Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient Research Articles

Exploring the Neurodiversity of Lithuanian College Students and Its link to Learning Difficulties and Supporting Measures

<p dir="ltr"><span>Enhancing the inclusion of neurodiverse students in higher education institutions represents a significant and evolving challenge for educators. Recognizing learning difficulties and equipping teachers with the knowledge and skills to effectively work with and communicate with neuro-diverse students are crucial steps toward achieving social inclusion. Aim – to explore the neurodiversity of Lithuanian college students and its link to learning difficulties and supporting measures. Two developmental adult disorders were presented to illustrate the expression of neurodiversity including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A cross-sectional survey included 512 students from Kauno Kolegija Higher Education Institution. The survey assessed 39 attributes related to students’ learning difficulties and supporting measures. The nine scales, consisting of 39 items, demonstrated good internal consistency, with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.76. Due to the unequal and smaller sample sizes of attention deficit hyperactivity and autism spectrum disorders having students, non-parametric statistics (Kruskal-Wallis) were used. Spearman's correlation coefficient (R²) was used for correlation analysis. Results. Nearly a quarter of the students associate their neurodiversity with ADHD, with 22.3 % suspecting they have the condition and 2 % noted that this is confirmed. 4.7% of students consider themselves to be on the autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with 0.6% having a confirmed diagnosis. Statistically significant differences were identified in the relationship between ADHD and attention difficulties at home, college, sensory sensitivity and specific learning difficulties (p ≤ 0.05). ADHD and ASS suspected of having students tend to have lower grade point average (GPAs). Students who suspect or confirm having ADHD express a higher preference for organizational tools compared to those without ADHD, with a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05). Preferences for explanations and illustrations are higher among those suspecting ADHD (p ≤ 0.05). The analysis of expectations from lecturers and organization concerning ASD shows minimal variation among groups (p≥0.05). Conclusions. Neurodiversity among students is a relevant phenomenon that is associated with learning difficulties that interfere with achieving good learning outcomes. However, the role of the teacher and organization is exclusively relevant for the ADHD student group. For ASD students and neurotypical students, universal approaches are appropriate.</span></p><div><span><br /></span></div>

Propiedades psicométricas y validación de la escala GADA para medir el Grado de Conciencia de Género en Adolescentes

Introduction. In contrast to the wide range of possibilities for measuring gender awareness, there are fewer validated instruments with a broad, global and holistic vision in relation to gender and far from the adult-centred perspective. For this reason, a scale that measures the Degree of Gender Awareness in Adolescents is created, validated and developed: GADA (Gender Awareness Degree in Adolescents). Method. GADA has been developed after a pilot test and an expert judgment process and has been validated through factor analysis based on the latest statistical advances in the social sciences following post-Little Jiffy psychometrics. The FACTOR program has been used to obtain two factors, the personal and the social, with a constructionist vision of gender. The population belongs to 10 secondary education institutes in Córdoba (Spain) with a sample of 510 students (55% women and 45% men) between 14 and 16 years old. Results. The scale shows high reliability and internal consistency, with Cronbach's Omega and alpha coefficient being .84 and optimal goodness adjustments (GFI =.992, CFI =.992, NNFI =.987, RMSEA [95% CI] =.032 (.0101-.0378) and RMCR =.0404). Furthermore, sex is an invariant variable. Discussion or Conclusion: The GADA Scale is a reliable instrument with a global and comprehensive vision of gender and feminism with relevant issues for adolescence that addresses gender awareness with educational applications.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaires for caregivers of patients with pediatric inflammatory bowel disease in Spain. A multicenter study.

