Effect Of Crosslinking Research Articles

Key Role of Cross-Linking Homogeneity in Polyurethane Mechanical Properties: Insights from Molecular Dynamics.

Polyurethane (PU) grouting materials play a crucial role in trenchless rehabilitation with their mechanical properties significantly influenced by the cross-linking degree and cross-linking uniformity. This study investigates the effects of inhomogeneous cross-linking on the mechanical behavior of PU, an area that remains underexplored. We developed PU molecular models with varying cross-linking degrees and cross-linking uniformity, quantitatively described by the parameter J. A series-parallel spring network model was proposed to analyze their micromechanical responses under tensile stress. Our results indicate that cross-linking homogeneity, compared to the cross-linking degree, has a more significant impact on the mechanical properties of PU due to weaker parallel effects in specific series directions within the elastic network. Additionally, this defective network leads to larger free volume, stronger nonbonded interactions, smaller elastic variation, and weaker bonding contributions. Interestingly, this influence has an upper limit; under normal circumstances, J increases as the cross-linking degree increases. When J reaches a certain value, its effect diminishes, as indicated by the disappearance of network slippage during tensile testing. Therefore, PU with more uniform cross-linking exhibits a higher yield strength. These findings provide new insights into how cross-linking networks affect the mechanical properties of PU.

Influence of hydrogen bonding interactions, entanglement, and covalent crosslinking on the viscoelasticity of acrylic viscoelastomers containing urea group

The structure–property relationship of acrylic clear viscoelastomer films (acrylic CVFs) as foldable optical clear adhesives (OCAs) has always been unclear. In our work, a series of acrylic CVFs with different hydrogen-bonding interactions (H-bondings) and cross-linking densities (namely, CL-H-copolymers) were synthesized. The effects of entanglement, H-bonding, and covalent crosslinking on the recovery and adhesive properties of CL-H copolymers were analyzed by rheology, equilibrium swelling, and tensile stress–strain tests (tensile tests). The structural parameter Mx/MeH was obtained by combining the affine deformation model, the Flory-Rehner equation, and the UCM-Gent model, where Mx is the molecular weight between covalent crosslinkers and MeH is the a physical crosslinking molecular weight affected by H-bondings. The experimental results showed that the CL-H-copolymers had an obvious dependence on Mx/MeH. Recovery properties tended to stabilize (>90 %) at Mx/MeH < 1, while adhesion strengths continued to decrease with decreasing Mx/MeH. This conclusion and methodology are instructive for the design of foldable OCAs with high elasticity and high adhesion performance.

Effects of gelatin-transglutaminase crosslinking, vitamin addition, and storage temperature on the properties of curcumin/fish oil-loaded emulsions

Effects of gelatin-transglutaminase crosslinking, vitamin addition, and storage temperature on the properties of curcumin/fish oil-loaded emulsions

Comparison of rose bengal-green light scleral crosslinking in rabbit eyes using different infiltration protocols - An Ex Vivo study

Different concentrations and infiltration times of rose bengal (Rb) were assessed for their impact on penetration depth and crosslinking efficacy in rabbit sclera. Fresh rabbit eyes were used. Rb solution with concentrations of 0.1%–0.9% were applied for 5–30 min to infiltrate the sclera. The penetration depth of Rb was observed with confocal microscopy. After infiltration, the sclera was irradiated by green light for crosslinking. The sclera's biomechanical stiffness and the resistance to enzyme digestion post-treatment were evaluated. Histopathological analysis and transmission electron microscopy were performed to observe the morphology. As the infiltration time increased, the penetration depth and the fluorescence intensity of the Rb in sclera increased. After 32 h, 48.6% of the scleral tissue was undissolved in the 0.5% Rb-10min group, followed by the 0.1% Rb-20min group (13.8%) and 0.05% Rb-30min group (7.7%). At 8% strain, the Young's modulus of the 0.05%Rb-30min, the 0.1% Rb-20min and the 0.5% Rb-10min group were respectively 1.77, 2.45 and 3.19 times greater than that of the untreated group. There were no morphological differences between the experimental group and the untreated group. RG-SXL significantly increased the diameter of large collagen fibers in the middle and inner layers of the sclera. Ultimately, 0.5% Rb infiltration for 10 min achieves an appropriate infiltration depth and crosslinking effect, and may thus be a feasible schedule for scleral crosslinking.

