Cross-lagged Panel Models Research Articles

Temporal Sequence of Cognitive Function and ADLs and Mediation Effect of Apathy in Parkinson’s Disease: Cross-Lagged Analyses

ABSTRACT Objectives To explore the temporal sequence between cognitive function and activities of daily living (ADLs) in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and investigate whether apathy mediates these effects. Methods We recruited 486 patients from the Parkinson’s Progression Marker Initiative. We constructed a cross-lagged panel model to explore the temporal sequence between cognitive function and ADLs and analyzed the longitudinal mediating effect of apathy on the relationship between cognitive function and ADLs. Results The slopes of ADLs and cognitive function were significant (p < .001), and lower levels of cognitive function indicated lower ADLs, suggesting that a decreased cognitive performance preceded ADLs decline. Cognitive function influenced apathy (negatively) (p < .001) and ADLs (p < .001). A significant indirect effect of cognitive function on ADLs through apathy was revealed by bias-corrected bootstrapping (β = 0.181, p < .001). Conclusions The rate of change in cognitive function was significantly correlated with that of ADLs, and a decreased cognitive performance preceded ADLs decline. Cognition was indirectly related to ADLs through apathy. Clinical implications The rate of change in cognitive function in patients with PD was correlated with that of ADLs, and a decreased cognitive performance preceded ADLs decline. Reducing apathy represents a promising approach to reducing the impact of cognitive decline on ADLs.

Evaluating attachment-based family therapy in residential treatment in the United States: does adolescents' increased attachment security to caregivers lead to decreases in depressive symptoms?

The inclusion of family therapy in residential treatment centers (RTCs) has increased over time. However, there is little data on whether empirically-supported family therapies (ESFTs) are being adopted and if they contribute to treatment effectiveness. This study aimed to test whether Attachment-Based Family Therapy (ABFT), an ESFT integrated into a large residential psychiatric system, would improve perceived attachment insecurity (anxiety and avoidance) and contribute to decreases in depression for adolescents. ABFT was integrated into the clinical program of a large, residential psychiatric system. All family therapists were trained to a level of certification. Improvement was measured by changes in adolescent's perceived attachment to caregivers and reduction in depressive symptoms. The sample included 4786 patients. Attachment insecurity and depressive symptoms were measured at intake, week 3, and week 5. A random-intercept, cross-lagged panel model was used to examine the relationships between attachment and depression over time. The results generally supported hypotheses. Attachment insecurity and depressive symptoms improved over the five weeks of treatment. Improvements in attachment avoidance preceded improvements in depressive symptoms within subjects, over time. Simultaneously, improvements in depressive symptoms preceded those in both dimensions of attachment. Thus, improvement in perceived attachment was associated with a reduction in depressive symptoms. RTCs that can generate improvements in attachment insecurity and depressive symptoms, via ABFT or other ESFTs, might improve treatment outcomes, and ideally, adolescents' successful transition back home to families. More research is needed to disentangle the contribution of ABFT and other treatment elements in a multimodal, residential treatment program. The study supports the call for increased incorporation of families into the RTC treatment process.

A bidirectional association between language development and prosocial behavior in childhood: Evidence from a longitudinal birth cohort in the United Kingdom.

This study investigated a developmental cascade between prosocial and linguistic abilities in a large sample (N = 11,051) from the general youth population in the United Kingdom (50% female, 46% living in disadvantaged neighborhoods, 13% non-White). Cross-lagged panel models showed that verbal ability at age 3 predicted prosociality at age 7, which in turn predicted verbal ability at age 11. Latent growth models also showed that gains in prosociality between 3 and 5 years were associated with increased verbal ability between 5 and 11 years and vice versa. Theory of mind and social competence at age 5 mediated the association between early childhood prosociality and late childhood verbal ability. These results remained robust even after controlling for socioeconomic factors, maternal mental health, parenting microclimate in the home environment, and individual characteristics (sex, ethnicity, and special educational needs). The findings suggest that language skills could be boosted through mentalizing activities and prosocial behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

How the educational level of confidants impacts our political attitudes?

