Cross-cultural Comparison Of Attitudes Research Articles

Cross-cultural comparison of attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help : A Multinational Population-Based Study from 16 Arab Countries and 10,036 Individuals

IntroductionThere has been an increasing interest in people’s attitudes toward seeking psychological help. Although recent research has shown a rise in the number of people seeking help from psychological services, there is still a significant number who choose not to see a mental health specialist.ObjectivesThe aim of the current study was to examine the attitudes toward help-seeking psychological help among Arab population and to investigate factors related to these attitudes in the whole sample.MethodsWe carried out a multinational cross-sectional study using online self-administered surveys in the Arabic language from June to November 2021 across 16 Arab countries.The Community Attitudes toward the Mentally Ill scale,the Mental Health Knowledge Schedule scale and the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale-Short Form were administered to participants from the general public.ResultsThe study sample was predominantly female (77%), married (41%), educated (89% with tertiary education), living in urban areas (85%), with a mean age of 29.6 ± 10.8 years.Participants tended to have a higher preference to seek help from a psychologist or a psychiatrist (85.7%) and primary care physicians (80.7%).We also found that family members represented a preferred source of help in 80.4% of the cases.In bivariate analyses, help-seeking attitudes positively correlated with attitudes (r=.265) and knowledge (r=.121). Besides, multivariate regression analyses revealed that being female, older, having higher knowledge and more positive attitudes toward mental illness, and endorsing biomedical and psychosocial causations were associated with more favorable help-seeking attitudes; whereas having a family psychiatric history and endorsing religious/supernatural causations were associated with more negative help-seeking attitudes.ConclusionsAttitudes toward seeking professional psychological help are intricate. Determining factors associated with help-seeking attitudes may guide interventions in order to avoid delays in help-seeking.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

A cross-cultural comparison of attitudes towards business ethics

A cross-cultural comparison of attitudes towards business ethics

A cross-cultural comparison of attitudes towards business ethics

A cross-cultural comparison of attitudes towards business ethics

Cross-cultural comparisons of attitudes toward schizophrenia amongst the general population and physicians: A series of web-based surveys in Japan and the United States

Cross-cultural differences in attitudes toward schizophrenia are suggested, while no studies have compared such attitudes between the United States and Japan. In our previous study in Japan (Hori et al., 2011), 197 subjects in the general population and 112 physicians (excluding psychiatrists) enrolled in a web-based survey using an Internet-based questionnaire format. Utilizing the identical web-based survey method in the United States, the present study enrolled 172 subjects in the general population and 45 physicians. Participants' attitudes toward schizophrenia were assessed with the English version of the 18-item questionnaire used in our previous Japanese survey. Using exploratory factor analysis, we identified four factors labeled “social distance,” “belief of dangerousness,” “underestimation of patients’ abilities,” and “skepticism regarding treatment.” The two-way multivariate analysis of covariance on the four factors, with country and occupation as the between-subject factors and with potentially confounding demographic variables as the covariates, revealed that the general population in the US scored significantly lower than the Japanese counterparts on the factors “social distance” and “skepticism regarding treatment” and higher on “underestimation of patients' abilities.” Our results suggest that culture may have an important role in shaping attitudes toward mental illness. Anti-stigma campaigns that target culture-specific biases are considered important.

Cross-Cultural Comparison of Attitudes and Preferences for Care of the Elderly Among Australian and Chinese Nursing Students

The aim of this study was to compare Australian and Chinese nursing students' attitudes and intentions to care for the elderly and the factors affecting these intentions. A cross-sectional design employed two questionnaires to survey 256 Australian nursing students and 204 Chinese nursing students within the first weeks of their nursing curriculum.Factor analysis and logistical regression analysis were performed to identify predictors of intent to care for the elderly. The percentage of students more likely to care for the elderly was significantly higher among the Chinese group (72.1%) than the Australian group (45.3%). Work experience with older people and being under the age of 20 were found to be positive predictors, whereas factors such as prejudice toward the elderly and beliefs that elders should live in separate housing were negatively associated with an intention to care for the elderly. The collectivist culture has a more positive influence on nursing students' attitudes toward the elderly compared with the individualist culture. It is highly recommended that elderly care settings should be incorporated in clinical placements and further research is needed to explore how clinical experience affects students' career choice.

Dealing with Extreme Response Style in Cross-Cultural Research: A Restricted Latent Class Factor Analysis Approach

Cross-cultural comparison of attitudes using rating scales may be seriously biased by response styles. This paper deals with statistical methods for detection of and correction for extreme response style (ERS), which is one of the well-documented response styles. After providing an overview of available statistical methods for dealing with ERS, we argue that the latent class factor analysis (LCFA) approach proposed by Moors (2003) has several advantages compared to other methods. Moors' method involves defining a latent variable model which, in addition to the substantive factors of interest, contains an ERS factor. In LCFA the observed ratings can be treated as nominal responses, which is necessary for modeling ERS. We find strong evidence for the presence of ERS and, moreover, find that the groups differ not only in their attitudes but also in ERS. These findings underscore the importance of controlling for ERS when examining attitudes in cross-cultural research.