Enhancing thermal stability of one-dimensional poly(ethylene oxide) nanocrystals via matrix chemical crosslinking

One-dimensional (1D) polymer nanocrystals have attracted interest due to the exceptional properties imparted to host matrices. A proven protocol exists for developing a dispersion of 1D poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) nanocrystals in a polystyrene (PS) matrix from PS-b-PEO self-assembly during styrene (St) photopolymerization. However, the 1D nanocrystals remain stable only below the Tg of the PS matrix. Above Tg, the matrix softens, and the molten PEO transforms into nanospheres due to Plateau-Rayleigh instability.In this study, we stabilized the nanostructures through crosslinking, replacing St with divinylbenzene (DVB). The original protocol, which began with a homogeneous solution of PS-b-PEO in St, led to macrophase separation of PS-b-PEO instead of 1D nanocrystals. Based on the PEO/St phase diagram, we tried a different approach, where PS-b-PEO nanostructures self-assembled in a gelled solution before photocuring. This resulted in a dispersion of 1D nanostructures and shorter micelles in a DVB-crosslinked matrix. When heated beyond Tg, the morphology remained stable, confirming the effectiveness of crosslinking in preserving the 1D nanostructure.

PTHF/LATP Composite Polymer Electrolyte for Solid State Batteries.

The novel crosslinked composite polymer electrolyte (CPE) was developed and investigated using polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF) and polyethyleneglycol diacrylate (PEGDA), incorporating lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (LATP) particles and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) salt. Composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) for solid-state lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) were synthesized by harnessing the synergistic effects of PTHF crosslinking and the addition of LATP ceramics, while systematically varying the film composition and LATP content. CPEs containing 15 wt% LATP (PPL15) demonstrated improved mechanical strength and electrochemical stability, achieving a high conductivity of 1.16 × 10-5 S·cm-1 at 80 °C, outperforming conventional PEO-based polymer electrolytes. The CPE system effectively addresses safety concerns and mitigates the rapid degradation typically associated with polyether electrolytes. The incorporation of PEGDA not only enhances mechanical stability but also facilitates lithium salt dissociation and ion transport, leading to a uniform microstructure free from agglomerated particles. The temperature-dependent ionic conductivity measurements indicated optimal performance at lower LATP concentrations, highlighting the impact of ceramic particle agglomeration onion transport pathways. These findings contribute to advancing solid-state battery systems toward practical application.

Accelerated versus conventional corneal collagen cross-linking for keratoconus: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

To systematically compare the effectiveness of conventional corneal collagen cross-linking (CCXL) protocols and accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking (ACXL) protocols in cases with progressive keratoconus. The Cochrane library, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Outcomes were clinical results and changes in corneal properties. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to estimate the clinical consequences. All outcomes were distributed by different follow-up durations (6 months, 12 months, and > 12 months). We also compared maximum keratometry (Kmax) and best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in subgroups, which were categorized by the discrepant impregnation time period of riboflavin. We included 14 RCTs that met the eligibility criteria in this meta-analysis. At the last follow-up, CCXL was superior in postoperative change in demarcation line (SMD: -1.573; 95% CI: -2.897 to -0.248) and in Kmax (SMD:0.302; 95% CI: 0.071 to 0.533), whereas ACXL provided a significantly lower reduction in central corneal thickness (SMD: 0.498; 95% CI: 0.125 to 0.871). No differences in the changes in uncorrected visual acuity, BCVA, manifest refraction spherical equivalent, corneal biomechanical properties, and the endothelial cell density were found among both groups. CCXL was superior to ACXL in greater corneal flattening and deeper demarcation line, while ACXL seemed to cause less reduction in CCT and allow for earlier UDVA stability. To clearly define the comparative safety and clinical consequences of the different regimens of CXL, more RCTs are required.

Effect of transglutaminase cross-linking on the structure and emulsification performance of heated black bean protein isolate.