Abstract The role of an individual’s educational level in shaping their political attitudes is very well documented. Also, social networks formed by both our strong and weak ties are generally segregated by educational level. Dove-tailing these two observations raised the question of whether the educational level of one’s confidants also independently impacts an individual’s political attitudes; however, this question has gotten hardly any attention. Therefore, we theorize and study the role of education in the core discussion network, including the question under what conditions the influence of our confidant’s education on our political attitudes is especially strong. Empirically, we use a random intercept cross-lagged panel model to disentangle selection effects from the influence effects of interest. We find a small but robust influence effect of confidants’ educational attainment on political attitudes of ego. However, confidants’ influence does not depend on the degree of dyadic political discussion, confidant newness, and dyadic similarity.

Relations Between Academic and Behavioral Adaptations: The Antecedent Effects of Executive Function.

Using a large sample (n = 1163) from the National Institute of Child Health and Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, the Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model was employed to unpack the between-person and within-person aspects in the relations between children's academic performance and externalizing/internalizing behaviors during primary school and examined the predictive role of early executive function. Results showed that the reciprocal relations between state-level fluctuations in children's behavioral problems and academic performance were largely unsupported. Children with more advanced early executive function were found to have better academic performance and fewer behavioral problems throughout primary school, supporting the antecedent role of early executive function. These findings suggest that fostering executive function skills early on could be a key strategy for improving both academic outcomes and behavioral adjustment in children.

Developmental trajectories of interpersonal stress in school and psychological pain contributing to self-harm in adolescents.

This study investigated the trajectories of interpersonal stress and psychological pain and their effects on self-harm behaviors in adolescents and explored the reciprocal associations between interpersonal stress and NSSI/SA. The participants included 1149 adolescents (50.3% women; Mage = 12.86, SD = 0.69) who participated in three waves of data collection. Latent class growth models and cross-lagged panel models were used to identify subgroups of individuals and interactions between interpersonal stress and NSSI/SA. Controlling for sex and age, compared to the low interpersonal stress class, the moderate to high and increasing classes have higher risks of NSSI and SA. Compared to adolescents in the low increasing feelings with high increasing avoidance class, those in the low increasing feelings with low decreasing avoidance class reported lower probabilities of NSSI and SA. Pain avoidance and painful feelings mediated the pathway from interpersonal stress to NSSI/SA, whereas pain arousal mediated the pathway from NSSI/SA to interpersonal stress. Shared impact of interpersonal stress and distinct effects of psychological pain over time on maintaining and distinguishing self-harm behaviors were found. Adolescent crisis interventions should simultaneously focus on building social networks within the school context and regulating maladaptive minds.

Examining Between- and Within-subjects Effects of Posting and Exposure to Alcohol-Related Social Media Content on Drinking Over Time.

Social media content featuring alcoholic beverages is posted and viewed by college students. Limited longitudinal research suggests that increased alcohol-related content (ARC) posting and exposure is associated with increased alcohol consumption among college students over time. Emerging evidence suggests this association may be bidirectional, with drinking predicting later ARC posting. The current study examined longitudinal bidirectional associations between alcohol consumption and: posting ARC (aim 1) and friend ARC exposure (aim 2). College students engaging in heavy or problematic drinking (N = 384; Mage = 20.04; 74.2% female; 79.6% White) completed four surveys (baseline, 1-month, 3-month, 6-month). Each survey assessed social media use (including ARC posting) and alcohol use, along with ARC posting behaviors of their social network (i.e., important friends). Random-intercept cross-lagged panel models revealed significant large associations only at the within-subjects level for posting ARC, but significant medium-large between- and within-subjects associations for ARC exposure. Within-subjects, greater alcohol consumption predicted posting 1 month later, and posting at the 3-month follow-up predicted increased drinking at 6-months (aim 1). Between-subjects, individuals who reported greater social network ARC exposure were more likely to report greater alcohol consumption. Within-subjects, greater-than-average ARC exposure at 1-month predicted decreased alcohol consumption at 3-months (aim 2). Results suggest the relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol posting (self and ARC exposure) is complex and not necessarily bidirectional, with associations between posting and drinking fluctuating within subjects, while between- and within-subjects associations were observed for exposure and drinking. Associations between posting and drinking vary within individuals over time, while associations between exposure and drinking exist for groups, indicating the more people are exposed, the more alcohol they consume.

Longitudinal relationship between adolescent emotional self-regulation and prosocial behavior toward powerful people: Disentangling between-person differences from within-person effects.

