Cross Listing Research Articles

Examining the value relevance of financial statements in European countries: the importance of legal origins on cross listing decisions

Examining the value relevance of financial statements in European countries: the importance of legal origins on cross listing decisions

Examining the value relevance of financial statements in European countries: the importance of legal origins on cross listing decisions.

Examining the value relevance of financial statements in European countries: the importance of legal origins on cross listing decisions.

Does Information Blocking on Internet Matter Corporate Over-Investment: Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment in China

ABSTRACT Focusing on Google’s withdrawal from mainland China as a unique setting, this study investigates the impact of information blocking on corporate over-investment. Using a sample of Chinese firms during the period of 2007 to 2014 and employing a difference-in-difference (DID) approach, our findings reveal that corporate over-investment is significantly higher for the treatment firms (firms with high international sales) in the post-period of Google’s withdrawal than that in the pre-period of Google’s withdrawal, suggesting that overseas information blocking boosts corporate over-investment for firms with more global business. Moreover, the positive relation between Google’s exit and firm-level over-investment is less pronounced for cross-listed firms than for non-cross-listed firms, implying that cross listing plays a crucial role in breaking overseas information blockade on internet search for domestic investors. Above findings are still valid after using alternative measures to capture over-investment and the treatment group. Mechanism analysis and heterogeneity tests show that Google’s exit may exacerbate agency conflicts and thus leads to an increase in corporate over-investment. Our study provides an important reference for the understanding of the roles of internet search in information transmission and corporate governance.

Mapping the intellectual structure and demystifying the research trend of cross listing: a bibliometric analysis

PurposeThis study aims to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to determine the intellectual structure of cross-listing studies and suggests a road map for future research in this field.Design/methodology/approachA step-by-step procedure was carried out. With the help of a defined search string, 580 articles from reputed journals have been retrieved from the Scopus database. Bibliographic coupling and keyword analysis were executed to understand the current research scenario and future research directions in this research field. In addition, R Studio combined with VOSviewer was employed to analyse and visualise the data.FindingsThe results provide a deeper insight into publication trends, most prolific countries, institutions and journals in the area of cross-listing. The highest collaboration was observed between the authors in the USA and Canada. Moreover, the results contradict Bradford's and Lotka's laws. A thorough review of the literature identifies five clusters in this domain. Finally, keyword analysis offers a future road map in cross-listing research.Originality/valueResearchers have shown greater interest in cross-listing topics over the past decades. Even though the research volume on this subject is increasing, the current retrospective is still insufficient. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to provide valuable insights to practitioners, academicians, and prospective researchers about the intellectual structure of cross-listing and also offers future avenues in this research field through bibliometric analysis.

Impact of Market Information Efficiency on Corporate Listing and Financing: Evidence from China

In this paper, we examine the impact of China’s capital market information efficiency on enterprise listing and financing. The results reveal the following: (1) High-efficiency market information sharing leads reduced enterprise equity financing costs and waiting times for enterprise listing and to an increased willingness of investors to invest. These effects increase the proportion of domestic financing for Chinese companies and the proportion of domestic listings. (2) Compared with non-crisis periods, market information efficiency did not affect the listing and financing of Chinese enterprises during the US subprime mortgage crisis, and its promotion effect declined during the global financial crisis and European debt crisis. (3) The promotion effect of market information efficiency on enterprise listing and financing is strengthened by the cross listing of enterprise AB and AH shares. (4) The impact of market information efficiency is more significant for private enterprises than for state-owned enterprises.

Determinants of Basel III Risk Disclosures: The Case of Gulf Cooperation Council Public Banks