Transglutaminase (TGase) is a heat-resistant biocatalyst with strong catalytic activity, which functions effectively under moderate temperature and pH conditions, and is used widely in protein cross-linking and recombination. Transglutaminase cross-linking is a novel and specific modification method for black bean protein isolate (BBPI). This article investigates the effect of transglutaminase cross-linking on the structure and emulsification performance of heated BBPI. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis showed that heated BBPI with TGase had a higher molecular weight than heated BBPI without TGase, and the protein bands widened with increasing enzyme activity, indicating that TGase cross-linking promoted protein molecule aggregation. A high molecular weight polymer can better stabilize the oil-water interface, preventing the emulsion from layering. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that the α-helix content decreased from 15.64% to 13.75%, and the β-sheet content increased from 48.13% to 54.08%. The decrease in α-helix content and increase in β-sheet content could make the structure more stable and improve the emulsifying properties of heated BBPI. When TGase was 20 U g-1, the protein emulsification activity index (EAI) reached its highest value of 1.87 m2 g-1, and the emulsification stability index (ESI) value was 0.27 min (P < 0.05); these figures were 0.19 m2 g-1, and 0.07 min higher, respectively, than in the sample without added TGase. In summary, transglutaminase cross-linking has a positive effect on the structure and emulsification performance of heated BBPI and can be used as an effective method for BBPI modification. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

SnO2 Encapsulated in Alginate Matrix: Evaluation and Optimization of Bioinspired Nanoadsorbents for Azo Dye Removal.

Synthesized SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) demonstrate potential capacity to adsorb toxic azo Congo red dye. The formation of rutile phase SnO2 NPs was confirmed using Powder X-ray diffraction and spherical morphology was corroborated through SEM imaging. TEM analysis confirms average particle size of SnO2 NPs is nearly 3 nm. High azo dye removal efficiency is attributed to large surface area and presence of oxygen vacancies which were substantiated through BET and XPS analysis, respectively. To mitigate the leaching of NPs in treated water, NPs are encapsulated in sodium alginate (SA) matrix, which is proposed as an environmentally friendly, biocompatible, and economic solution. This study specifically focuses on investigating the parameters for the encapsulation of NPs within a sodium alginate matrix using CaCl2 as cross-linker. This work investigates the effect of physical shape of encapsulation, effect of SA and cross-linker (CaCl2) concentration on the feasibility of NP encapsulation and overall adsorption efficiency. Experimental results indicated that the physical form of encapsulation, such as spherical, wire-like, or irregular shape maintained consistent adsorption efficiency, which indicates its versatility. For effective encapsulation of NPs and adsorption, SA and CaCl2 concentration are suggested to be within the range of 0.2-0.3 g and >0.5 M, respectively.

Assessing the impact of bacterial blends, crosslinking enzyme and storage times on volatile and non-volatile compound production in fermented pea protein emulsion gels

Pea protein is a promising ingredient for plant-based cheese production but has poor consumer acceptance due to intrinsic beany flavors. Fermentation could potentially decrease these off-flavors while also producing desirable cheese-like aromas. Pea protein emulsion gels were fermented using four different bacterial blends for 16 weeks with and without the crosslinking enzyme transglutaminase. The volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles were assessed by GC–MS and the peptide profile was measured by LC-MS/MS during storage. VOC production was mainly affected by the composition of the bacterial blends, followed by storage time. Crosslinking of the protein gel structure had minimal impact on VOC production. The peptide-level profiling revealed that crosslinking can reduce peptide size and the production of bitterness-like peptides in some blends. This study provides insights into the effect of bacterial blends, storage time, and enzymatic crosslinking on the production of volatile components and peptides related to aroma and peptide profiles for pea protein.

Effect of Corneal Cross-linking on Biomechanical Properties of Swollen Rabbit Corneas

Corneal cross-linking (CXL) is an effective method to prevent the progression of keratoconus. CXL combined with hypotonic riboflavin solution is a modified treatment for thin corneas, which are deemed to be below the safe thickness threshold. In this study, rabbit corneas were subjected to different hydration levels using different osmolarity of riboflavin dextran solutions before CXL. Inflation testing was performed to evaluate the corneal biomechanical stiffening effect of hypotonic riboflavin solutions crosslinking. One-month post-CXL, the stromal demarcation line depth (DLD) and the biomechanical property parameter – tangent modulus (Et) – were measured. All CXL groups showed higher Et than the corresponding Ctrl groups (all P < 0.001), however, the Et values showed no statistical differences between the CXL-ed groups with different hydration levels (all P > 0.05). The relative depth ratio of DLD to total corneal thickness (TCT) did not show significant differences (P > 0.05), while the DLD was statistically different in three CXL groups (P < 0.001). The research suggested that riboflavin solutions with different osmolarities are suitable for preoperative swelling of corneas with different thickness ranges. Furthermore, crosslinking with hypotonic riboflavin solutions has no significant effect on corneal biomechanical improvement under a certain degree of hydration.

