Cross-cultural Theories Research Articles

Reassessing the Constructs Related to Technology Adoption Theories in the Global Marketing Domain in Light of the Emergence of GenAI

The purpose of this study is to understand the opportunities and challenges for the global marketing field due to emergence of generative artificial intelligence and the need to reassess the constructs related to technology adoption theories. Given that this technology is so recent, there is a need to investigate this aspect. This study explores the influence of generative AI on various constructs from ten technology adoption theories, models, and approaches as they relate to the global marketing domain. This research study excludes other psychological and cross-cultural theories and constructs related to the domain. This study is unique for its wide range of implications toward the adoption of technology in global marketing initiatives because GenAI can assess consumer sentiment, which helps global marketers make accurate decisions.

A study on Articles on Reviewing and Revising Black etal's Adjustment Model(s)

Expatriation research keeps to grow as a field of control inquiry, with worldwide enjoy being a growing consciousness of interest as a key contributor to the aggressive benefit of humans and agencies (Kraimer et al., Citation2016; Suutari et al., Citation2018). Expatriation is usually considered as a way comprising three levels: pre-expatriation, expatriation, and repatriation (Cerdin & Pargneux, Citation2009). Pre-expatriation typically makes a speciality of an individual’s motivations for a global undertaking and preparations for it. The expatriation level engages with reviews of residing and running overseas, and repatriation covers the go back to the house u. S. These transitions require expatriates to undertake profound cognitive, mental, and behavioural changes to successfully modify to their new environments (Bhaskar-Shrinivas et al., Citation2005), as a result making global adjustment the focus of expatriation and repatriation research (Andersen, Citation2021). Many theories were brought through pass-cultural researchers together with Torsion (Citation1982, Citation1994), Kim (Citation1988), Lofquist and Dawis (Citation1984), Berry (Citation1992, Citation1997), Gull horn and Gull horn (Citation1963), Taft (Citation1977) and Ward, (Citation1996) to take a look at fashionable worldwide adjustment. However, their theories have no longer been widely followed in control-targeted research. Instead, the expatriation and repatriation adjustment fashions superior by means of the use of Black, Stephens, Mendenhall, Gregersen, and Oddou have grown to be the maximum fantastically stated theoretical frameworks in the literature on expatriation and repatriation (Dabic et al., Citation2015; Chiang et al., Citation2018; Knocke & Schuster, Citation2017). Black and his colleagues conceptualise international adjustment as every multifaceted (artwork and state-of-the-art adjustments together with interactions with host-united states nationals) and time related (anticipatory and in-united states of america modifications) (Black & Stephens, Citation1989; Black et al., Citation1992). Based on the integration of uncertainty reduction principle and cross cultural theories (Black, Citation1988; Church, Citation1982; Torbiörn, Citation1982), Black et al’s expatriation (Black et al., Citation1991) and repatriation (Black et al., Citation1992) adjustment models advocate that expatriates can lessen the strain on account of the unknowns of residing and running abroad thru formulating expectations and getting prepared themselves hence. The more correct their expectations, the much more likely they may be capable of cope with the worrying conditions of expatriation, for that reason helping their mental nicely-being (Black & Gregersen, Citation1991; Black et al., Citation1991). Since the guide of Black et al’s model(s), students have stated their adjustment model(s) more than 3,000 instances in step with Google Scholar as of November 2023. This immoderate amount of citations serves to exemplify the iconic effect of the version(s), which have been finished in the course of pretty some geographical settings (Bhaskar-Shrinivas et al., Citation2005; Hechanova et al., Citation2003). Although several conceptual articles have emphasised the strengths of the version(s), others have highlighted their boundaries (Haslberger et al., Citation2013; Hippler et al., Citation2014; Lazar ova & Thomas, Citation2012), important to requires the development of new and opportunity techniques to the exam of global adjustment (Dabic et al., Citation2015; Takeuchi, Citation2010).

Does the immigration affect prenatal attachment levels?