This study investigated the longitudinal effects between adolescent emotional self-regulation and prosocial behavior toward powerful people (i.e., actions aimed at benefiting or supporting individuals who hold significant influence or authority within a group or society), based on the perspective of positive socialization cycle. We recruited 543 Chinese adolescents (284 girls, M age at Time 1 = 11.27 years) and collected three waves of data over 3 years, each approximately 1 year apart (n Time 2 = 449, n Time 3 = 417). Traditional cross-lagged panel model was conducted to test the longitudinal relationship between emotional self-regulation and prosocial behavior toward powerful people. Then, a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model was performed to disentangle the between-person differences from the within-person predictive processes. The results showed that, emotional self-regulation in the previous year was positively associated with prosocial behavior toward powerful people in the next year, whereas earlier prosocial behavior toward powerful people was not predictive of subsequent emotional self-regulation. Findings advocate the domain-specific nature of self-regulation and prosocial behavior and deepen our understanding of the relationship between the two from the culture-specific perspective. This study also highlights the value of emotional self-regulation intervention as a viable way to promote adolescent prosocial development. Theoretical and empirical implications are discussed.

Detecting spurious effects in cross-lagged panel models: Triangulation is not a valid test

The cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) is an analytic technique used to examine the reciprocal causal effects of two or more variables assessed on two or more occasions. Although widely used, the CLPM has been criticized for relying on implausible assumptions, the violation of which can often lead to biased estimates of causal effects. Recently, a triangulation method has been proposed to identify spurious effects in simple CLPM analyses (e.g., Sorjonen, Melin, &amp; Melin, 2024). We use simulations and a discussion of the formulas underlying regression coefficients to show that this method does not provide a valid indicator of spuriousness. This method identifies true causal effects as spurious in realistic situations and should not be used to diagnose whether a causal effect estimated from the CLPM is spurious or not. There are clear reasons to doubt causal estimates from the CLPM, but the results of the triangulation method do not add information about whether such estimates are spurious.

BIDIRECTIONAL ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN WELL-BEING AT SCHOOL, PSYCHOSOCIAL PROBLEMS AND PTSS IN CHILDREN EXPOSED TO FAMILY VIOLENCE

BackgroundChildren exposed to family violence are more likely to have lower well-being at school, more psychosocial problems and more post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) than children not exposed. ObjectiveWe examined whether well-being at school, psychosocial problems, and PTSS affect each other over time in children exposed to family violence. Participantsand Setting: 332 Dutch children aged 8-17 years exposed to family violence (and their parents) who were reached through child protection services (CPS). MethodsParticipants completed questionnaires on well-being at school, psychosocial problems, PTSS, and family violence shortly after being reported to CPS and again one year later. A cross-lagged panel model was conducted to examine the relationships between well-being at school, psychosocial problems, and PTSS over time. FindingsPTSS at Time 1 predicted psychosocial problems at Time 2 (β = .14, p < .05), no other cross-lagged effects were significant. Lower well-being at school was concurrently associated with more psychosocial problems and more PTSS at both time points, and more psychosocial problems was also concurrently associated with more PTSS at both occasions. ConclusionMore PTSS in children exposed to violence appears to be related to more psychosocial problems one year later. The concurrent associations between lower well-being at school, more psychosocial problems and more PTSS at both time points, suggest that these aspects do not appear to be independent, but rather interrelated and co-developing over time. The results highlight the importance of paying attention to children’s well-being at school among children exposed to family violence.

Modifiable factors for somatic symptom persistence in patients with somatic symptom disorder: study protocol for a longitudinal cohort with an embedded ecologically momentary assessment (SOMA.SSD)