Modulation of shape memory properties of trans-polyisoprene by sulfur

Abstract In this paper, TPI/S composites were prepared by a simple physical melt blending method, and the composites were hot-pressed and molded using a vulcanization system. The effect of cross-linking on the vulcanization properties, mechanical properties, crystalline properties, and shape memory properties of trans-1-4 polyisoprene (TPI) was investigated by varying the amount of sulfur (S). It was shown that with the increase of sulfur dosage, both TPI scorch time and orthoclave time were shortened and the mechanical properties decreased; The melting peak area and melting temperature of the crystalline region of TPI decreased with the increase of sulfur content, and the cross-linking density increased while the crystallinity tended to decrease and the heat resistance deteriorated; In addition, with the increase of sulfur content, the shape return rate of TPI/S composites was increasing and the shape fixation rate was decreasing. When the TPI/S composites were used as shape memory materials, the sulfur dosage of 1 phr had the best shape memory performance, at which time the shape fixation rate of the composites reached 96.9% and the shape recovery rate reached 86.2%. When the sulfur content was elevated to 2 phr, the shape memory fixation rate was significantly decreased, indicating that the shape memory properties were severely compromised. This study reveals that the quantity of sulfur exerts a significant influence on the application of TPI/S composites. An appropriate amount of sulfur can facilitate the preparation of thermoplastic elastomers for utilization in shape memory materials. Nevertheless, an excessive amount of sulfur will substantially enhance the internal cross-linked structure of the composite and deteriorate the shape memory performance.

Optimization of microalgal-bacterial consortium flocculation through chitosan-diatomite composite materials: A sustainable approach to biomass harvesting

Chitosan-based flocculants are emerging as a promising technology for microalgae harvesting. However, the implementation of cost-effective and sustainable chitosan-inorganic composites within algal-bacterial symbiosis (ABS) systems for harvesting microalgal-bacterial consortiums (MBC) is still underdeveloped. This study addresses this gap by synthesizing and evaluating chitosan-diatomite composite materials (CTS/DTE), with a focus on their concentration impact on MBC flocculation. Optimal biomass production and flocculation performance were achieved at a CTS/DTE concentration of 60 mg/L during MBC co-culture. Comprehensive characterizations revealed that the largest particle size significantly contributed to superior flocculation efficiency. This efficacy was primarily attributed to the synergistic effects of net trapping and adsorption cross-linking, facilitated by the unique interaction between CTS and DTE. These interactions not only enhanced the bond between the flocculant and microalgal cells but also promoted the structural stabilization of the MBC flocs. Additionally, tryptophan-like proteins in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), as identified through three-dimensional fluorescence (EEM) analysis, were found to be the primary contributor to the hydrophobic properties of MBC flocs, significantly enhancing their adhesion and aggregation thermodynamics. Collectively, this research elucidates innovative strategies and provides both theoretical and practical insights for the efficient and cost-effective harvesting of MBC, underscoring the potential of CTS/DTE composites in enhancing the sustainability of ABS systems.

Effect of Nanostructure and Crosslinks on Impact Resistance of Carbon Nanotube Films Under Micro-Ballistic Impact.