ABSTRACT Pregnancy is an important period in which mother-infant attachment begins, includes bio-psychological changes, and has physical and psychological effects on the future life of the fetus. This study aims to evaluate the prenatal attachment levels of Syrian refugee and Turkish mothers in Turkey and to determine the variables that affect these. This cross-sectional study conducted in the obstetric outpatient clinics with 397 pregnant women 197 Syrian and 200 native women. Inclusion criteria were a pregnancy of at least 20 weeks, no communication or mental disorders, no chronic diseases, no diagnosis of high-risk pregnancy, literacy in the pregnant Turkish women, Turkish language proficiency in the pregnant Syrian women, and residence in Turkey for at least three years. Data were collected using a Sociodemographic form and The Prenatal Attachment Inventory (PAI). The data were analyzed by conducting independent t-tests, and hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis. The mean prenatal attachment score of Turkish pregnant women (61.79 ± 8.55) was higher than Syrian women (48.38 ± 10.39) (p < .05). Education level, pre-pregnancy counseling, regular checkup, support from spouses, relatives, and friends, and being a refugee of pregnant women were determined as predictors of prenatal attachment. The results showed that 67 percent of the total variance in the prenatal attachment levels could be explained in model 2 (F = 35.524, R2 variation = .673, p = .001). The low prenatal attachment level of Syrian pregnant women was a result of the detrimental impacts of being a refugee on pregnancy. The integration of transcultural knowledge, culture-specific perspectives, and cross-cultural theories into clinical practices is essential for immigrant women.

Visualization of Seeking Identity on Transnational Children In “Be Prepared” Graphic Novel

Be Prepared is a graphic novel about Vera, the daughter of immigrants from Russia. In her storyline, Vera faces many cultural challenges when dealing with American and other Russian immigrant children. Vera attempts to find identity amidst the differences between the original culture of Russia and the American culture as the country she lived in. The situation between 2 cultures is a challenge for transnational children. This study aims to analyze and see the meaning represented in the graphic novel, especially how transnational children obtain identity and adapt to their environment. The research method used in this research is semiotics and literature review. The semiotic method is used to see the relationship between signs to get the meaning. The semiotic theories used in this research are based on Roland Barthes’s theories. Another method is the literature review which is conducted by overviewing the signs through several published literature to expand the meanings. The base theory used in the literature review is a cultural study that consists of ideas about acculturation, immigration, and cross-cultural theories. From this research, it can be seen that in the comparison of situations of 2 birthday parties, there are expectations in acculturation. The worship scene in the Russian Orthodox church represents immigrant families' coping mechanism for acculturation stress. The signs seen in the graphic novel are also seen in the acculturation stage of Vera's character to gain identity, which can be divided into three stages, namely, the stage of seeking recognition, the stage of imitating, and the stage of integration.&#x0D; Keywords: transnationalism; immigrant; acculturation; graphic novel; sequential arts.&#x0D;

Challenges and considerations for building executive presence in North American female professionals of Asian descent

PurposeThis study aims to identify the specific challenges that North American female professionals of Asian descent face in building executive presence and make recommendations for mitigating those challenges.Design/methodology/approachIn-depth interviews were conducted with 14 female executives of Asian descent in diverse U.S. and Canadian organizations. The goal was to explore their perceptions of Asian organizational stereotypes and identify how these perceptions, shaped by their cultural and gender identities, have created unique challenges relating to executive presence. Interviewees provided in-depth examples of their challenges and detailed recommendations for neutralizing them. Interview data were coded and analyzed using the Gioia methodology.FindingsResults revealed that deferential, reserved and hardworking are the top three perceptions attributed to female professionals of Asian descent working in North America. These perceptions are not commendatory or derogatory by themself. They can be associated with either positive or negative leadership qualities, depending on the specific behaviors exhibited and how those behaviors are interpreted. The authors’ analysis maps the relationship between these perceptions and behaviors associated with the executive presence literature. The respondents’ three key recommendations for neutralizing the negative connotations of these perceptions are discussed.Practical implicationsThe results of this study reinforce the need to develop influence, communication and relational skills (e.g. executive presence) in women of Asian ethnicity. The study respondents’ recommendations provide a foundational curriculum guide for doing so. The results also support the need to train hiring managers to become ever more aware of their cultural biases, focusing on how these biases impact their hiring, performance evaluation and promotion practices.Originality/valueThere is a dearth of research regarding the career experiences of Asian women working in North American corporations. This qualitative study provides insight into relationships between cultural identity, executive presence and career success and lays the groundwork for future quantitative studies that deepen a theoretical understanding of the relationship of executive presence to impression management and cross-cultural theories.