IntroductionSomatic symptom disorder (SSD) is a distressing mental disorder characterised by the presence of at least one persistent somatic symptom and a significant psychological burden due to the symptom(s), as well as excessive thoughts, feelings or behaviours related to them or associated health concerns. The primary aim of our study is to deepen the understanding of risk factors and mechanisms for somatic symptom persistence. Specifically, we will investigate the role of patients’ expectations and somatic comorbidity regarding symptom persistence.Methods and analysisIn a prospective 12-month cohort study, n=240 patients with SSD will be recruited from the outpatient clinics of the Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf. The roles of two hypothesised predictors (ie, expectations and comorbidity) will be analysed together with known predisposing and maintaining factors of persistent somatic symptoms. The study entails macrolevel and microlevel assessments to investigate symptom severity over different timespans. Assessments at the macrolevel take place at baseline, 6 and 12 months. At the microlevel, a 10-day ecological momentary assessment study will be implemented to elucidate patients’ dynamic experience with somatic symptoms in their natural environments. In order to elicit possible framing effects on the 10-day course of symptom severity, participants are randomised to either a positive or a negative expectation framing group. Cross-lagged panel models will be used to analyse data at the macrolevel. At the microlevel, multivariate latent growth curve models will be conducted to relate temporal changes in predictor and outcome variables to one another.Ethics and disseminationThe study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Associations Hamburg, Germany (2020-10197-BO-ff). The results will enable us to draw conclusions regarding the role of expectations for future targeted treatment options and regarding the utility of somatic comorbidity as a potential diagnostic specifier of SSD. Dissemination of our results will be achieved through scientific publications, and lay summaries for study participants, patient advocacy groups and the general public.Trial registration numberISRCTN36251388.

Longitudinal Associations Between Physical Health Conditions in Childhood and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms at Age 17

ADHD is associated with lower birth weight, but also with obesity in childhood. Findings on the direction of this association are mixed. This study investigated the relationship between weight and ADHD from birth across development. We used data from the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS), collected at seven time points between 9 months and 17 years. ADHD diagnosis status and scores on the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were used to create an ADHD group and a control group. Random intercept cross-lagged panel models were conducted in females (N=4051) and males (N=3857) to examine bidirectional associations between BMI z-scores and SDQ scores between ages three and 17. Analyses were adjusted for common risk factors for ADHD and obesity, such as sex assigned at birth, multiple births, and ADHD medication status. Children in the ADHD group were significantly lighter at birth than the control group (t(5674)=2.65, 95% CI [0.02, 0.14] p=.008) and significantly more likely to have obesity at age five onwards (OR range 1.57-2.46, RR range 0.98-2.29). Path analyses conducted separately for males and females showed that higher ADHD symptoms in females at ages 7, 11 and 14 significantly predicted higher BMI z-score at ages 11, 14 and 17 respectively. In males, this association was only seen between age 11 and 14 (β= 0.07; 95% CI, 0.04-0.10, p < .001). Results suggest that interventions for children with ADHD, and their parents, should begin as soon as possible, prenatally if possible. Developmental sex differences should be considered.

Longitudinal Relationships among Parenting, Prosocial Behaviors, and Emotional Problems: Examining Between- and Within-Person Associations in Adolescents.

Although bidirectional associations between parenting and adolescents' social and emotional outcomes have been investigated, how parental warmth and harsh parenting as two different parenting dimensions, adolescents' prosocial behaviors, and emotional problems were longitudinally and bidirectionally related at between- and within-person levels remains unclear. With a three-wave longitudinal design, the present study examined these associations by employing the random-intercept cross-lagged panel model. Data from 606 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 13.80 years, SD = 0.52, at T1; 45.7% girls) were collected at six-month intervals over one year, and participants completed questionnaires assessing their perception of parenting, prosocial behaviors, and emotional problems online. The results indicated that parental warmth and harsh parenting were significantly associated with adolescents' prosocial behaviors and emotional problems at the between-person level. At the within-person level, adolescents' more prosocial behaviors at T1 predicted later within-person decreases in their emotional problems at T2, which in turn predicted subsequent increased prosocial behaviors and more parental warmth at T3. Additionally, a higher level of harsh parenting at T2 unidirectionally predicted more adolescents' emotional problems at T3. These findings highlighted the developmental cascade processes among adolescents' prosocial behaviors, emotional problems, and parenting and the importance of fostering adolescents' prosocial behaviors in reducing their emotional problems and then promoting subsequent psychosocial adjustment and parent-child bonding.

Adjustment problems and school bullying in grade school: Differentiating between- and within-person associations

This study examined the longitudinal relations between adjustment problems and school bullying in middle childhood by differentiating between- and within-person effects and putting the co-occurrence into consideration. Participants were 1091 U.S. children (51.2 % boys, 80.5 % White) and their teachers. When children were in the third, fifth, and sixth grades, bullying perpetration and victimization were self-reported and adjustment problems were rated by teachers. Using the random intercept cross-lagged panel models, the results demonstrated that adjustment problems, particularly externalizing problems, were independently predicative of bullying and victimization at the between-person level, adjusting for within-person fluctuations and the co-occurrence of adjustment problems. Moreover, at the between-person level, bullying perpetration and victimization were positively related, as were internalizing and externalizing problems. The findings contribute evidence that adjustment problems and school bullying were stably related over time and highlight the importance of adjustment problems in better understanding involvement in school bullying among school-aged children.