Manuscript Type: Research paper Research aims: The purpose of this paper is to investigate and examine the determinants of risk disclosure practices under Basel 3, Pillar 3 (revised 2016 version) requirements of the top 50 listed banks in the Gulf Countries region (GCC). The study covers the period 2016-2019. Design/Methodology/Approach: The present study is based on a content analysis approach to allow the measurement of risk disclosures. Six risk disclosure categories were identified as the major sections regarding this particular type of reporting. The analysis covers both quantitative and qualitative data that had been hand collected from the annuals reports and Pillar 3 risk disclosures reports. From a regulatory perspective, the study refers to the most relevant international accounting standards, namely, Basel III Agreement Pillar 3 (2016 revised version), and IFRS 7. Research findings: It is expected that the GCC major banks, even though they must comply with the same risk disclosure regulation, will demonstrate specific disparities in their risk reporting. The results of the study suggest that Basel III risk reporting is significantly determined by size, leverage, cross listing, and government ownership. Theoretical contributions/Originality: The present study contributes to the literature by documenting the level of compliance of the top GCC banks with the recent BCBS risk disclosure requirements, and by providing empirical evidence regarding the quality of the released risk disclosures and its potential determinants. Another major contribution of the paper is the development of a self-constructed disclosure index that reflects the most recent Basel III disclosure regulations (Pillar 3, 2016 version). Practical implications: The findings of this study could be appreciated from different angles. From a regulatory perspective, this study might be insightful to GCC baking regulators in term of developing appropriate policies that will bring the banks to responsibly and professionally adopt an acceptable level of risk disclosure. At the global level, the findings could be insightful to the IASB concerning the degree of compliance of the banks in the region with IFRSs related to risk reporting. Thus, it can help the IASB consider institutional differences among countries when revising its pronouncements. Research limitations/Implications: The findings of the present study would be understood in light of some limitations. First, in the present study, we considered only the top 50 GCC listed banks, which could impede the generalisation of the results from the content analysis and the regression on the rest of the banks in the region. Second, we were interested in this research about the implementation of the new 2016 market discipline Pillar 3 disclosures requirement. Expanding the time frame of the study could reveal additional insights into risk disclosure practices. Keywords: Corporate Risk Disclosures Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), Basel III, Pillar 3, Market Discipline, IFRS 7, Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) JEL Classification: G21,G28,G32,G34,G38

THE IMPACT OF DEPOSITARY RECEIPTS ON STOCK MARKET DEVELOPMENT: EVIDENCE FROM ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION STOCK MARKETS

The issue of liquidity and the under development of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) stock markets have been a hindrance factor for companies in those countries to seek fund and capital. Due to this reason, many companies choose Depositary Receipts (DRs) to raise capital internationally. Thus, this study aims at examining the financial implications of cross listing via the existing Depositary Receipts (DRs) on stock market development. This study employs a dynamic panel model covers sample of 146 firms from 17 OIC countries that are cross-listed as American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) or Global DRs from 1993 to 2016. The findings reveal that growth and expansion of international cross listings via DRs have a positive impact on domestic stock market. This study provides insights to OIC stock markets that consider accommodating Islamic Depositary Receipts (IDRs) in the future. Keywords: Depositary Receipts (DRs), stock market development, OIC countries, Islamic FinanceJEL Classifications: G1, G10, 016DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.9572

Moderating Effect of Financial Strength on the Relationship Between Board Characteristics and Environmental Sustainability Disclosures

The study examines the moderating effect of financial strength on the relationship between board characteristics (board independence and qualification) and ecological sustainability disclosures on firms listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange. The study period was (5) years (from 2013 to 2017). It employed a correlational survey research design covering the period of five (5) years (2013 - 2017). The target population was sixty-five (65) firms listed at the NSE, with a sample size of 56 firms. Data was utilised from firms’ annual reports, stand-alone reports, and website. Pearson’s correlation, Ordinary Least Square regression model and Environmental Disclosure Index were used in analysis. The results showed that financial strength strengthen the relationship between environmental sustainability disclosure and board independence (β = .23, ρ<.01). A negative and significant moderating effect of financial strength on the relationship between board meetings and environmental sustainability disclosure (β = -.16, ρ<.05) was found. For the board qualification, positive and insignificant effect of financial strength was observed (β = .13, ρ>.05). The study concluded that financial strength has significant moderating effect on the relationship between board characteristics and environmental sustainability disclosure. It recommends enactment of policies addressing corporate environmental reporting by firms as a result of different asset base. Future studies need to focus on; specific dimensions such as directors’ experience, age, and nationality, use of more measures of firms financial strength such as risk analysis, cross listing and profitability. Keywords: Corporate characteristics, environmental sustainability disclosures, financial strength, listed firms, trinity theory. DOI : 10.7176/RJFA/10-18-13 Publication date :September 30 th 2019

Corporate Governance and Firm Performance: Evidence From the ADRs of Tiger Cub Economies

This paper examines the effects of cross listing and Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) on corporate governance and firm performance of the cross-listed firms from four Tiger Cub Economics: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand. We find that these non-U.S. firms that list their shares as American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) experience an improvement in corporate governance and a decrease in firm performance after issuing ADRs in the U.S. However, SOX appears to be effective in enhancing firm performance for these ADRs, though it has little impact on improving corporate governance.

The effects of regional cross listing on firm value and financial performance: drawing lessons for Lesotho

This research determines the effects of regional cross listing on firm value and financial performance and draws policy lessons for Lesotho. Using event study methodology, financial ratio analysis and a regional case study of two Sub-Saharan African firms that cross listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange in 2015 and 2016, the results of the study reveal that cross listing leads to increased firm liquidity coupled with positive and statistically significant abnormal returns. These findings confirm the legal bonding theory, the signalling theory, the investor recognition theory and the liquidity theory. It is recommended that the empirical findings of this study be used by authorities to draw locally incorporated firms' attention to the potential benefits of cross listing. This should be done in conjunction with initiatives that identify and unlock any bottlenecks that act as deterrents for company listing on the Maseru Securities Market.