Putting school-based mentors' experience into context: a mixed-methods cross-country comparison

PurposeCross-national research on cultural differences can help understand what drives, in differing contexts, mentors' commitment to school-based mentoring programs. This comparative study aims to explore whether adult volunteers, from Scotland and Italy, experience being mentors of vulnerable youth differently.Design/methodology/approachData from interviews (n = 20) and questionnaires (n = 114) were used to test hypotheses concerning volunteer mentors' perceptions of their role and abilities, as well as motives for participation. According to cross-cultural theories, Scottish mentors should be more likely to identify mentoring with establishing friendly relationships with mentees and promoting youth self-empowerment. They should also be more self-confident and value-driven as volunteers.FindingsDespite the mixed support for the assumptions concerning how the mentor role is conceived, Scottish mentors were less likely than Italians to doubt their abilities and more driven by other-focused and generative concerns.Originality/valueThe study reveals significant variations in how volunteers from countries featuring different welfare regimes and cultural orientations experience mentoring. The research advances the understanding of how culturally sensitive approaches can foster mentors' engagement.

The impact of cross-border knowledge management on internationalizing Renminbi: lessons from the belt and road initiative

PurposeIn the process of Renminbi (RMB) internationalization, the heterogeneity and complexity in knowledge under the multicultural contexts have been considered as important factors that can have profound impacts on the cross-border flow of the RMB currency. Moreover, COVID-19, an exogenous shock, also triggers more in-depth reflection on the relationship between cross-border knowledge management and the financial risk governance. In addition, the needs to effectively respond to global risks and crises prompt the necessity in systematically establishing an effective cross-border knowledge management mechanism and innovatively solidifying the knowledge bases needed for the further internationalization of the RMB.Design/methodology/approachBased on the analysis on the current status of the RMB internationalization, this paper qualitatively explores some major challenges and difficulties encountered in the process of RMB internationalization from the perspectives of knowledge management and cross-cultural theories. To effectively mitigate these challenges and difficulties, discussions and recommendations centered on three main aspects: cross-cultural management; cognition; and innovation for the further development of the RMB internationalization are also presented in this paper.FindingsBased on the analysis on the cross-border knowledge management and cross-cultural perspectives, this paper identifies three major challenges and difficulties that the RMB internationalization is encountering, including: cultural heterogeneity and its adverse impacts on the communication amongst economic entities; the existence of knowledge iceberg; and the difficulty it presents to cognition and financial innovation. Meanwhile, the authors also present recommendations on the development of the cross-border knowledge management mechanism for furthering the progress of internationalizing the RMB currency.Research limitations/implicationsFrom the perspective of cross-border knowledge management, this study not only elaborates on the recommendations aimed at further promoting the RMB internationalization but also provides reference and guidance for the state, central banks and commercial banks to play better roles in furthering the RMB internationalization.Originality/valueThis paper creatively integrates the micro knowledge management into the macro process of RMB internationalization, thoroughly discusses two main challenges and difficulties encountered in the process of RMB internationalization from the unique perspective of cross-border knowledge management under the multicultural contexts and provides relevant recommendations for RMB’s further internationalization. This study also enriches the exploration of knowledge management outcome variables and further expands the research field of knowledge management.

Cross-cultural sexual narratives and gendered reception in Republican China

ABSTRACT This article examines nonfiction sexual narratives inspired by foreign thought in Republican China. It highlights female viewpoints to recover their hidden voices in history and shows the socio-cultural significance of the gendered reception of cross-cultural theories. I focus on three foreign female thinkers – Ellen Key, Emma Goldman, and Alexandra Kollontai – whose works stood for different schools of free love and drew numerous adherents in China. My study shows a nuanced but telling difference in the focuses of sexual narratives along gender lines. Whereas male writers sought to modernize marriage and liberate sexuality from socio-eugenic perspectives, female writers pursued sexual autonomy from relatively more personal stances. The rhetorical feature of Chinese female essayists, I argue, was essentially iconoclastic towards sexual conventions and yet reticent about free sexuality, as opposed to the progressive eloquence often shown in male writings about sexual matters. In sum, this article illustrates how Chinese female essayists retained gender propriety when openly addressing intimate matters, while male writers glamorized free sexuality and free love as a panacea for nation-strengthening and social/racial progress in a cross-cultural context.