Subjective well-being and attitudes toward outgroup members

There is a large body of literature on the effect of negative attitudes toward outgroup members on target individuals and groups. However, less attention was devoted to their effects on those who hold these attitudes. The current study hypothesized that there would be a bidirectional relationship between subjective well-being and attitudes toward outgroup members. In Study 1, data from the Integrated Values Surveys, the Ecology-Culture Dataset, and the World Happiness Report 2022 were used. In Study 2, a random intercept cross-lagged panel model was implemented using longitudinal data over a six-year period from the GESIS Panel (n = 6783 people living in Germany). Results of Study 1 demonstrated a significant negative relationship between subjective well-being and negative attitudes toward outgroup members both at the country level (118 countries) and at the individual level (663,965 participants in 120 countries around the world). In Study 2, a random intercept cross-lagged panel model revealed significant within-person reciprocal relations between life satisfaction and negative attitudes toward refugees. This study provides evidence for a bidirectional relationship between subjective well-being and negative attitudes toward outgroup members.

Bidirectional Relations Among Maternal Positive Emotion, Infant Positive Emotionality, and Infant Physiological Regulation Across the First 18 Months of Life.

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), a marker of self-regulation, has been linked to developmental outcomes in young children. Although positive emotions may have the potential to facilitate physiological self-regulation, and enhanced self-regulation could underlie the development of positive emotions in early childhood, the relation between positive emotions and physiological self-regulation in infancy has been relatively overlooked. The current study examined the bidirectional associations among maternal positive emotion, infant positive emotionality, and infant resting RSA across the first 18 months of life. We used data from the Longitudinal Attention and Temperament Study (LanTs; N=309 in the current analysis) to test the within- and between-person relations of study variables over time using a random-intercepts cross-lagged panel model. We found that infants with higher overall levels of positive emotionality also displayed greater resting RSA, and their mothers exhibited higher levels of positive emotion. However, there were negative cross-lagged associations within-person; higher than average infant positive emotionality predicted lower levels of infant resting RSA at the subsequent timepoint during early infancy, whereas higher than average infant RSA subsequently predicted decreased levels of infant positive emotionality later in infancy. Results highlight the importance of considering transactional relations between positive emotion and physiological self-regulation in infancy.

Exploring the developmental changes in and the relationship between resilience and anxiety and depression in older gastric cancer survivors: A latent growth mixture model and random intercept cross-lagged panel model analysis.

This study aims to investigate the independent and joint trajectories of resilience, anxiety, and depression symptoms and research the interaction between older gastric cancer survivors' resilience and anxiety-depression during the period of 1 year after surgery. The participants were 381 older gastric cancer survivors, with a mean age of 69 years. Resilience, anxiety, and depression symptoms were assessed immediately after surgery, and at 3, 6, and 12 months post-surgery, respectively. A longitudinal design was employed to capture the dynamic changes in resilience, anxiety, and depression levels among older gastric cancer survivors post-surgery. Latent growth mixture model and random intercept cross-lagged panel model were used to analyse the trajectories of resilience and anxiety-depression and the interaction between them. Two latent trajectories were identified for the resilience, four latent trajectories were identified for the anxiety, and five latent trajectories were identified for the depression, respectively, with three joint trajectories identified: gradual-increasing resilience, gradual-decreasing anxiety, and depression group (10.0%); gradual-decreasing resilience, gradual-increasing anxiety, and depression group (21.2%); and rapid-growth resilience, rapid-decline anxiety, and depression group (68.8%). Resilience among older gastric cancer survivors exhibits significant bidirectional and negative predictive effects on anxiety and depression. Individual differences in resilience, anxiety, and depression trajectories exist among older gastric cancer survivors, with heterogeneous joint progression patterns, and the relationship between resilience and anxiety-depression appears bidirectional. More sophisticated intervention programmes tailored to the unique characteristics of the relevant trajectories are necessary to enhance resilience and mitigate the risk of anxiety and depression.

