-polarized imaging provides the most consistent bruise measurement, particularly in bruises that are not easily distinguished from surrounding skin visually.

Cross-polarized VNIR hyperspectral reflectance imaging for non-destructive quality evaluation of dried banana slices, drying process monitoring and control

Banana and its dried products are one of the most common foods consumed all over the world. Quality attributes of dried banana slices are typically evaluated using time-consuming and labor intensive methods which do not allow to evaluate each individual slice. Replacement of the current destructive methods for quality evaluation of dried banana slices by fast, non-destructive methods would provide large added value to the food industry. Therefore, the aim of this study was to monitor the moisture content, texture and color of banana slices during the drying process in a fast and non-destructive way. VNIR hyperspectral reflectance imaging in the 400–1000 nm range was selected for this purpose. Thanks to a cross-polarized configuration the effects of glare or specular reflection on the banana slice surfaces in the hyperspectral diffuse reflectance images was largely reduced. Reference quality attributes for all the slices (moisture content, texture and color (L*, a*, b* values) obtained using conventional destructive methods and colorimeter were predicted from their corresponding average reflectance spectra extracted from the hyperspectral images by means of partial least squares regression (PLSR). The PLSR calibration models were validated on samples which had not been used for model calibration. The results were very good for water content (R2P = 0.97, RMSEP = 0.05 kg water/kg DM), quite good for and b* value (R2P = 0.83, RMSEP = 1.95), and reasonable for texture (R2P = 0.66, RMSEP = 11.8 N), a* value (R2P = 0.53, RMSEP = 1.32) and L* value (R2P = 0.61, RMSEP = 5.92). Subsequently, these calibration models were used to predict those quality attributes at pixel level for the validation slices to visualize the spatial distribution of these quality parameters at different stages during the drying process. The obtained results clearly indicate the potential of cross-polarized hyperspectral reflectance imaging for non-destructive monitoring of the quality attributes of banana slices during drying.

Wide-field color imaging of scatter-based tissue contrast using both high spatial frequency illumination and cross-polarization gating.

This study characterizes the scatter-specific tissue contrast that can be obtained by high spatial frequency (HSF) domain imaging and cross-polarization (CP) imaging, using a standard color imaging system, and how combining them may be beneficial. Both HSF and CP approaches are known to modulate the sensitivity of epi-illumination reflectance images between diffuse multiply scattered and superficially backscattered photons, providing enhanced contrast from microstructure and composition than what is achieved by standard wide-field imaging. Measurements in tissue-simulating optical phantoms show that CP imaging returns localized assessments of both scattering and absorption effects, while HSF has uniquely specific sensitivity to scatter-only contrast, with a strong suppression of visible contrast from blood. The combination of CP and HSF imaging provided an expanded sensitivity to scatter compared with CP imaging, while rejecting specular reflections detected by HSF imaging. ex vivo imaging of an atlas of dissected rodent organs/tissues demonstrated the scatter-based contrast achieved with HSF, CP and HSF-CP imaging, with the white light spectral signal returned by each approach translated to a color image for intuitive encoding of scatter-based contrast within images of tissue. The results suggest that visible CP-HSF imaging could have the potential to aid diagnostic imaging of lesions in skin or mucosal tissues and organs, where just CP is currently the standard practice imaging modality.