Dimensions of National Culture – Cross-cultural Theories

Abstract Over the past three decades, after Hofstede presented his proposal about cultural differences, many authors have presented their dimensions of national culture. The aim of this article is to give a synthesis of the proposal from significant authors and show a set of models of cultural dimensions based on theoretical and pragmatic analysis such as models of Hofstede, Trompenaars, GLOBE, Inglehart, Schartz. Also, examples used in this paper help more to understand the importance of research national culture.

Path to effective mobile advertising in Asian markets

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose and test an integrated model of mobile advertising taking into consideration the unique characteristics of Asian consumers. Design/methodology/approach The survey research method has been used to collect data among young mobile users in China and South Korea. A structural equation model (SEM) technique is employed to analyze the data. Findings The results show that Chinese and South Korean consumers share similar beliefs and attitudes toward mobile advertising. Perceived informational usefulness, perceived entertainment usefulness, perceived ease of ease and credibility emerge as significant belief factors positively influencing attitude in both countries. Irritation, on the other hand, negatively predicts attitude. Attitude toward mobile advertising and subjective norm emerge as the strong predictors of consumers’ intention to use mobile advertising in both countries. The effects of perceived social usefulness on attitude and incentive on intention to use demonstrate different patterns between the Chinese and South Korean samples. Practical implications The findings are particularly relevant to international marketing managers. To effectively reach Asian consumers through mobile, increasing credibility and entertainment values are the keys. Meanwhile, providing relevant information in easy to use format is also an important issue. Originality/value Based on the established advertising theories, this study proposes an integrated model to examine how beliefs, attitude and other influencing factors affect mobile advertising effectiveness among Chinese and South Korean consumers. This research provides insights into the uniqueness and effectiveness of the new mobile medium as opposed to traditional media. Furthermore, this study deepens the understanding of advertising hierarchy effects in an international setting by examining similarities and differences between China and South Korea. Most of existing cross-cultural studies choose cultures that are sharply contrast to gain significant findings and to support established cross-cultural theories. It is also very important for researchers to examine cultures that are relatively similar to gain a better understanding of the impact of culture. The study answers such a call.

LOGICAL ANALYSES OF VIPASSANĀ MEDITATION

ABSTRACTIn this paper we propose logical analyses of Vipassanā Meditation as modus ponens or universal instantiation, as based upon identification, analysis, and interpretation of the meditation as a (spiritual) thought experiment (STE like e.g. huàtóus and kōans in Chan and Zen).*The analyses consist in completing the unfinished enthymematic argument of the Sutta-nipāta by explication of hidden major. We speculate the thought experiment inference might be brought about by a faculty like mindfulness. The thought experiment analyses link the meditation to global cross-cultural theories and arguments in philosophy as Ibn Sīnā’s Flying Man and, notably, René Descartes’s Cogito. Last, we will give some indications how Vipassanā Meditation may be explained with help of western theories of consciousness.

The centrality of Aboriginal cultural workshops and experiential learning in a pre-service teacher education course: a regional Victorian University case study

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses a cross-cultural pedagogical approach, couched in a theory–practice nexus, used at a Victorian regional university to guide non-Indigenous pre-service teachers’ (PSTs) engagement with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander perspectives and cultures. We have drawn on qualitative and statistical data, and current issues in Australian and international literature, to explore the relevance and success suggested by data from this cross-cultural pedagogical approach, in particular the notion of teacher ethnicity in racialised spaces. In doing so, we have addressed recent sentiments about a lack of quantitative and qualitative research that explores inclusion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander content and discussions of ways in which tertiary educators construct and influence teachings about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures. It is anticipated that this paper will generate further dialogue and research-based evidence on ways in which other tertiary education providers may draw on cross-cultural theories to guide inclusion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander content and perspectives in PST education courses.

