Cross Drainage Research Articles

INVESTIGATION OF DRAINAGE IN URBAN AREA USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM IN THE CASE OF NEKEMTE TOWN

Drainage is an important aspect of the urban, rural, forest, and agricultural environments as it aids in the removal of excess water volume. In Nekemte town, where this study is conducted, different drainage problems are encountered in different places. Most drainage structures built in this area were built without a thorough drainage investigation, causing a slew of issues for the people who lived there, particularly during the rainy season. The problems that increase the drainage problems from time to time in Nekemte town were caused by the illegal use of drainage structures (components) like pipes, culverts, and ditches, and their consequence is the overflow of water because of illegal waste (solid waste) in the drainage lines. The objective of this study was to investigate drainage problems using ArcGIS software in the case of Nekemte town. To achieve this objective, a digital elevation model of the area was created from contours. Different hydrological patterns were developed using the ArcGIS hydrology tool and combined with other tools to identify cross-drainage requirements. In the study area, there are ten (10) watersheds and an outlet (pour point). Three (3) stream orders exist in the study area. Protected areas are those that are at least fifty (50) meters from the stream network. The watershed, road (current and proposed), low drainage density, and stream order are all considered when calculating an area’s cross-drainage requirement. In the study zone, there are cross-drainage requirements in twenty (20) different places. Seventeen (17) of those cross-drainages lead to exits in the protected zone. The discharge of the area is also computed using the rational method. In general, this study found that cross drainage between Wollega and the stadium is inadequate and improperly placed.

Effectiveness of fascial tissue flaps and skin flaps with layered sutures for repair of wounds after excision of sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus

To investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of fascial tissue flaps and skin flaps with layered sutures for repairing wounds after excision of sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus. Between March 2019 and August 2022, 9 patients with sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus were admitted, including 7 males and 2 females with an average age of 29.4 years (range, 17-53 years). The disease duration ranged from 1 to 36 months, with a median of 6 months. There were 7 cases with obesity and dense hair, 3 cases with infection, and 2 cases with positive bacterial culture of sinus secretion. The wound area after excision ranged from 3 cm×3 cm to 8 cm×4 cm, with a depth of 3-5 cm, reaching the perianal or caudal bone; there were 2 cases with perianal abscess formation and 1 case with caudal bone inflammatory edema. Enlarged resection was performed during operation, and the fascial tissue flap and skin flap were designed and excised at both left and right sides of the buttock, ranging from 3.0 cm×1.5 cm to 8.0 cm×2.0 cm. A cross drainage tube was placed at the bottom of the wound, and the fascial tissue flap and skin flap were advanced and sutured in three layers, namely, 8-string sutures in the fascial layer, barbed wire reduction sutures in the dermis, and interrupted skin sutures. All 9 patients were followed up 3-36 months, with an average of 12 months. All incisions healed by first intention, and no complication such as incisional dehiscence or infection in the operative area occurred. There was no recurrence of sinus tracts, the shape of gluteal sulcus was satisfactory, both sides of buttocks were symmetrical, local incision scar was concealed, and the shape disruption was minimal. Fascial tissue flaps and skin flaps with layered sutures for repairing wounds after excision of sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus can effectively fill the cavity and reduce the incidence of poor incision healing, with the advantages of small trauma and simple operation.

BYPASS PLANNING AND UPGRADATION PROPOSED TO THE SELECTED ROUTE - A REVIEW

Urban trafc congestion is one of the major problems of the developing countries. Growing volumes of through trafc are often attributed to trafc ow challenges. Bypass roads or alternative routes are studied to reduce congestion in the city center. Bypass diverts through trafc away from town centers leaving local streets to local trafc. This study aims to check the viability of the stretch to serve as an alternate route in terms of projected divertible trafc and also the methodology to propose and estimate the improvement required to the geometrics, pavement, cross drainage structures and existing junctions

Local Scour of Highway Cross Drainage Structures

In this paper methods for determination of maximum local scour depth and eroded material volume downstream of highway drainage structures were developed. Severe local scour leads to undermining followed by collapsing of the drainage structure. The analysis method is based on integrating a new technique of improved drainage structure outlet geometry, jet hydraulic characteristics and soil properties. The jet velocity, induced shear stress, critical shear resistance to erosion and particle size are the main factors that control the erosion process downstream of a drainage structure. The study is of experimental and theoretical nature. The developed mathematical model was calibrated using collected field data in addition to laboratory tests. The produced scour holes were plotted for each laboratory run and the scour hole depth, width and length were measured. A semi- empirical relation has been developed for predicting the depth of local scour hole. It is based on Densimetric Froude number. It is found that the semicircular apron gives less scour depth and width when compared to the linear front apron. The comparison of the model outputs and field study is found of a good agreement. The model is recommended for engineering design of highway drainage structures located on streams of sandy bed.