Introduction. The WPAI-UC/CD-Caregiver questionnaires assess the impact of ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease (CD) on parents'/caregivers' work life and daily activities. Our objective was to adapt and validate these questionnaires in the Spanish population. Methods. A translation and back-translation were done. The document was assessed by an expert committee and a pilot group of families of patients with pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (p-IBD). For validation, the parents/caregivers of patients with p-IBD (10-18 years old) were recruited. The expert committee and the pilot group conducted a subjective assessment of the format and time necessary to complete the questionnaires. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was estimated and a factor analysis with varimax rotation was done. Kaiser- Meyer-Olkin (KMO) coefficients and Bartlett's sphericity test were estimated to test the adequacy of the factor analysis. Results. A total of 370 patients (median age: 14.1 years) and 263 parents/caregivers of patients with UC or unclassified IBD and 261 parents/caregivers of patients with CD were included. The KMO coefficients (0.6947 and 0.7179) and Bartlett's sphericity test (p < 0.001) confirmed the adequacy of the factor analysis. The 6 items targeted the same domain. The factor model accounted for 99.99% and 94.68% of variance, and Cronbach's alpha coefficients (0.6581 and 0.6968) showed an adequate consistency. The format and the median time of 2 minutes to complete the questionnaires were considered optimal. Conclusions. The versions of the WPAI-Caregiver questionnaires validated in the Spanish population may be used in families whose children have IBD.

Career development programs and employee retention: Insights from the Ministry of Works in Tanzania

This study examined the relationship between career development initiatives and employee retention at the Ministry of Works in Tanzania. The study was guided by equity theory, which was founded on the assumption that employees tend to remain with their organisation when they are perceived to be treated equally. Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was used to assess the variable’s reliability. A cross-sectional design was employed to collect quantitative and qualitative data from survey questionnaires and interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data were analysed through content analysis. The study found that employee retention at the Ministry of Work is high. In addition, the study findings revealed significant positive effects of career development programs on retention, including education opportunities (coef. = 1.884, p = 0.016), fair career development opportunities (coef. = 1.2122, p = 0.001), and involvement in innovation and creativity (coef. = 1.5216, p = 0.000). Similarly, qualitative findings indicated that career development programs, including educational opportunities, career autonomy, and recognition practices such as awards and promotions, significantly enhance employee retention. The study contributes to existing knowledge by demonstrating that well-structured career development programs significantly enhance employee retention. It is recommended that organizations invest in training, career autonomy, and innovation opportunities to further improve retention rates and reduce turnover.

The validity and reliability of the Hungarian version of smartphone addiction scale – Short version (SAS-SV-HU) among university students

The Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version (SAS-SV) is a widely used tool for examining smartphone addiction, but its Hungarian validation has not been available yet. The purpose of this research is the adaptation of the SAS-SV in Hungarian among university students. A total of 456 university students aged between 18 and 31 years (Mage = 21.9, 74.6% female) participated in this cross-sectional study. We performed a test-retest evaluation with a convenience sample of 50 university students to examine the reliability of the questionnaire. The participants completed the questionnaire twice, 3 weeks apart. The online survey comprised four sections: (a) sociodemographic, (b) mobile phone usage habits, (c) the SAS-SV adapted into Hungarian (SAS-SV-HU), and (d) The Brief Smartphone Addiction Scale (BSAS). The reliability of the SAS-SV-HU was evaluated by internal consistency reliability and test-retest reliability, and the validity of the SAS-SV-HU was evaluated by structural, convergent, and discriminant validity. The internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which showed a good level of internal consistency (α = 0.79). The test–retest reliability of the SAS-SV-HU questionnaire was excellent (ICC = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.922–0.975, p < 0.001). The modified model was showed acceptable fit indices, where the CMIN/df 2.546; χ2 78.912, p < 0.001, RMSEA 0.058 (90% CI 0.042–0.074) TLI 0.931, CFI 0.952, SRMR 0.046. The SAS-SV-HU scale significantly correlated with the BSAS score (p < 0.001, rs = 0.666) and the mean time spend on smartphones (p < 0.001, rs = 0.233). The results showed that the SAS-SV-HU is a reliable and valid tool for assessing the smartphone addiction of Hungarian university students.