Carbon nanotube (CNT) films show great promise as an advanced bulletproof materials due to their excellent energy dissipation ability under impact loadings. However, it is challenging to determine the optimized architecture structure of CNTs to enhance the impact resistance of CNT films. In this study, the impact behavior of CNT films with various architecture structures werestudied by micro-ballistic impact experiments and coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) simulations. The micro-ballistic impact experimental results showed that the cross-ply laminated (CPL) structure enhances significantly the specific energy absorption (SEA) of CNT films compared to that with disordered structure due to the synergistic interactions between covalent bonds in CNT chains. On this basis, four CPL-CNT (CCNT) films with the same areal density (ρ2D) but different single-layer areal density ( ) and one disordered CNT (DCNT) film with the same ρ2D as the CCNT films wereconstructed in CGMD models. The simulation results showed that the SEAs of all the four CCNT films are higher than DCNT film, which is consistent with experiments. In addition, the SEAs of CCNT films increase with decreasing . However, too small can lead to local plugging failure of the CNT film and therefore decrease SEA of the CNT film. Moreover, adding crosslinks could further increase the SEAs of both the DCNT and the CCNT films due to the strengthened interactions of adjacent CNTs. The crosslinked CCNT films with appropriate ρ2D is still much higher than the crosslinked DCNT films. Furthermore, it wasfurther found that when the strength of the crosslinks aligns with that of the CNT beads, the CNT film achieves preeminent impact resistance. This study provides a pathway for enhancing the impact resistance of CNT films by optimizing the microstructure and introducing crosslinks betweenCNTs.

Curcumin-loaded lignin nanoparticles: Exploring sonication effects on drug loading and particle properties for future biomedical use

The present study investigates the effects of sonication and cross-linker (oxalic acid) concentration on drug loading and the properties of curcumin-loaded lignin nanoparticles. Selected samples were further assessed for their toxicity and antioxidant potential using the eukaryotic model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed the formation of spherical nanoparticles with diameters in the range of 39–49 nm. Differential scanning calorimetry experiments confirmed the encapsulation of curcumin. Factorial experimental design analyses indicated that sonication time, wave amplitude, cross-linker concentration, and their interactions significantly influenced both ζ-potential – from (−37.0 ± 1.7) mV to (−48.4 ± 0.6) mV – and curcumin loading – from (3.70 ± 0.32) % to (7.10 ± 0.57) %. These parameters are critical for biomedical applications as they relate to the clearance of nanoparticles from the human bloodstream and drug dosage optimization. Although sonication has been previously reported for the preparation of lignin nanoparticles, this study represents the first documented instance of manipulating drug loading by controlled sonication parameters. While none of the investigated factors significantly affected the mean particle diameter, observations from TEM micrographs suggest that cross-linker concentration and wave amplitude notably influence nanoparticle morphology. Moreover, the curcumin-loaded nanoparticles exhibited non-toxicity toward Saccharomyces cerevisiae and demonstrated the ability to enhance yeast cell tolerance to H2O2-induced oxidative stress, underscoring their antioxidant potential. Therefore, this research significantly contributes to the scientific understanding of how the control of sonication parameters and cross-linkers can modulate the properties of curcumin-loaded lignin nanoparticles for future biomedical applications.

Mechanistic insights on stabilization and destabilization effect of ionic liquids on type I collagen fibrils

Tuned assembly of collagen has tremendous applications in the field of biomedical and tissue engineering owing to its targeted biological functionalities. In this study, ionic liquids choline dihydrogen citrate (CDHC) and diethyl methyl ammonium methane sulfonate (AMS) have been used to regulate the self-assembly of collagen at its physiological pH by probing the assembled systems at certain concentration ratios of ionic liquids and the systems were studied using various characterization methods. Due to interaction with collagen, choline dihydrogen citrate causes delay in the collagen fibrillisation process showing no binding interactions with collagen. In contrast, diethyl methyl ammonium methane sulfonate shows crosslinking effect on collagen fibrillisation due to the electrostatic interaction with the tetrahedral hydration shell of collagen moieties. From rheological studies it was observed that the AMS treated collagen fibril at 1:1 % (w/v) has highest linear viscoelastic range, this can bear the stress under high strain compare to native collagen fibril as well as all CDHC composites. For a sustainable biomaterial or bio-scaffold, mechanical property plays pivotal role on it and from our experimental analysis we found certain composites of ionic liquid treated collagen fibrillar assembly which may act as a sustainable biomaterial or bio-scaffold. It was also evolved that, how the structure-function relationship of ionic force modulated fibrillar assembly controlling the mechanical properties of the tuned system. This self-assembled, ionic-liquid treated collagen-fibrillar system would accelerate various force modulated fibrillar network study, for mimicking the ECM and tissue engineering application.