Hydrological Analysis and Statistical Modelling of Swat River Basin for Flood Risk Assessment

The climatic variations and anthropogenic activities in the river catchments worldwide are causing severe weather events and flooding. The narrowing down of natural floodplains/ channels, land-use changes, deforestation and mushroom urbanisation with unplanned infrastructure development are aggravating causes of severe storms and floods, especially in developing countries. Hydrological studies, flood modelling and statistical flood frequency analysis are considered imperative to assess the hazards/ risks of flooding and their mitigation measures. Estimating predicted storms/ floods for different return periods can give a reasonable idea about the frequency of storm events. This study analysed the Swat river basin to determine the predicted return periods with expected storm/ flood in its catchment and Swat river. The weather and rainfall in the Swat river basin remain unpredictable. Historically, it has seen peak precipitation of 150mm – 274mm and a super flood of 10050 m3/sec in 2010, more than its 200 years return period. Flood frequency and statistical analysis using Log Pearson 3 (LP3), Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) and Gumbel Maximum (Gumb-Max) on Easy Fit software and Log Pearson 3 equations have predicted weather instability in the Swat basin with the prediction of super flood like 2010 happening in 40 years return period. Construction of Swat expressway on elevated embankment will disturb the natural drainage pattern and likely result in inundation in flood plains due to inadequate capacity of cross drainage structures to withstand the spontaneous flash flooding. However, these have been designed on 100 years return period. However, probability density and hazard functions show a lesser probability of any mega hazard; therefore, cross drainage structures and crisscrossing channels in the river catchments may be planned on a minimum 100 years return period as an economic/ reasonable safe limit. Still, additional structural/ non-structural measures should augment these for efficient flood-fighting like plantation and maintenance of drainage structures, construction of small dams/ reservoirs for swift water management in case of a flash flood and placement of rescue/ relief resources at accessible points as per flood zoning.

The Impact of Rainfall -Runoff on the Performance of Main Irrigation Canal and Cross Drainage of Omo-Kuraz I and II Sugar Project (The Case of Omo-Gibe Basin)

Flood is serious economic losses like damage main irrigation canal and installed infrastructure on sugar project. The objective of this research was to provide an estimation of rainfall-runoff effect on main canal irrigation scheme. The hydrograph characteristics of observed and simulated events are compared using various evaluation criteria consisting of Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NSE) is between 0.8 and 0.9, relative volume error (RVE) between -10 and 10%, and coefficient of determination (r2) is between 0.8 and 0.9 during calibration and validation period. Among the catchments of the basin that are used in the regional modeling work and nine Model Parameters are selected among those commonly used in regionalization studies. Four parameter regionalization methods (linear regression, spatial proximity, area ratio and sub-basin mean) were applied to transfer model parameter values from the gauged to the un-gauged catchments except area ratio method. In regional model, gauged catchments Model Parameters and Physical catchment characteristics of un-gauged catchments were used to develop the equations in order to predict discharge of un-gauged catchments. To have better understanding of model parameter performance, the sensitivity analysis of nine model parameters were performed manually by trial and error. The evaluation demonstrations that time of concentration (TC), storage coefficient(R), maximum storage (MS) and constant rate (CR) are more sensitive than others. Therefore, spatial proximity method is recommended in predicting discharge for un-gauged catchments for this research and obtained 85.1m3/s, 1.6m3/s, 9m3/s, 0.6m3/s,1.1m3/s, 14.3m3/s and 28.2m3/s peak flow for cross drainage three, culvert outlet four, culvert outlet three, culvert outlet two, culvert outlet one, cross drainage thirteen and cross drainage fourteen un-gauged sub catchments respectively. To determined predicted peak discharge using L-moment method in flood frequency analysis of selected gauged catchment. Finally, flood damage protection structures like dyke must be recommended for temporary, but redesign depend on peak discharge is necessary. Keywords: HEC-HMS, Regionalization, Stream flow simulation, L-moment, un-gauged catchments, Omo-Gibe sub-basin DOI: 10.7176/CER/14-2-02 Publication date: April 30 th 2022