The Effectiveness of Educational Intervention in Promoting Preventive Behaviors of Dengue Fever in Southern Iran: Applying Health Belief Model (HBM)

ABSTRACTBackground and AimsDiseases transmittable by Aedes mosquito affect the health of millions of people every year, however, they can be effectively prevented. This study aimed to apply the Health Belief Model (HBM) in promoting preventive behaviors against dengue fever in southern Iran.MethodsIn this quasi‐experimental study, 320 people were randomly selected through multi‐stage cluster sampling in 2022 (161 in the intervention group and 159 in the control group). The data were collected using a researcher‐made questionnaire based on the HBM constructs before and 1 month after an educational intervention. Content validity index (CVI), content validity ratio (CVR), and Cronbach alpha coefficient were used for psychometric evaluation of the questionnaire. The educational intervention was made on a daily basis in a WhatsApp group in August and September 2022. Descriptive and inferential statistical tests were used for data analysis.ResultsAfter the educational intervention, the mean score increased in the constructs of behavior (38.42 ± 1.54), knowledge (10.77 ± 0.98), attitude (24.30 ± 1.59), perceived susceptibility (20.05 ± 1.42), perceived severity (21.31 ± 2.01), perceived benefits (28.00 ± 2.16), self‐efficacy (14.77 ± 0.51) of the intervention group. Moreover, after the intervention, the scores of perceived barriers (8.96 ± 1.31) decreased in the intervention group (p &lt; 0.05). The analysis of covariance showed education had a statistically significant effect on HBM constructs.ConclusionsThe participants' knowledge about preventive behavior of dengue fever increased. They managed to remove the barriers to healthy behavior and began to show the desired preventive behavior with the self‐efficacy they gained; thus, the educational intervention based on the HBM can improve the behaviors to preventi of dengue fever, which is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito.

Coronary Artery Disease Empowerment Scale (CADES): Persian translation and psychometric properties

IntroductionCoronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of global mortality and a prevalent health issue in Iran. Assessing the empowerment of CAD patients during treatment and care is essential. However, no scale is available to measure empowerment in CAD patients in Iran. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the "Coronary Artery Disease Empowerment Scale" (CADES).MethodThis methodological and cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with CAD from June 2022 to April 2023 in Kermanshah City, Iran. The scale was translated using the forward–backward translation method. Construct validity was examined using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with 190 samples and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with 344 samples, both selected through convenience sampling. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and reliability was evaluated using the test–retest method. SPSS version 27 and LISREL version 8 software were utilized for data analysis.ResultsThe EFA and CFA results confirmed the instrument with three factors and 25 items. The model's main indicators in factor analysis were all above 0.9, indicating a good fit for the model. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the items and subscales with the main scale showed a direct and significant relationship. Additionally, Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.813) and test–retest reliability (0.763) confirmed the reliability of the Persian version of the CADES.DiscussionThe study's results suggest that the Persian version of CADES is both practical and acceptable for evaluating the empowerment of CAD patients. This tool can be relied upon as a valid and reliable method for assessing these patients' empowerment.

Implementation of Validity and Reliability Tests on Service Satisfaction Levels of the Spotify Application Using SPSS Software

Spotify is a legal digital music application widely used for online streaming, especially popular among students. This popularity provides a solid foundation for conducting a case study on user satisfaction levels with Spotify in Indonesia. The research employs a questionnaire to collect data, which is subsequently tested for validity and reliability using SPSS software. The results indicate that several variables, such as improved user experience, user-friendly interface, useful features, and fast performance, have high validity values, with significance levels below 0.05. These variables exceed the r-table, with values ranging from 0.5 to 0.904. In cases where any variable is found invalid, retesting will be conducted to ensure the data is valid. Reliability testing produced a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.772, demonstrating that the data used in this study is reliable, as it exceeds the acceptable threshold of 0.6. Therefore, this research provides valuable insights into user satisfaction levels regarding Spotify's services in Indonesia, making it a trustworthy resource for understanding user experiences and areas for improvement within the application. Overall, the findings contribute to a deeper understanding of user preferences and satisfaction in the digital music streaming landscape.