A comparative framework for culturally differentiated digital game-based learning

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore culture as the unit of analysis in comparative education in the context of technology-mediated learning known as digital game-based learning (DGBL). Design/methodology/approach – Two digital games for Chinese language learning were purposefully designed and produced following existing studies in cross-cultural psychology, learning theories and second language acquisition. To corroborate the assumption that culture affects user’s preference of DGBL learning interface, the two newly developed instructional tools were evaluated with eastern and western learners to find out their perceptions and choices through direct observation, pre-/post-assessments and a group interview. Findings – The evaluation indicates the validity of the key assumptions in the theoretical framework: eastern learners were fond of the type of digital game that involves social cues and situational factors, whereas, western learners preferred a simple design and goal-oriented learning game in which they had the power of control. Originality/value – This paper suggests a theoretical and technical framework to design, and produce culturally sensitive DGBL learning tools. Extant studies on the relationship between culture and DGBL are usually on how digital games generate unique learning experiences and culture. Looking at the same phenomenon but in a reverse direction, this study reports on how learners’ culture determines their preferences in DGBL.

Cross-cultural anger communication in music: Towards a stereotype theory of emotion in music

Anger perception in music was investigated to determine if this emotion is cross-culturally decoded. A literature review of studies which investigated anger cross-culturally revealed variance between encoders and decoders. In an attempt to explain this variance, these data were examined using existing cross-cultural theories in music psychology, but each was poor in explaining some of the variance observed. For example, none were able to explain explicitly why anger expressed in Japanese music was poorly decoded by Indian, Japanese, and Swedish listeners. New interpretations of the published data were conducted through Hofstede’s cross-cultural dimensions theory and the theory of musical fit. Building on these theories, the Stereotype Theory of Emotion in Music (STEM) was proposed. According to STEM, listeners filter the emotion they perceive according to stereotypes of the encoding culture. For example, Japanese culture is stereotyped as an anger-reticent culture, explaining the low anger decoder ratings for ‘anger-encoded’ music. STEM suggests that anger perception is culturally influenced by a stereotyping process. The theory predicts that anger will be perceived if the decoding culture has no stereotype associated with the culture the music is believed to be from, leaving the music free to be interpreted through psychophysical or culture-specific cues. STEM presents a new way forward in understanding the cognitive processing of emotion in music.

UNIVERSITY TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF APPROPRIATE EMOTION DISPLAY AND HIGH-QUALITY TEACHER-STUDENT RELATIONSHIP: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES ACROSS CULTURAL-EDUCATIONAL CONTEXTS

Research on teachers’ emotion display and the quality of the teacher-student relationship in higher education is increasingly significant in the context of rapidly developing internationalization in higher education, with scholars (and students) moving across countries for research and teaching. However, there is little theoretically grounded empirical research in this area, and the different research strands remain relatively unconnected. The present study aimed to address this gap. Psychological, educational and cross-cultural theories were brought together to investigate the interplay of emotion display and the quality of the teacher-student relationship from a teachers’ perspective and across “cultural-educational” context. Given that social interaction, and the mores and norms associated with emotions display are often culturally underpinned, this study explored how university teachers in two so-called “individualistic” countries with different educational systems displayed positive and negative emotions in their teaching and what they perceived as an ideal teacher-student relationship. Australian (N = 15) and German (N = 9) university teachers in teacher education were interviewed. The study revealed that while both groups viewed the open expression of positive emotions as integral to teaching, and negative emotions to be controlled based on their understanding of professionalism, significant group differences also emerged. While the Australian teacher educators reported higher and more intense expression of positive emotions their German counterparts reported more open anger display. Subtle yet noteworthy difference in the TSR quality between the two groups of teachers also emerged. The findings of this study have implications for research and practice in international higher education.

University teachers’ perceptions of appropriate emotion display and high-quality teacher-student relationship: Similarities and differences across cultural-educational contexts

Research on teachers’ emotion display and the quality of the teacher-student relationship in higher education is increasingly significant in the context of rapidly developing internationalization in higher education, with scholars (and students) moving across countries for research and teaching. However, there is little theoretically grounded empirical research in this area, and the different research strands remain relatively unconnected. The present study aimed to address this gap. Psychological, educational and cross-cultural theories were brought together to investigate the interplay of emotion display and the quality of the teacher-student relationship from a teachers’ perspective and across “cultural-educational” context. Given that social interaction, and the mores and norms associated with emotions display are often culturally underpinned, this study explored how university teachers in two so-called “individualistic” countries with different educational systems displayed positive and negative emotions in their teaching and what they perceived as an ideal teacher-student relationship. Australian (N = 15) and German (N = 9) university teachers in teacher education were interviewed. The study revealed that while both groups viewed the open expression of positive emotions as integral to teaching, and negative emotions to be controlled based on their understanding of professionalism, significant group differences also emerged. While the Australian teacher educators reported higher and more intense expression of positive emotions their German counterparts reported more open anger display. Subtle yet noteworthy difference in the TSR quality between the two groups of teachers also emerged. The findings of this study have implications for research and practice in international higher education.