Design of flexible pavement of national highway 102 in manipur

Indian road congress has specified the design procedures for flexible pavement based on California bearing ratio (CBR) values. The pavement design has accompanied by the code IRC:37–2018 and Ministry of state Transportation (MOST) specification. In this project report, the pavement layers its prescribed limits by the Ministry of state Transportation (MOST) and raw material required for the laying of pavement associated with laying of 4 lanes on national highway 102 between Lilong to Waithou. The roads start from Lilong (330.00km to 333.00km) to Waithou, which has the design length of project road of 3 km. This length is considered as one packing for constructuction by GRIL Infra purposed on EPC mode basis as per direction of National highway and infrastructure Development Corporation (NHIDCL). The alignment of highway passes through plain terrain for 2.2km and remain land is mountain terrain length is 0.8km is in rolling. The existing carriage width is 7.0m with 1.5m paved shoulder, 1m width with drainage, 1.5m width with median at location of settlement. There are 18 no. of cross drainage structure are present in 3km stretch of project road. These include 1 major bridge, 2 minor bridges and 12 culverts. These project works is being expected to complete within 2 years. These project reports also include collection of traffic data, soil, aggregate and bitumen collection and testing has been carried out.

УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ МЕТОДУ РОЗРАХУНКУ ПАРАМЕТРІВ ПОПЕРЕЧНОГО ДРЕНАЖУ МІЛКОГО ЗАКЛАДАННЯ НА АВТОМОБІЛЬНИХ ДОРОГАХ

An important aspect of the road structure strength and stability ensuring is the issue of subgrade favorable water-thermal regime providing during the service life. The article analyzes the results of research by scientists from different countries on the issues of taking into account the humidification regime and the arrangement of the drainage system on highways. One of the main design parameters of shallow transverse drainages is the distance between the drainage slots. The exact definition of this indicator determines the efficiency of water drainage from planar drainage and makes it possible to optimize the cost of drainage structures installation. In the presented work the questions of the existing normative base on climatological indicators definition and principles of shallow drainages calculation are generalized and tasks of researches on improvement and specification of distance between cross drainage apertures calculation method in such drainages are formulated. The authors propose a new solution to the problems. The developed method is based on the basic of non-uniform smooth-motion of a fluid in prismatic channels differential equation and the hypothesis of VI Chernomsky. The authors developed dependences to determine the distance between the transverse drainage slots in shallow drainages. The developed mathematical equations for the main parameters of transverse shallow drainage on characteristic sections of the highway adequately take into account the main factors influencing the process of moisture migration in the drainage layers and allow to solve problems of water-heat regulation of roads in a new aspect. The results of calculations of the distance between the transverse drainage slots, according to the proposed method, for the conditions of the first roadclimatic zone of Ukraine, the maximum total specific excess of water entering the drainage structure for the sand drainage layer with the value of filtration coefficient 4, 5 and 6 m / day are presented. The obtained data are compared with the calculation results according to the traditional method. Appropriate conclusions are made. KEYWORDS: DRAINAGE SYSTEM, DRAINAGE LAYER, DRAINAGE SLOTS, SHALLOW TRANSVERSE DRAINAGE, ROAD, WATERWAY, SUBGRADE.

FLOOD ANALYSIS AND HYDRAULIC COMPETENCE OF DRAINAGE STRUCTURES ALONG ADDIS ABABA LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT

The occurrence of flooding events and the associated risks are increasing in the urban areas of most developing countries. Flooding in any circumstance causes major stresses on affected area’s economic, social and environmental regimes. Therefore, the current study presents a flood analysis and hydraulic competence of existing drainage structures on some selected roads of Addis Ababa City, after integration with Addis Ababa Light Rail Transit (AALRT) Drainage Systems. The existing side drains and cross drainage structures located within the study area were inspected and assessed to ascertain different aspects relating to their performance. Different watersheds were delineated. Hydrological analysis was then carried out using Geospatial tools such as ARCGIS, ARCSWAT, and HEC GEOHMS to determine the different watersheds contributing to the flows. The flows were obtained from the rational method for areas less than 0.5 km2 and HEC HMS for areas greater than 0.5 km2. The hydraulic analysis was carried out using HY-8 for the culvert and the Hydraulic toolbox for side drains. It was found from field surveys and measurements that the existing side drain of 900 mm circular pipe could not convey the maximum flow. The existing box culvert, which comprised of one barrel was able to convey the design flow of 29.52 m3/s with a headwater elevation of 2300.94 m. The existing box culvert was sufficient in conveying the designed flow since its headwater elevation was lower than that of the roadway elevation. However, observations like the presence of accumulated silt, debris within most side drains, and an undersized side drain reduced its hydraulic competence. The undersized side drain was redesigned by increasing its diameter to 1200 mm. The study acts as a yardstick for drainage assessment, especially for existing structures, an indicator for identifying the most flood-prone areas along the railway track. It recommended an intermediate cross culvert before Lancha, regular desilting, and putting screens at inlets of side drains and some distance before the entrance of the culverts. Periodic maintenance of the existing drainage structures and widening of the pipe conduits for the side drains to about 1200 mm for easy maintenance is also necessary.

Comparative Analysis of Two cell and Three cell Box Culvert for Different Aspect Ratio

Abstract: Culverts serves primarily as the hydraulic conduits conveying water from one side of a roadway or similar traffic embankment to the other; therefore, culverts serves the dual purposes of functioning as hydraulic structures as well as acting as traffic load bearing structures. They are normally cheaper than bridges, which make them the natural stream passes through channels. Box culvert are most stable and safe among various types of culverts. It can be constructed for soft soil conditions also. Therefore these are the best alternative to the major bridges for the small span and for cross drainage situation. In this work, we analyze the R.C. box culvert of two cell and three cell with different L/H ratio with the use of STAAD Pro software. In this study, we consider the span of culvert bridge as 10 m and we done the analysis for two cell and three cell culvert on the same span and varies the height with respect to span of the culvert bridge for different aspect ratio. Here we considered the traffic loading of Class AA loading as per IRC:6 2014 and also consider all the loading conditions as per IS codes. The structure designing includes the considerations of pressure cases (Box empty, Full, surcharge load) and factors such as Impact load, Braking force, Dispersal of load through fill, Effective width, Coefficients of earth pressure, Live load etc. The analysis of structure as per limit state method IS 800-2007. The IS standard requirements in the design manual for roads and bridges (IRC6-2014, IS 112-2011) is used in the structural designing of concrete box culverts. The structural elements of two cell and three cell Box culverts are compared with respect to its maximum moments respectively for the different L/H ratio on the same span of the culvert. In the results we conclude that the moments are less than the two cell Box culvert with comparison to three cell Box culvert for the constant span of both the cases of culverts. In the present study, this paper provides full discussion on the provisions in the codes, considerations and justifications of all the above aspects of design. Keyword: Box culvert, aspect ratio, Staad pro, IRC codes.

Blockage of Cross Drainage Hydraulic Structures: Emerging Role of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

Blockage of Cross Drainage Hydraulic Structures: Emerging Role of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

Learning by Gamification: An Effective Active Learning Tool in Engineering Education

One of the latest buzzwords in engineering education is �active learning� and �Outcome Based Education�. Active learning refers to the idea that students are actively engaged in the learning process, rather than passively absorbing content. The COVID-19 pandemic has raised significant challenges for the higher education community worldwide. A particular challenge has been the urgent and unexpected request for previously face-to-face university courses to be taught online by using different online tools such as Microsoft Team, Zoom etc.This paper describes the application of one of the gamification tools known as �Kahoot� used for online teaching a course namely �Irrigation and Hydraulic Structures� which is the core course of B.Tech. Civil Engineering Program. This course is related to the storage, transmission and use of water for irrigation purposes. Previously, the course was used to be taught by conventional methods in which the students were found to be unable to visualize various hydraulic structures such as dam, canal, cross drainage work etc. that are used for irrigation purposes and hence the expected course outcomes could not be attained. In the COVID-19 pandemic situation the same course was taught by online mode with the help of Microsoft Teams platform. However, it was difficult to engage all the 76 students and assess their performance. Hence, use of one of the gamification tools namely �Kahoot� was done to assess and evaluate the performance of students. The entire class was divided into two groups namely �Control Group�, and �Experimental Group�. The �Control Group� was assessed using conventional teaching involving �question answer session�, while the �Experimental Group� was assessed by using the �Kahoot� tool of gamification. The results of the study shows that the performance of �Experimental Group� in the Unit Test Examination (i.e. average marks) improved by over 18% compared to the performance of �Control Group�. Thus, it can be concluded that use of �gamification� as an active learning tool helps in enhancing the students understanding and hence attaining the expected outcomes.