Self-Perceived Employability and Psychological Well-Being Among Italian Students and Graduates: A Three-Wave Cross-Lagged Study

This study investigated the reciprocal relationship between self-perceived employability (SPE) and psychological well-being (PWB), a connection previously suggested by theory but not yet explored empirically in early career research. Drawing from the Conservation of Resources theory, we analysed the reciprocal effects between SPE and PWB. Using data collected from 376 Italian university students and graduates, we tested the hypotheses with the random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) to analyse the SPE-PWB reciprocal linkage at both the between-person and within-person levels. While we observed a reciprocal SPE-PWB association across three waves at the between-person level, we obtained mixed findings at the within-person level. This study is the first to test the reciprocal associations between SPE and PWB among labour market entrants adopting a within-person approach. The findings offer new empirical insights into SPE during early career stages, with implications for both future research and practical applications.

Early life social predictors of longitudinal relations between childhood BMI and overeating

Abstract Introduction The progression of obesity is a continuous process involving a complex system of genetic, environmental, and behavioural factors. Socioeconomic disadvantage as well as psychological distress may lead to overeating, subsequently associated with increased energy intake and weight gain. Recent evidence indicated that the association between childhood obesity and overeating might be bidirectional. Therefore, this study aimed to longitudinally investigate the directionality of the association between childhood BMI and overeating and to identify antecedent early childhood predictors. Methods The study sample included 5,777 children from the European Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ELSPAC), collected between 18 months and 11 years of child age. The outcomes were child BMI and overeating. Predictors included maternal BMI, maternal education, single-parent households, financial difficulties, and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). The random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) was applied. Results The results showed temporal stability in the development of overeating and BMI, with a bidirectional relationship that strengthened over time. The child’s BMI was predicted by maternal BMI (β = 0.37, p &amp;lt; 0.001). The child’s overeating was predicted by maternal BMI (β = 0.13, p &amp;lt; 0.001), but a stronger effect was found for ACEs (β = 0.24, p &amp;lt; 0.001). ACEs mediated the impact of maternal education, financial difficulties, and single parenthood on overeating with indirect effects of β = -0.01 (p = 0.005), β = 0.04, (p &amp;lt; 0.001), and β = 0.07 (p &amp;lt; 0.001), respectively. Conclusions We observed stable bidirectional longitudinal effects, with a stronger association from BMI to overeating. The results suggested two main pathways: one linked to maternal BMI and early childhood BMI increase followed by overeating, and the other associated with ACEs mediating the effect of early childhood socioeconomic factors on overeating, leading to gradual BMI gain. #NGEU Key messages • The study revealed a stable bidirectional association between childhood BMI and overeating, with a stronger association from BMI to overeating. • There are two potential pathways in childhood obesity development, one involving maternal BMI, and the second associated with social disadvantage and ACEs.

Reciprocal Relationships Between Coping Strategies and Well-Being in Children and Adolescents

Abstract: Background: Not much is known about reciprocal prospective within-person effects between various coping strategies or between coping strategies and well-being in minors. Aims: Therefore, we used a random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) with four-time points spaced 6 months apart to analyze how five coping strategies (seeking social support, problem-solving, avoidant coping, palliative emotion regulation, anger-related emotion regulation) were associated with each other and with well-being. Method: The sample comprised 702 minors. Their age at Time 1 was 10.30 years ( SD = 1.35; range: 8–14). Results: On the between-person level, problem-solving and palliative emotion regulation were positively related to well-being, whereas anger-related emotion regulation was negatively related. Among the coping strategies themselves, anger-related emotion regulation and problem-solving were positively correlated with seeking social support, and problem-solving and seeking social support were negatively correlated with avoidant coping. At the within-person level, avoidant coping was negative, and seeking social support was positively bidirectionally associated with well-being. Additionally, well-being positively influenced problem-solving, and seeking social support was positively and avoidant coping was negatively bidirectionally associated with problem-solving. Limitations: Due to the 6-month interval, statements are limited to only this time period. Furthermore, whereas we controlled for time-invariant covariates, we did not control for time-varying covariates. Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of simultaneously examining different coping strategies along with well-being in a within-person design. Understanding the links between coping and well-being can contribute to the development and use of interventions promoting minors’ coping and well-being.