Cross-cultural Reentry Research Articles

Coming home from a stay abroad: Associations between young people’s reentry problems and their cultural identity formation

Combining a variable- and person-centered approach, the present study explores associations between cross-cultural reentry problems and cultural identity formation (processes and statuses) in late adolescence and young adulthood. The study sample consisted of 510 participants between 16 and 29 years of age who had spent 6–60 months abroad, mainly for educational reasons. Referring to a neo-Eriksonian identity model, three processes of home-culture related identity formation were differentiated: commitment, in-depth exploration, and reconsideration of commitment. At the variable-centered level, reentry problems were negatively related to commitment with home culture and positively to exploration and, most strongly, to reconsideration. This pattern was corroborated at the person-centered level. Participants in the moratorium status (low commitment, high exploration, high reconsideration) reported most problems with reentry, whereas participants in the closure status (a pattern inverse to that of moratorium) reported fewest. Participants in the achievement and diffusion statuses ranked in the middle. In all analyses, person-related variables (gender, age, big five personality traits) and sojourn-related variables (length of sojourn, time since return) were controlled for. Implications of the findings for our understanding of (cross-) cultural mobility and identity are discussed and suggestions for future research are outlined.

Uncanny and Doubly Liminal: Social Media, Cross-Cultural Reentry, and lds/Mormon Missionary Religious Identity

This study offers a theoretical perspective on the role of social media in the transition home for returning missionaries of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (lds/Mormon). Despite a long tradition of strict lds institutional norms aimed at sheltering full-time church missionaries from outside media influences, missionaries are today increasingly encouraged to use social media sites in their proselytizing efforts. Through qualitative, in-depth interviews with recently returned lds missionaries, this study explores the role Facebook plays in facilitating the maintenance of mission relationships after missionaries have returned home, something interviewees said helps them retain the sense of religious commitment and identity developed through missionary service. Interview findings also complicate the potential benefits of social media use, providing evidence for the argument that returning lds missionaries are often caught between media technology, personal media preferences, institutional authority, and popular culture. These individuals seem to occupy a doubly liminal position between full-time proselytizing and life at home, between a historical religious tradition of missionary media isolation and an emerging institutional embrace of social media—all of which results in what might best be described as an uncanny experience.

The Role of Spiritual Development in the Cross-Cultural Reentry Adjustment of Missionaries

This study investigated the relationship between spiritual development and cultural reentry adjustment in a group of missionaries. One hundred and two missionaries completed a questionnaire that correlated the Spiritual Assessment Inventory (SAI) with five cultural adaptation and transition scales. The study found significant relationship between the Reentry Distress Scale and the SAI Disappointment and Instability scales. There was also a significant relationship between the SAI Awareness scale and the Transition Change Scale. The study also explored the relationship between reentry distress and calling, regularly practicing spiritual disciplines, and returning home to a supportive community. The implications of the study are discussed in relation to missionaries, mission agencies, and local churches in order to provide meaningful care for missionaries during cross-cultural transitions.

Cross-Cultural Re-Entry for Missionaries: A New Application for the Dual Process Model

Nearly half a million foreign aid workers currently work worldwide, including over 140,000 missionaries. During re-entry these workers may experience significant psychological distress. This article positions previous research about psychological distress during re-entry, emphasizing loss and grief. At present there is no identifiable theoretical framework to provide a basis for assessment, management, and prevention of re-entry distress in the clinical setting. The development of theoretical concepts and frameworks surrounding loss and grief including the Dual Process Model (DPM) are discussed. All the parameters of the DPM have been shown to be appropriate for the proposed re-entry model, the Dual Process Model applied to Re-entry (DPMR). It is proposed that the DPMR is an appropriate framework to address the processes and strategies of managing re-entry loss and grief. Possible future clinical applications and limitations of the proposed model are discussed. The DPMR is offered for further validation and use in clinical practice.

Reentry—A review of the literature

Despite numerous publications on expatriation, the theme of cross-cultural reentry (its course, impact and features) still remains largely neglected and underestimated in the sojourner's transition trajectory. At the same time, available empirical investigations point to a number of substantial concerns, which affect the psychological wellbeing, social readjustment and cultural identity of returning individuals. The significance of these concerns strongly suggests that reentry should become an issue of the highest priority to both sojourning individuals as well as people managing the reentry transitions of travellers. This article attempts to systematize the available reentry literature, its strengths and limitations and strives to provide a tentative agenda for future research.