Statistical analysis of cross drainage ditch clogging along spur roads in the Shirasu area, southern Kyushu, Japan.

Statistical analysis of cross drainage ditch clogging along spur roads in the Shirasu area, southern Kyushu, Japan.

Usulan Perbaikan Proses Cross Drainage untuk Mempercepat Waktu Proyek Pembangunan Jalan Raya

The success of the project can be judged by the timeliness of the planned target. The problem in the highway project is in the difference between cross drainage age implementation and the age of the project plan that has been set, so that, the project becomes not timely. This research aims to evaluate the critical path of cross drainage project, and what improvements are appropriate in the framework of project acceleration. The Critical Path Method (CPM) method is used to determine the critical path of the cross drainage project activity, from which critical path will be analyzed by using the Fishbone Diagram. Furthermore, borda technique is used to determine the appropriate improvement.

Sustainability assessment of EPS-geofoam in road construction: a case study

ABSTRACTIn the present study, construction procedure and performance assessment of expanded polystyrene EPS-geofoam layer, which is utilized in the repair and rehabilitation of road work, is demonstrated. EPS geo-foam application was suggested after observing excessive settlement and distress of approach roads near Cross drainage (C-D) works constructed on bypass road of an important National Highway Project in India. EPS-geofoam was used as an alternative to earth backfill in approaches of newly constructed culvert on the same bypass road on one side of the C-D work and, for comparison purpose; the other side of the C-D work was retained with existing earth backfill. EPS-Geofoam was convenient to handle, easy to place and executed effeciently in terms of machineries and man power. Also, after 6 months of observation, it was noted that Pavement Quality Concrete (PQC) constructed over earthfill material have shown sign of distress and longitudinal cracks were observed due to excessive settlement; on the other hand PQC constructed over EPS-geofoam was intact with no sign of distress. Outcome of the study suggest the use of EPS-geofoam in similar situations as per the proposed guidelines for construction as well as cross-sectional details and design recommended.

Modeling of gas migration in water-intrusion coal seam and its inducing factors

Formation water intrusion into the coal seam through cross drainage boreholes seriously affects the gas extraction efficiency. Particularly in the downward boreholes, the formation water cannot be discharged through the drain. Using the conventional seepage model to estimate the effect of gas drainage will cause that the coal seam residual gas pressure is underestimated. In this paper, we construct the gas migration models in a water-intrusion coal seam, which include the gas seepage in original coal seam and the gas diffusion in water-saturated coal seam. By comparing with the field data, the mathematical models are authenticated. Then, the influences of diffusion coefficient, permeability, Henry’s constant and the radius of water-saturated coal seam on the residual gas pressure and gas production are analyzed by numerical calculations. The results show that the gas pressure decreases with the increase of the diffusion coefficient, while increases with the increase of Henry’s constant and the radius of the water-saturated coal seam. The impact of permeability is more complex. In the high permeability coal seam, the overall pressure relief effect is better. However, in the low permeability coal seam, the pressure relief effect around the borehole is better. Finally, the influence mechanism of each factor is analyzed to revel the gas production in the water-intrusion coal seam. The results of the work are of great significance to enrich the theory of gas migration and the prevention and control of mine gas disaster.

HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF AN AQUEDUCT AND ITS NECESSITY IN RAJOURI TOWN IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR

Aqueduct is the Cross drainage arrangement which make the route of water from one side of drain to the other. Most of the Rajouri town is hilly and semi-hilly belt. At Rajouri about 9000 hectares areas of land remain deprived of irrigation facilities. The main aim of the paper is to present the hydraulic design of aqueduct proposed over Darhali River in Rajouri town and explain as to why aqueduct was required in this area. To assist the growth of crops in areas adjoining to Darhali River construction of Aqueduct from left bank to Right bank of River was projected. Aqueduct of 6 X 9.5m span was proposed to be constructed. Substructure of the Aqueduct consists of the abutments, five piers and substructure of an R.C.C trough of internal size 2.0m × 2.3 m. Foundation of abutment and piers were escalated below the Scour depth level of 4m to avoid erosion and consequent damage to the structure via silting and erosion. The estimated cost of the structure was near about 90 lacs. It was found that rising of aqueduct structure shall boost farming in this area besides improving livelihood of respective land owners. The overall irrigation system of the town shall improve by constructing such a structure which was dependent mostly on rainfall.

