Cross Layering Research Articles

Cross Layering using Reinforcement Learning in Cognitive Radio-based Industrial Internet of Ad-hoc Sensor Network

The coupling of multiple protocol layers for a Cognitive Radio-based Industrial Internet of Ad-hoc Sensor Network, enables better interaction, coordination, and joint optimization of different protocols in achieving remarkable performance improvements. In this paper, network, and medium access control (MAC) layer functionalities are cross-layered by developing the joint strategy of routing and effective spectrum sensing and Dynamic Channel Selection (DCS) using the Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithm. In an industrial ad-hoc scenario, the network layer utilizes the sensed spectrum and selected channel by MAC layer for next-hop routing. MAC layer utilizes the lowest known transmission delay of a channel for a single hop as computed by the network layer, which improves the MAC channel selection operation. The applied RLbased technique (Q learning) enables the CR Secondary Users (SUs) to sense, learn, and make the optimal decision on their environment of operations. The proposed RLCLD schemes improve the SU network performance up to 30% as compared to conventional methods.

Cross-Layer Design for Energy Efficient Multicast Video Transmission over Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a self-configuring infrastructure less network of mobile devices connected by wireless means. Video Multicasting is one of the areas in MANET which play a key role in future wireless network. The layered architecture does not effectively support for strict QoS requirements. Cross layer approach plays a significant role in wireless communication system especially for multimedia applications such as video which is sensitive to delay and requires high bandwidth. The multicast video transmission through wireless links tends to increase in the near future. The better video quality can be achieved through proper selection of queuing mechanisms, video encoding and decoding rate, link control mechanisms. High performance can be achieved by cross layer design method with efficient utilization of energy and hence improves the quality of video transmission over an ad hoc network. In our proposed method Cross-Layer Design for Energy Efficient Multicast Video Transmission protocol (EEMVT), we consider various parameters like congestion control, power saving, link control and effective bandwidth utilization into account and they are handled efficiently using cross layering phenomenon. The proposed method is simulated using NS2 and the results shows that it outperforms in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput and average delay and energy conservation compared to existing MAODV protocol.

Study analysis of Cross QoS based Scheduler for 3.9G LTE Network

The proposed algorithm prolongs the scheduler from scheduling the Real Time (RT) and Non Real Time (NRT) services based upon their priority required on Quality of Service (QoS). The proposed Cross QoS Scheduling Algorithm (XQSA) is capable of scheduling data, video and voice services over the same wireless channel. The complimentary advantages of both RT (video & voice) and NRT (Best Effort of service, BE) services and cross layering technology is utilized by XQSA which prioritizing services in the scheduler to achieve a significant cell user throughput, a low delay, normalized fairness and a low packet loss ratio. The XQSA adapted the two different scheduling principles together to govern the effective channel utilization. The simulation of the XQSA under multiple cell scenarios for scheduling in the 3.9G LTE (Long Term Evolution) network is done using LTE-Sim tool. In the XQSA policy, the traditional RT and NRT scheduling algorithm are integrated together to support the multi-service scheduling (i.e., Modified Long Weighted Delay First/Proportional Fair (M_LWDF/PF) & Exponential Proportional Fair/Proportional Fair (EXP_PF/PF)). The study analysis of the XQSA is examined experimentally through simulation in terms of throughput, packet loss ratio, delay and cell spectral efficiency and fairness index. The simulation based comparison indicates that M_LWDF/PF and EXP_PF/PF scheduler outperforms PF scheduler especially during RT service. The PF scheduler has high throughput for the NRT service. In all the simulations, the performance level of EXP_PF/PF scheduling algorithm for multi-service scheduling seems to be an optimal solution for guaranteeing required QoS (Quality of Service). Index Terms—Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), Channel Utilization, Cross Layering, Cross QoS Scheduling Algorithm (XQSA), 3.9G, LTE- Sim, LTE, Multi-service scheduling, Quality of Service (QoS), Spectral Efficiency, User's Fairness. ——————————  ——————————

MobileMAN: integration and experimentation of legacy mobile multihop ad hoc networks

Although research on mobile ad hoc networks has been ongoing for some time, there are relatively few experiences with real ad hoc networks in laboratory testbeds, and users never use multihop ad hoc networks. This seems due to a gap between what end users might find useful, and what research is currently addressing. Indeed, a large portion of research activities concentrate on the development of novel solutions to optimize lower-layer protocols in often unrealistic settings, while little attention is devoted to the quality of service (QoS) these networks may provide to end users in realistic applicative scenarios. The MobileMAN project tried to contribute to reduce this gap by promoting a research plan aimed at combining theoretical research with the integration of developed solutions in prototypes to be used for validating them in realistic small- and medium-scale scenarios (few hops and 10‐20 nodes). The aim is to design and integrate a full protocol stack and experimentally quantify the QoS the system is able to provide to the users. This research approach points out that, also in this limited setting, several problems still exist to construct efficient multihop ad hoc networks. In the next article [1] we discuss how cross layering can be exploited to fix some performance problems identified in our analyses.

Magmatic and Tectonic Structures from the Chimalpahad Layered Complex, Andhra Pradesh, India

The Chimalpahad Layered Complex (CLC) is the largest (>200 sq km) metamorphosed anorthosite complex in the Precambrian shield of Peninsular India. It exhibits spectacular magmatic layering together with superposed tectonic structures. Modal layering, with primary cumulus texture, is the most prominent magmatic structure displayed by the complex. A variety of magmatic structures (rhythmic mineral-graded layering, cyclic and cross layering, and troughs), practically unaffected (or weakly modified) by later tectonic overprinting, form the relict igneous structures in low strain zones within the CLC; they are described and depicted in sufficient detail, and the possible mechanisms for their formation are enumerated. The structural features in the CLC owe their origin to dual play of magmatic and tectonic processes. The original magmatic structures in high strain zones are variably overprinted by: (1) planar foliation (S1) and mineral lineation (L1) of the D 1 deformation, (2) the F1a and F1b folding event of the D 2 ductile deformation and (3) brittle-ductile fractures/faults of the D 3 deformation that are inferred to have developed during exhumation of the CLC by transpressional tectonism. Micro-textural features of the CLC provide useful criteria for identification of superimposition of solid-state recrystallization on magmatic fabrics. Simultaneous compression and strike-slip shear mechanism (transpression and transtension) have been proposed to account for the magmato-tectonic evolution of the CLC.