Cultural Identity and Reentry in Short-Term Student Missionaries

This study explores the relationship between cross cultural reentry and cultural identity in college student participants in short-term international mission trips. Twenty undergraduate students from a Christian college participated in focus groups discussing the question, “How did your experiences on your trip(s) influence your view of your home culture?” The discussion transcripts were coded, and analyzed according to (a) frequency, the number of times a theme was addressed; (b) extensiveness, the number of people who discussed a theme; and (c) intensity, the emotional strength of a response (Krueger, 1998). Negative reactions to home culture were the most frequent, extensive, and intense themes, followed by themes related to cultural awareness and personal growth. Other themes addressed adjustment and positive reactions to home culture. The findings imply that participants in short-term mission trips experience challenges to cultural identity, characterized by negative reactions. Recommendations for sending missions agencies are provided.

Expectation-experience discrepancies and psychological adjustment during cross-cultural reentry

The study examined expectations, experiences and psychological adjustment during cross-cultural transition and reentry. Twenty secondary school students completed questionnaires during their overseas placements and then again after return to New Zealand. The initial questionnaire assessed expectations about social difficulty on reentry; the subsequent questionnaire measured actual social difficulty, anxiety and depression. Analyses revealed that: 1) there was no significant relationship between expectations and experiences; 2) actual, but not expected, social difficulty was related to anxiety and depression; and 3) realistic expectations as such (absolute differences between expectations and experiences) were unrelated to psychological adjustment; 4) however, when experiences were more difficult than expected, larger discrepancies were associated with psychological distress. The paper highlights methodological issues in research on expectations and discusses the implications of the findings for crosscultural training.

Returning home: An empirical investigation of cross-cultural reentry

Reentry into the home country following an extended stay in another culture is generally assumed to be both problematic and painful. This paper investigates empirically the problems with family and friends, in particular, and daily life, in general, that confront foreign students following their sojourn at an American campus. The data indicate that culture shock may not be as universal as generally assumed in the literature, may be alleviated by visits home, but may be more problematic for females than for males.

Cross-Cultural Reentry: A Book of Readings

Cross-Cultural Reentry: A Book of Readings

An Addendum to “Cross-Cultural Reentry: An Annotated Bibliography”

This article is an addendum to Austin's “Cross-Cultural Reentry: An Annotated Bibliography” (1983). The initial work had 291 reference citations divided among the following groups: Corporations, Federally Employed Civilians, Internal Education. Military. Missionaries (Families, Singles, and Furlough), and General. The current article has the same format for 210 additional entries. North American resources were augmented by database searches and extensive contacts in the United Kingdom. Less emphasis was given to inquiries about materials in the categories of Military and International Education.

Book Review: Cross-Cultural Reentry: An Annotated Bibliography

Book Review: Cross-Cultural Reentry: An Annotated Bibliography

International Students and Study-Abroad Programs: A Select Bibliography

Previous articleNext article No AccessBibliographyInternational Students and Study-Abroad Programs: A Select BibliographyY. G-M. Lulat and J. CordaroY. G-M. Lulat Search for more articles by this author and J. Cordaro Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 28, Number 2May, 1984Foreign Students in Comparative Perspective Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/446436 Views: 7Total views on this site Citations: 5Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1984 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Bernhard T. Streitwieser Editorial, Research in Comparative and International Education 7, no.11 (Mar 2012): 1–4.https://doi.org/10.2304/rcie.2012.7.1.1Doren Chadee, Vikash Naidoo Higher educational services exports: sources of growth of Asian students in US and UK, Service Business 3, no.22 (Jul 2008): 173–187.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11628-008-0041-7Vikash Naidoo Research on the flow of international students to UK universities, Journal of Research in International Education 6, no.33 (Jul 2016): 287–307.https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240907083197MARGO MILLERET Evaluation and the Summer Language Program Abroad: A Review Essay, The Modern Language Journal 74, no.44 (Oct 2011): 483–488.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1990.tb05341.xClyde N. Austin, Deborah E. McDonald, Sheila A. Austin An Addendum to “Cross-Cultural Reentry: An Annotated Bibliography”, Journal of Psychology and Theology 16, no.44 (Feb 2018): 369–377.https://doi.org/10.1177/009164718801600408