Hydro-meteorologic Assessment of October 2015 Extreme Precipitation Event on Santee Experimental Forest Watersheds, South Carolina

The extreme precipitation event on October 3-4, 2015, likely resulting from the convergence of a persistent deep easterly flow, the continuous supply of moisture, the terrain, and the circulation associated with Hurricane Joaquin off the eastern Atlantic Coast (http://cms.met.psu. edu/sref/severe/2015/04Oct2015.pdf) resulted in extreme and prolonged flooding in many parts of South Carolina. We present the precipitation amounts and intensities observed at four gauges on the USDA Forest Service Santee Experimental Forest (SEF) watersheds during this extreme event in conjunction with the antecedent conditions for 5 days prior to the event. All four rain gauges recorded 24-hr maximum rainfall of 340 mm or more during October 3-4, exceeding the Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) 100-yr 24-hr design rainfall data. The 5-day antecedent measured rainfall prior to October 3 already exceeded 170 mm in three of the four gauges resulting in weekly (September 28-October 4 totals exceeding 625 mm in all gauges. Local surface water ponding of as much as 0.46 m above land surface was observed on one of the groundwater wells at an elevation of 10.395 m. The recorded stage heights at one 1st order (WS 80) and one- 2nd order (WS79) watershed gauging stations over topped the compound weir (WS 80) and weir/culvert (WS 79) outlets, with the highest stages coming near the invert of the bridge above the weir gauges and inundating large riparian areas upstream of them. Preliminary calculations yielded peak flood discharges of at least 17.4 m3 s-1 (10.9 m3 s-1 km-2 or 996 cfs/mi2) and 33.9 m3 s-1 (6.8 m3 s-1 km-2 or 620 cfs/mi2) for a 1st and 2nd order watersheds, respectively. These values exceeded the previously measured peak discharges within a 25-year record of 3.8 m3 s-1 and 11.2 m3 s-1 for these two watersheds that were recorded on October 24, 2008. When compared with computed design discharges the estimated peak flood discharges on October 4, 2015 exceed the values for a 500-yr return period. These extreme peak flood discharge results may provide insights for a need to revisit existing approaches for hydrologic analyses and design of cross drainage and other water management structures as concerns about extreme storm events resulting from global warming continue.

Design of Jigessa Small Scale Irrigation in Dara Woreda, Southern Ethiopia

The artificial application of water to land to aid crop production has enabled man to increase his ability to produce food and cash crops. All-the-year round crop production is now possible instead of the previous restriction to rain fed agriculture. However, conserving water and delivery it to the fields in an efficient manner has continued to be a challenge. The design of small-scale irrigation project will provide supplementary irrigation for many farmers. This paper presents design of small scale irrigation in Dara Wereda by assessing irrigation agronomy, analyzing hydrological condition of the area and designing different engineering structures like the headwork structure, main canal, cross drainage structure, etc. and also analyzing the stability of the structure which already designed. The structure we design in this project will resist the 50 year return period peak flood. Design considerations of canals naturally vary according to the type of soil. Again, the velocity of flow in the canal should critical. The canals cross the natural drain or gullies so suitable structure must be selected and designed. Finally, we put our conclusion and the necessary recommendation for the government, society, university and stakeholders.

Modernization of Kakrapar Right Bank Main Canal

For development of irrigated agriculture in the Tapi basin, Ukai-Kakrapar Scheme, one of the biggest irrigation scheme in Gujarat, was taken up by the Government of Gujarat. Tapi is one of the largest rivers in central India which flows west-ward and discharges into the Arabian Sea. The present project work has been taken to study problems in existing unlined Kakrapar right bank canal of Kakrapar project. Kakrapar weir is located on river Tapi in village Kakrapar of Mandvi taluka of Surat district. As increased in demand-of food and fodder, demand of water for irrigation is also increasing In unlined canal high velocity cause erosion and heavy seepage loss leads to water logging problems in surrounding area. These problems can be solved by canal lining. Both these reasons have reduced the availability of water to the farmers. With modernization of canal one has to take into consideration the existing cross drainage or regulating structures on existing canal has also to be redesigned. Detail economic analysis is also done giving effective measures to reduce the cost. Thus to improve the efficiency of the canal network, modernizing existing canals has become need of the hour.