Push Pull Pedagogy: 15 Strategies for Saudi Student Success at the University Level

One challenge that instructors face is how to design and teach a course so the material engages students' prior knowledge and their skills, whether the intent is to examine that knowledge, build on it or use it for self-reflection. Basically, when students bring diverse backgrounds, course design and teaching is particularly challenging. By invoking various strategies to address student differences can provide valuable clarity for both students and instructors while creating vibrant educational classroom conversations.This paper provides an overview of strategies for Saudi student success at the university/3rd level based upon discussions, observations and practices instituted at the University of Dubuque in Dubuque, Iowa. Key to these 15 strategies are Hofstede’s cross-cultural theories from 2001, often cited and recently amended, and the application of author Phyllis Garfield’s thesis on short-term study and cultural competence.

Testing the Situationism Scale in Europe: Scale validation, self-regulation and regional differences.

The term situationism refers to an individual's belief about the importance of a behaviour's context. This study tested whether the degree of situationism expressed by individuals in various regions of Europe was consistent with self-regulation and cross-cultural theories. The English version of a Situationism Scale (measuring beliefs about the relation between the environment and one's own behaviour) was translated into five additional languages: Dutch, German, Hungarian, Italian and Slovenian. Young adults (N = 1106, MAge = 22.9 years, 79% female) across Europe responded to one of the six language versions of the scale as part of a larger survey. Results indicated that: new language versions were psychometrically valid; there was a positive relation between situationism and the use of situation-control strategies; and situationism was higher for individuals from regions that are Eastern European and relatively more interdependent, compared with individuals from regions that are Western European and relatively less interdependent. As the first evaluation of the Situationism Scale outside America, this study supports the Scale's validity and suggests not only may some effects of situationism be universal, but between- and within-culture differences in situationism exist. Overall, when making judgments and decisions about the self, cultural background and individual differences in situationism may come into play.

Impact of Luxury Brand Retailer Co-Branding Strategy on Potential Customers: A Cross-Cultural Study

ABSTRACTThis study examines how consumers from two different cultures react to the luxury brand retailer co-branding strategy. A 2 (Familiarity: Familiar vs. Unfamiliar) × 2 (Product Fit: Fit vs. Unfit) × 2 (Brand Fit: Fit vs. Unfit) × 2 (Country: U.S. vs. Indonesia) between-subjects design was conducted. The results show that co-branding with retailers is not a good strategy for luxury brands in Indonesia, which is characterized by a high level of collectivism. However, consumers in the U.S., which is characterized by a low level of collectivism, demonstrate a positive attitude change toward the luxury brand when they are not familiar with the luxury brand or when the luxury brand collaborates with a high-end retailer. This study provides some valuable insights for luxury brands regarding their expansion strategy into foreign countries. One contribution is that we demonstrate that cross-cultural theories on brand extension and co-branding literature might not be applied to luxury brands. We find that Hofstede's power distance and individualism/collectivism dimensions could be used to explain the discrepancy. We also provide valuable insights for co-branding strategy for luxury brands.

A Framework for Operationalizing the Effect of National Culture on Participatory Policy Analysis

Participatory policy analysis (PPA) aims to involve actors who affect, or are affected by, a decision in the policy-making process. Although the concept of public participation is attractive and promising, the possibility and quality of its application is sensitive to context, notably to cultural factors. Research on how to operationalize and manage this sensitivity while designing and implementing PPA is scant. This article aims to fill this gap by providing an analytic framework for assessing culturally sensitive factors affecting participation (FAPs) using cross-cultural theories. The framework is tested in secondary case studies in four countries with different cultural backgrounds. The results show good correspondence between the quantitative indicators in the framework and the empirical observations in the case studies. This suggests that the framework provides a valuable ex ante diagnostic tool for researchers and practitioners who wish to tailor a participatory approach to a cultural context.