Adaptation and Validation of a Scale of Self-Regulation of Learning in Mathematical Problem Solving

[Objective] This work aims to adapt and validate a scale that measures the level of self-regulation in mathematical problem-solving contexts of teachers in initial training in primary education. [Methodology] For sample selection, non-probabilistic convenience or incidental sampling was used. A total of 269 first-year primary education undergraduate degree students at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) in the 2020–2021 academic year participated in the validation process of the adapted scale. The type of research conducted is descriptive. Data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical software. [Results] The Cronbach's alpha coefficient value of 0.884 revealed a consistent internal reliability. Likewise, to test the factor structure of the scale, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted, obtaining a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) index of 0.836 &gt; 0.7 and a p= 0.000&lt;0.05 in the Bartlett test of sphericity. It also indicated a seven-factor structure: students' perceptions of their ability and how these perceptions influence self-regulation of the resolution process; ethics, problem-solving and personal growth; attitude towards the statement; negative self-efficacy beliefs; external causal attribution; problem-solving methods; and the social environment. [Conclusions] The latent structure provided by the exploratory factor analysis agrees with the classification of items established a priori and allows for the orientation of the confirmatory factor analysis that provides continuity to the research.

THE EFFECT OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE AMONG BROADCASTING ORGANIZATION IN UGANDA. A CASE STUDY OF UGANDA BROADCASTING CORPORATION (UBC)

The concept of organizational performance is pertinent to organizations as it gauges how well organization utilizes its human resources to achieve set goals and objectives with a given period of time. UBC is a regulated broadcasting organization that has not been performing in terms of tv and radio ratings as projected. The competitive business environment among broadcasting organizations continues to grow affecting the tv and radio ratings in Uganda. To mitigate these competitive forces, Broadcasting organizations can integrate these HRM practices strategically to enhance their competitive position, differentiation, innovation, resilience, sustainability, and success in the dynamic and competitive media landscape today. Thus, the current research sought to investigate influence of HRM practices on organizational performance of broadcasting organizations in Uganda. Case study of UBC. Specific objectives of research sought to establish effect of Training and development, Recruitment and Selection, employee security and Performance Appraisal on organizational performance of UBC. Research was grounded on the High-Performance Work System (HPWS) and social exchange theory by Homans, Blua and Emerson. The study utilized a descriptive research method. Target population was 70 employees of UBC. Sample of 65 participants was chosen using Krejcie, Robert V, Morgan, Daryle W, (1970) Table of sampling determination. Primary data was gathered using closed-ended questionnaire. Reliability was determined by Cronbachs Alpha coefficient of 0.7 and above was considered adequate. Validity was established by use of content and construct validity. Quantifiable information was evaluated by both descriptive and inferential indicators while qualitative information was examined through content analysis. Outcomes of the research found out that HRM practices absolutely impact organizational performance. Training and development as well as Employee Security were found to be statistically significant while recruitment and selection and performance appraisal were not statistically significant. Budget constraints were established to partly intervene the connection between HRM practices and organizational performance in UBC. In addition, the outcomes also had shown that well-being and job security of employees regulates the connection between HRM practices and organizational performance in UBC. Management of UBC ought to increase application level of HRM practices to enhance their competitive position, differentiation, innovation, resilience, sustainability, and success in the dynamic and competitive media landscape today.

Linguistic validation of the Epworth Sleep Scale among healthy individuals into Moroccan dialect.

We performed a linguistic validation of the original version of the Epworth Sleep Scale (ESS) into the Moroccan dialect according to Guillemin's guidelines. After translating the English version of the ESS according to the standard guidelines, we asked 120 healthy subjects to complete the questionnaire twice with an interval of 10 days. We assess the acceptability and internal reliability by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, while for the test-retest reproducibility we use the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (95% confidence interval (CI)) and the kappa coefficient. 11-13% of subjects reported excessive sleepiness. The translated version was acceptable. A Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.71 and 0.70 was obtained for the entire 8-item scale on test and retest, respectively. Intra-observer reproducibility (test-retest) was satisfactory for the ESS scale with an ICC (95% CI) of 0.71 (0.618; 0.779). The kappa coefficient was 0.88, indicating excellent agreement. These results indicate that the psychometric properties are adequate compared to the original version. Therefore, this translated version should be used to assess sleep in the Moroccan population.