Role of Domestic Financial Reforms and Internationalization of Non-Financial Transnational Firms: Evidence from the Chinese Market

The successful internationalization process of Chinese firms which enhances the sustainability of the Chinese economy receives massive research attention. Studies emphasize that firm’s motives and institutional voids play a pivotal role in getting benefits from the internationalization process, but the factors that initiated this process have been overlooked. The objective of this study is to explore the impact of those institutional factors which initiated the internationalization process. This study reveals that institutional factors of cross listing and increased financial availability induced the internationalization process of Chinese firms. Using the financial data of non-financial firms for the period of 2005–2015, we demonstrate that the domestic financial reforms initiated the internationalization process that helps Chinese economies to achieve sustainable economic development. The study also finds that state-ownership helped firms to gain more from increased financial availability than the stand-alone firms. The study concludes that the open business environment helped firms to survive and sustain the international pressure successfully and maintain their sustainable performance.

The determinants of internet risk disclosure: empirical study of Egyptian listed companies

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to contribute to the existing disclosure literature by examining the determinants of corporate risk disclosure (CRD) in the internet reporting for a sample of Egyptian listed companies on the Egyptian Stock Exchange (EGX).Design/methodology/approachThis study depends on a sample of 76 Egyptian companies included in the EGX 100 in the period 2012-2014. The study applies a content analysis and uses a sentence-based method to measure CRD in the internet reporting. Ordinary least-squares regression analysis is used to examine the impact of firm and board characteristics on CRD in the internet reporting.FindingsThe empirical analysis shows that large Egyptian companies tend to disclose more risk information in their internet reporting. Moreover, the results indicate that there is a significant positive association between sector type and CRD in the internet reporting. The results show non-significant association between CRD and other firm characteristics (cross listing and level of risk). Finally, there are no significant associations between CRD and board characteristics variables (board size, board composition and CEO duality).Research limitations/implicationsThe study’s findings have practical implications. It aids in informing policy makers considering implementing new economic reform programs about the properties of Egyptian companies that disclose risk information in their internet reporting. It provides insights on CRD in Egyptian companies for standards setters and professional authorities to improve risk reporting practices to help stakeholders in making good decisions.Originality/valueThis study is one of the first studies to examine the determinants of CRD in the internet reporting for a sample of Egyptian companies.

The Effect Of Cross Listing On The Accounting Quality Of Firms Cross Listed In East African Markets

Cross listing has been identified as a determinant of accounting quality. Prior empirical studies have differed on the effect of cross listing on accounting quality in different jurisdictions. The study of accounting quality in East Africa has however not incorporated the possible effect of cross listing. This research study sought to establish the effect that cross listing may have on the accounting quality of firms cross listed in East African stock exchanges. The study looked at three accounting quality metrics of firms cross listed in East Africa, namely, earnings management, timely loss recognition and value relevance of accounting information. The earnings management model used was the Lang, Raedy and Yetman (2003) earnings smoothing model. Timely loss recognition was investigated using the Basu (1997) model while value relevance was tested using the Lang, Raedy and Yetman (2003) model. These metrics were tested for differences during a three year period prior to cross listing and a three year period after cross listing. Accounting quality metrics for a total of six cross listed East African companies were analyzed. This study shows that earnings management did not occur around the cross listing dates. The value relevance of information presented by the cross listed firms did not change significantly, meaning that the ability of the summary accounting measures to accurately reflect the underlying economic value of the firms studied still remained as before the cross listing. There was no significant effect in terms of timely loss recognition in light of bad news and no indication of better prudence in the reporting of good news. The study finds that cross listing does not have an effect on the quality of reporting of firms cross listed within the East African Securities Exchanges.

Stock Returns And Volatility İn An Emerging Equity Market. Evidence From Kenya

This study investigates volatility pattern of Kenyan stock market based on time series data which consists of daily closing prices of NSE Index for the period 2ndJanuary 2001 to 31st December 2014. The analysis has been done using both symmetric and asymmetric Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic (GARCH) models. The study provides evidence for the existence of a positive and significant risk premium. Moreover, volatility shocks on daily returns at the stock market are transitory. We do not find any significant leverage effect. Introduction of the new regulations on foreign investors with a 25% minimum reserve of the issued share capital going to local investors (in 2002), introduction of live trading, cross listing in Uganda and Tanzania stock exchange (in 2006) and change in equity settlement cycle from T+4 to T+3 (in 2011) significantly reduce volatility clustering. The onset of US tapering increase the daily mean returns significantly while reducing conditional volatility.