Effects of Zirconium-Based Crosslinkers with Different Zirconium Contents on Pigment Coating in Paper

Effects of Zirconium-Based Crosslinkers with Different Zirconium Contents on Pigment Coating in Paper

Effects of Genipin Crosslinking of Porcine Perilimbal Sclera on Mechanical Properties and Intraocular Pressure.

The mechanical properties of sclera play an important role in ocular functions, protection, and disease. Modulating the sclera's properties by exogenous crosslinking offers a way to expand the tissue's range of properties for study of the possible influences on the eye's behavior and diseases such as glaucoma and myopia. The focus of this work was to evaluate the effects of genipin crosslinking targeting the porcine perilimbal sclera (PLS) since the stiffness of this tissue was previously found in a number of studies to influence the eye's intraocular pressure (IOP). The work includes experiments on tensile test specimens and whole globes. The specimen tests showed decreased strain-rate dependence and increased relaxation stress due to the cross-linker. Whole globe perfusion experiments demonstrated that eyes treated with genipin in the perilimbal region had increased IOPs compared to the control globes. Migration of the cross-linker from the target tissue to other tissues is a confounding factor in whole globe, biomechanical measurements, with crosslinking. A novel quantitative genipin assay of the trabecular meshwork (TM) was developed to exclude globes where the TM was inadvertently crosslinked. The perfusion study, therefore, suggests that elevated stiffness of the PLS can significantly increase IOP apart from effects of the TM in the porcine eye. These results demonstrate the importance of PLS biomechanics in aqueous outflow regulation and support additional investigations into the distal outflow pathways as a key source of outflow resistance.

Elucidating the gas cell stabilization mechanism of buckwheat-wheat steamed bread induced by transglutaminase: A focus on the foaming and air-water interfacial properties of dough liquor

This work investigated the improvement mechanism of transglutaminase (TG) on the buckwheat-wheat steamed bread qualities from the view of protein structural, foaming and air-water interfacial properties of dough liquor (DL). TG reduced the hardness, ameliorated the crumb structure and enhanced the specific volume of buckwheat-wheat steamed bread by up to 9.0%. The DL yield, protein and water recovery were notably increased as the TG concentration increased to 0.2 U/g, then decreased with the higher TG concentrations. The low TG concentrations (<0.2 U/g) increased the protein molecular weight, and decreased the protein hydrophobicity, free amino and sulfhydryl groups content of DL. The high TG concentrations (>0.2 U/g) tended to induce both protein intermolecular and intramolecular cross-linking, which reduced the average particle size from 9.6 to 4.3 μm as the TG concentration increased from 0.2 to 1.0 U/g. TG markedly improved the foaming capacity and foam stability, decreased the surface tension and strengthened the interfacial films by enhancing the viscoelasticity modulus of buckwheat-wheat DL interfacial protein films. The topography of the air-water interfacial layer revealed that the TG-induced protein cross-linking led to a more homogeneous and denser topographical structure. This work will provide fresh insight into the effects of TG-induced protein cross-linking on gas cell stabilization and relate them to the buckwheat-wheat steamed bread quality properties.

Synthesis and characterization of UHMWPE composite fabrics treated with bis-diazirine crosslinker and silica/PEG shear thickening fluid

This study focuses on investigating the mechanical behavior of a set of new chemically-treated crosslinked Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) plain-weave fabrics with varying areal densities, and impregnated with a shear thickening fluid (STF). The evaluation of the materials performance included tensile, bias-extension (shear), puncture, and drop tower tests under low rates of loading. For comparison purposes, three different sample groups were considered: untreated fabrics, crosslinked fabrics, and crosslinked fabrics with STF. The STF impregnation was composed of fumed silica nanoparticles (NPs) suspended in a polyethylene glycol (PEG) medium. Both the individual and combined effects of the chemical crosslinking and STF impregnation on the UHMWPE fabrics were explored. Additionally, the impact of strain rate on the tensile and shear behavior of various material groups was examined. The findings revealed that the addition of the crosslinker and shear thickening fluid significantly improves the puncture resistance of the base UHMWPE fabric, by as high as 92 %. The energy absorption and specific energy absorption of the UHMWPE fabric also increased up to 55 % and 16 %, respectively, with the addition of both STF and crosslinker.