Teacher Training in Sexual Education For Primary School Teachers

Objective: To describe the sexual education training of primary school teachers in the Educational Institutions of the municipalities of Albán and San Bernardo, Nariño, Colombia. Theoretical Framework: To understand the context of the research, various definitions regarding the importance of teacher training in sexuality topics are presented to strengthen comprehensive education. Method: The research was developed under the holistic understanding of science, considered descriptive in nature, with a field design and contemporary cross-sectional approach. The population consisted of 86 teachers. Data collection was carried out using a survey technique with a knowledge guide instrument, whose validity index was calculated through expert judgment, yielding a value of 0.74. The reliability of the instrument obtained a Cronbach's Alpha coefficient of 0.93. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, specifically the median as a measure of central tendency, as well as absolute and percentage frequency; the data were processed using SPSS21 software. Results and Discussion: The findings revealed that teachers in the institutions have a very low level of training in sexual education, which translates into a lack of knowledge and skills to address sexuality in the classroom. Implications of the Research: It is urgent to implement training programs that prepare teachers to face these challenges. Originality/Value: This research paves the way for formulating educational policies and training processes in sexual education to strengthen sexual education.

The Reliability of the PEP-3 in the Arab Context: Algerian-Tunisian

The objective of this study is to validate the applicability of the PEP-3 in the Arab context (Algerian-Tunisian) within a sample of 116 children with TSA, ranging in age from 2 to 12 years. Between February and August 2024, data were collected from various geographical regions (north, central, and south) in Algeria and Tunisia. The research employed an analytical approach using Cronbach's alpha coefficient along with a descriptive analytical method. The present study examined the effectiveness of the Psychoeducational Profile - Third Edition (PEP-3) in the Algerian-Tunisian environment. The PEP-3 was applied to a sample of 116 children with autism spectrum disorder in Algeria and Tunisia. The construct validity of the PEP-3 was supported by the high internal consistency of each subtest, in addition to the medium to large correlation coefficients between the subtests. The results of the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the test ranged from 0.93 to 0.94 for the procedural axes. The correlation matrix ranged from 0.71 to 0.95. The findings indicate that the scale in the Algerian-Tunisian context demonstrates an overall stability rate of 0.95. These results provide strong evidence of the construct validity of the PEP-3 and its effectiveness in the Algerian-Tunisian environment.

Entrepreneurial Skills Training Needs of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Plateau State

The increasing deadly attacks on various communities in Plateau state and the destruction of lives, properties, businesses and farm lands has forced many inhabitants to flee their homes to nearby towns and villages. This situation calls for urgent intervention to usher in more sober responses to the plight of the internally displaced persons. It is against this backdrop that the study examined the entrepreneurial skills training needs of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Plateau state. To facilitate the conduct of the study, three specific purposes, three research questions and three null hypotheses were formulated. The descriptive survey design was used. A total of 400 IDPs were surveyed from the five local government areas (Barkin Ladi, Bassa, Bokkos, Mangu and Ryom) using the non-probability sampling. The instrument used for data collection was the Entrepreneurial Skills Training Needs Questionnaire (ESTNQ). The questionnaire was complemented by focus groups discussions across the five LGAs. The instrument went through face and content validation by three experts. The reliability of the instruments was ensured using the Cronbach Coefficient Alpha and the result yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.78. The data collected were analysed using mean and standard deviation. The hypotheses were tested using independent t-test at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that IDPs needed entrepreneurial skills such as managerial skills, financial skills, marketing skills and general business skills for self-reliance. The study further revealed that there was a significant difference between the mean responses of male and female respondent on the entrepreneurial skills, entrepreneurial opportunities and entrepreneurial training methods for IDPs. The study concluded that the scale and complexity of internal displacement in Plateau state means that significant efforts are required to provide an effective and well-coordinated humanitarian response. The study recommended that government and all other stakeholders should as part of their interventions institute entrepreneurial skill training programmes for internally displaced persons.