Strategic noise trading of later-informed traders in a multi-market framework

This paper develops a theoretical model to investigate strategic trading and price efficiency when an asset is simultaneously traded in two markets. Extending the multi-market framework of Chowdhry and Nanda (1992), we build a two-period model, considering the situation when some investors receive information in the initial period while others receive it in the later period. We show that at equilibrium, the later informed investors would strategically behave as noise traders by randomly injecting trading orders in the initial period even if possessing no information. Although the later informed investors would suffer expected losses in the initial period, such a manipulative strategy harms pricing efficiency and maintains their information advantage when receiving information in the later period. Applying this research to examine the effect of cross listing on market efficiency, we show an inconsistent result to that of Chowdhry and Nanda (1992), who argue that cross listing improves market efficiency. Specifically, our result suggests that cross-listing would accompany market manipulation, which disturbs information transmission across markets and reduces market efficiency.

Who Moves First? Price Discovery by Institutional and Retail Investors.

This paper uses a data set of 77 million trades from Finland during the period 2003 to 2009 to provide new market wide evidence on which of the two dominant investor categories, foreign institutional or domestic retail investors, contributes most to price discovery. We find foreign institutional investors in our data set dominate the price discovery process. Regression models are estimated to provide additional evidence as to which key determinants (including trading volume, effective spread, cross listing, capital expenditure and leverage) explain the informational contribution of foreign institutions to price discovery. Results from both buys and sells confirm that trading volume is the key factor that explains the information contribution of foreign institutions to price discovery. There is an inverse relation between trading volume and the information contribution to price discovery for buys, while volume is positively related to price discovery in sells. The outcomes of this paper contributes to our understanding of the systematic trading patterns and preferences of foreign institutional traders, and the role they play as counterparties to domestic retail traders during price discovery process in the intra-day space.

Are the Taiwanese Firms Listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange Undervalued

Using the sample of the Taiwanese firms listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, we test whether the valuation of the listed Taiwanese firms is influenced by Hong Kong local investor preferences for specific industries or information asymmetry. To avoid sample selection bias, the propensity score methods are applied to obtain local counterparts in Hong Kong for comparison. The results show that the Taiwanese firms listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange are not significantly undervalued. Key words: Taiwanese enterprises, cross listing in Hong Kong, undervaluation, propensity score methods

Firm Value and Cross Listings: The Impact of Stock Market Prestige

This study investigates the valuation impact of a firm’s decision to cross list on a more (or less) prestigious stock exchange relative to its own domestic market. We use a network analysis methodology to derive broad market-based measures of prestige for 45 country or regional stock exchange destinations between 1990 and 2006. We find that firms cross listing in a more prestigious market enjoy significant valuation gains over the five-year period following the listing. In contrast, firms cross listing in less prestigious markets experience a significant valuation discount over this post-listing period. The reputation of the cross-border listing destinations is therefore a useful signal of firm value going forward. Our findings are consistent with the view that cross listing in a prestigious market enhances firm visibility, strengthens corporate governance, and lowers informational frictions and capital costs.

The Operating Performance of Exchange-listed American Depositary Receipts

In this article we examine the operating performance of non-U.S. firms that enter major U.S. stock exchanges through American Depositary Receipts (ADR). Our dataset consists of 67 firms listed on U.S. stock exchanges during the period 1994-2003. We provide evidence that capital raising crosslisted firms experience improvements in operating performance after the listing relative to a noncross-listed matched sample of firms and relative to the pre-listing period. No such result is observed for non-capital-raising cross-listed firms. These results suggest that the type of the ADR convey information about post-listing operating performance. Moreover, we provide evidence for a positive relation between the abnormal return due to the cross listing and the post listing abnormal changes in operating performance. This relation suggests that the market anticipates the post listing abnormal changes in operating performance that are due to the cross listing. The results are robust after adjusting for various firm and country risk characteristics.

Firm value, investment and monetary policy

This paper presents empirical evidence on the effects of three nominal risk factors, local interest spreads, US interest spread, and US federal funds rate signal-to-noise ratio on the value of firms and on the cross-listing decision of firms destined to three major markets in North America, Asia, and Europe. We use firm-level data in 29 countries of cross-listing origin over a six year period, from 2000-2005. We find consistent and robust evidence that the US federal funds rate signal-to-noise ratio risk factor in the Sharpe sense provides an important benchmark for firm value across the universe of publicly traded companies; and this effect is larger for smaller firms that cross-list abroad. Countries in Asia, Europe, and South America tend to seek more funds abroad through cross-listing relative to other regions in this sample. In general, we find that the lagged local interest risk factor is positively related to current probability of cross listing. Small firms located in Asia, medium firms located in Europe, and large firms located in Asia, Europe, and South America have a higher relative probability of cross listing abroad.