Mitral Valve Prolapse and Psychiatric Symptoms

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article ArticleNo AccessMitral Valve Prolapse and Psychiatric SymptomsROBERT J. URSANO, DAVID R. JONES, and JAMES F.T. CORCORANROBERT J. URSANOSearch for more papers by this author, DAVID R. JONESSearch for more papers by this author, and JAMES F.T. CORCORANSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:1 Apr 2006https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.138.2.258-aAboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail "Mitral Valve Prolapse and Psychiatric Symptoms." American Journal of Psychiatry, 138(2), pp. 258-a–259 Access content To read the fulltext, please use one of the options below to sign in or purchase access. Institutional Login Sign in via OpenAthens Purchase Save for later Item saved, go to cart PPV Articles - American Journal of Psychiatry $35.00 Add to cart PPV Articles - American Journal of Psychiatry Checkout Please login/register if you wish to pair your device and check access availability. Not a subscriber? Subscribe Now / Learn More PsychiatryOnline subscription options offer access to the DSM-5 library, books, journals, CME, and patient resources. This all-in-one virtual library provides psychiatrists and mental health professionals with key resources for diagnosis, treatment, research, and professional development. Need more help? PsychiatryOnline Customer Service may be reached by emailing [email protected] or by calling 800-368-5777 (in the U.S.) or 703-907-7322 (outside the U.S.). FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited byResearch in Human Development, Vol. 9, No. 3Journal of Family Psychotherapy, Vol. 21, No. 4Journal of Loss and Trauma, Vol. 14, No. 2The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, Vol. 10, No. supplement 1Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, Vol. 67, No. 4Sociological Focus, Vol. 35, No. 1Anxiety, Stress & Coping, Vol. 13, No. 3An Eighteen-Year Follow-up Study of Israeli Prisoners of War and Combat VeteransThe Journal of Nervous &amp Mental Disease, Vol. 186, No. 3European Journal of Personality, Vol. 12, No. 4American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, Vol. 39, No. 3The Journal of General Psychology, Vol. 123, No. 4Coping with war captivity: The role of sensation seeking2 December 2020 | European Journal of Personality, Vol. 9, No. 1Cross-Cultural Care for PTSDJournal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 7, No. 1International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, Vol. 8, No. 8Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 22, No. 20Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 22, No. 20Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 4, No. 1Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 4, No. 3Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, Vol. 26, No. 2Person and Situation Correlates of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Pow Survivors31 August 2016 | Psychological Reports, Vol. 66, No. 3Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 3, No. 4Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 20, No. 20Adjective self-descriptions of world war II and korean prisoner of war and combat veteransJournal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, Vol. 11, No. 2Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 2, No. 4An Addendum to “Cross-Cultural Reentry: An Annotated Bibliography”7 February 2018 | Journal of Psychology and Theology, Vol. 16, No. 4The Journal of Psychology, Vol. 121, No. 2Psychopathology subtypes and symptom correlates among former prisoners of warJournal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, Vol. 8, No. 2Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 14, No. 3The reparation of the self: Clinical and theoretical dimensions in the treatment of Vietnam combat veteransJournal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, Vol. 14, No. 1Psychiatry, Vol. 47, No. 2 Volume 138Issue 2 February 1981Pages 258-a-259 Metrics PDF download History Published online 1 April 2006 Published in print 1 February 1981

A study of disillusionment: depressive reactions of Liberian students returning from advanced training abroad.

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article ArticleNo AccessA Study of Disillusionment: Depressive Reactions of Liberian Students Returning from Advanced Training AbroadRONALD M. WINTROBRONALD M. WINTROBSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:1 Apr 2006https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.123.12.1593AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail PDFThis content is only available as a PDF. Access content To read the fulltext, please use one of the options below to sign in or purchase access. Personal login Institutional Login Sign in via OpenAthens Purchase Save for later Item saved, go to cart PPV Articles - American Journal of Psychiatry $35.00 Add to cart PPV Articles - American Journal of Psychiatry Checkout Please login/register if you wish to pair your device and check access availability. Not a subscriber? Subscribe Now / Learn More PsychiatryOnline subscription options offer access to the DSM-5 library, books, journals, CME, and patient resources. This all-in-one virtual library provides psychiatrists and mental health professionals with key resources for diagnosis, treatment, research, and professional development. Need more help? PsychiatryOnline Customer Service may be reached by emailing [email protected] or by calling 800-368-5777 (in the U.S.) or 703-907-7322 (outside the U.S.). FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited ByAn Addendum to “Cross-Cultural Reentry: An Annotated Bibliography”7 February 2018 | Journal of Psychology and Theology, Vol. 16, No. 4Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 24, No. 4Preparing for re-entry; A program for the sojourning studentInternational Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, Vol. 9, No. 3International Journal of Mental Health, Vol. 12, No. 3Latin American Medical Graduates: II. The Readaptation Process for Those Who Return Home25 July 2016 | Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 3“World Traveler” Addicts in Asia: I. Demographic and Clinical Description7 July 2009 | The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, Vol. 4, No. 4British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 127, No. 6Depressive Reactions in Trainees of Service OrganizationsContemporary Psychoanalysis, Vol. 10, No. 2 Volume 123Issue 12 June 1967Pages 1593-1598 Metrics PDF download History Published online 1 April 2006 Published in print 1 June 1967