Academic Dishonesty in the Middle East: Individual and Contextual Factors

Little work has been done on academic dishonesty in the Middle East. This research investigates the nature of the relationship between contextual factors and academic dishonesty using a sample from three private universities in Lebanon, and compares the results to a sample from seven large universities in the US. Using the basic model of McCabe et al. (Research in Higher Education 43(3):357–378, 2002), we found additional evidence for the strong role perception of peers’ behavior plays in understanding student decisions concerning academic integrity. Cross cultural comparisons of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors regarding academic dishonesty were pivotal in this research. Our results support the view that Lebanese university students are strongly influenced by the norms of the collectivist society in which they are raised as compared to the more individualistic society found in the United States.

Teachers’ Conceptions of Borderless – A Cross-Cultural Study on Multicultural Sensitivity of the Chinese Teachers

Teachers are normally trained to work effectively with one dominant culture. As such, they are poorly prepared to handle cultural differences; sometimes they simply define students from diverse culture and with learning difficulties as students at risk. This study reports a group of 100 Chinese in-service teachers’ attitudes of cultural difference with the use of the instrument, Cultural Diversity Awareness Inventory (CDAI). Using the results from the CDAI, the paper makes a cross-cultural comparison of attitudes of pre-service teachers in the West with those of teachers in Hong Kong (and with Confucian principles). The study is trying to understand: (1) the cultural sensitivity levels of Hong Kong teachers; (2) are the local Chinese teachers more culturally sensitive in some areas than in others? and (3) how are these teaching beliefs developed and different from the western study? The findings of this study demonstrated stereotypical feelings of the culturally diverse and educationally disadvantaged students from the local teachers are prevailing, but that there are some differences in cultural diversity awareness between the East and West.

Lot's Wife and the Old Salt: Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Attitudes Toward Salt in Relation to Diet

Although salt is a fundamental requirement in human biology, societies differ in the access they have to salt and in their attitudes toward it. This article uses the Human Relations Area Files to explore the relationships among diet (operationalized by a scoring system that identifies the customary diet as primarily derived from the plant kingdom [PK] or primarily derived from the animal kingdom [AK], or some variation thereof), use of salt, and positive and negative valuation of salt (operationalized by a scoring system applied to explicit or implicit statements about the value of salt).

A cross-cultural comparison of attitudes towards life support limitation in Sweden and Canada

Objective: To compare the attitudes of intensive care unit (ICU) healthcare workers towards withholding and withdrawing life support in Sweden and Canada. Design: Nationwide surveys in two countries. Setting: ICUs in 49 university-affiliated and/or tertiary referral hospitals. Participants: Intensive care physicians and nurses. Interventions: None. Measurements and main results: The response rates were 1,361/1,795 (76%) for Canada and 846/1,081 (78%) for Sweden. Respondents chose between five levels of care, ranging from comfort measures to full intensive care, in two of 12 different clinical scenarios. Taking all other variables into account, Swedish healthcare workers chose more aggressive levels of care than did their Canadian colleagues, the difference in mean level of care being 0.38 on a five-point scale. Conclusions: Healthcare personnel in countries sharing a common cultural heritage and with similar healthcare funding differ in attitudes towards end-of-life issues.

A cross-cultural comparison of attitudes towards life support limitation in Sweden and Canada

Objective: To compare the attitudes of intensive care unit (ICU) healthcare workers towards withholding and withdrawing life support in Sweden and Canada. Design: Nationwide surveys in two countries. Setting: ICUs in 49 university-affiliated and/or tertiary referral hospitals. Participants: Intensive care physicians and nurses. Interventions: None. Measurements and main results: The response rates were 1,361/1,795 (76%) for Canada and 846/1,081 (78%) for Sweden. Respondents chose between five levels of care, ranging from comfort measures to full intensive care, in two of 12 different clinical scenarios. Taking all other variables into account, Swedish healthcare workers chose more aggressive levels of care than did their Canadian colleagues, the difference in mean level of care being 0.38 on a five-point scale. Conclusions: Healthcare personnel in countries sharing a common cultural heritage and with similar healthcare funding differ in attitudes towards end-of-life issues.

Cross-cultural comparison of attitudes toward welfare-state programs: Path analysis with log-linear models

Many studies to date regarding public support for welfare-state programs do not have an adequate theoretical model and fail to consider differences in public support for contributory vs. means-tested programs. Moreover, these studies seldom take into account cross-cultural variations. This study presents and tests the validity of a three-tier model in which socio-economic variables influence social ideologies which, in turn, differentially affect support for contributory and means-tested programs. Using comparable data from two countries — Israel and the United States — a path analysis with log-linear models is applied, indicating that, while important cross-cultural differences exist, the model is generally confirmed.

Cross-cultural comparison of attitudes of child welfare workers in New York and Israel

Cross-cultural comparison of attitudes of child welfare workers in New York and Israel

Attitudes Toward Marital Infidelity: A Nine-Culture Sampling of University Student Opinion

Cross-cultural comparisons of attitudes toward marital infidelity are based upon questionnaire data from nine colleges and universities located in parts of Asia, Europe, and United States. For the most part, the study was carried out in 1968. With three of the cultures this was a replication of a 1958 investigation, which made time comparisons also possible. Extramarital coitus was totally rejected by more than half of all respondents, but proportions taking this position varied across the cultures from less than onetenth to about nine-tenths. Rejection (the conservative or restrictive position) was disproportionately higher in the Asian and religious cultures, higher for females than males, higher with respondents who had not experienced premarital coitus, higher with each assumed increase in competing commitment, and higher in 1958 than in 1968. Furthermore, as a general rule, rejection of extramarital coitus and acceptance of the double sex standard were found to go together.