PICOT questions and search strategies formulation: A novel approach using artificial intelligence automation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare artificial intelligence (AI)-based large language models (LLMs) (ChatGPT-3.5, Bing, and Bard) with human-based formulations in generating relevant clinical queries, using comprehensive methodological evaluations. To interact with the major LLMs ChatGPT-3.5, Bing Chat, and Google Bard, scripts and prompts were designed to formulate PICOT (population, intervention, comparison, outcome, time) clinical questions and search strategies. Quality of the LLMs responses was assessed using a descriptive approach and independent assessment by two researchers. To determine the number of hits, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL Ultimate search results were imported separately, without search restrictions, with the search strings generated by the three LLMs and an additional one by the expert. Hits from one of the scenarios were also exported for relevance evaluation. The use of a single scenario was chosen to provide a focused analysis. Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were also calculated. In five different scenarios, ChatGPT-3.5 generated 11,859 hits, Bing 1,376,854, Bard 16,583, and an expert 5919 hits. We then used the first scenario to assess the relevance of the obtained results. The human expert search approach resulted in 65.22% (56/105) relevant articles. Bing was the most accurate AI-based LLM with 70.79% (63/89), followed by ChatGPT-3.5 with 21.05% (12/45), and Bard with 13.29% (42/316) relevant hits. Based on the assessment of two evaluators, ChatGPT-3.5 received the highest score (M = 48.50; SD = 0.71). Results showed a high level of agreement between the two evaluators. Although ChatGPT-3.5 showed a lower percentage of relevant hits compared to Bing, this reflects the nuanced evaluation criteria, where the subjective evaluation prioritized contextual accuracy and quality over mere relevance. This study provides valuable insights into the ability of LLMs to formulate PICOT clinical questions and search strategies. AI-based LLMs, such as ChatGPT-3.5, demonstrate significant potential for augmenting clinical workflows, improving clinical query development, and supporting search strategies. However, the findings also highlight limitations that necessitate further refinement and continued human oversight. AI could assist nurses in formulating PICOT clinical questions and search strategies. AI-based LLMs offer valuable support to healthcare professionals by improving the structure of clinical questions and enhancing search strategies, thereby significantly increasing the efficiency of information retrieval.

Students Mathematical Critical Thinking Skills: Validity and Reliability with Winsteps and SPSS

It is of great importance to conduct validity and reliability testing in a study in order to ascertain the feasibility and effectiveness of the instruments employed. In this study, an analysis is required to ascertain the results of the validity and reliability tests on mathematical critical thinking skills utilising the SPSS and Winsteps applications. The research method employed was quantitative survey research, with a total of 133 high school students in the Jakarta and Depok areas comprising the sample population. The instrument designed to assess critical thinking skills comprises four indicators. The validity test on the mathematical critical thinking ability instrument with the SPSS application indicates that one value (value 11) is invalid, as evidenced by the Pearson correlation value. However, the remaining values meet the requirements for validity. The reliability value obtained through SPSS yielded a result of α = 0.75. The same results are observed when the Winsteps application is employed. One value (value 11) is identified as invalid, while the remaining values meet the criteria for the MNSQ outfit value, ZSTD outfit, and PTMEA-CORR. In addition, the reliability results obtained using Winsteps yielded a Cronbach's Alpha coefficient value of 0.87, indicating a high degree of reliability.

Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development for Turkish Children: Cultural Adaptation, Validity and Reliability Analysis

ABSTRACTThe home environment is a significant factor that greatly influences the motor development of children. This study aims to examine the cultural adaptation validity and reliability of the Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development (AHEMD‐SR) for Turkish children aged 18–42 months. The study included 103 Turkish children (mean age = 29.3 ± 7.4 months; 57.3% female, 42.6% male). The majority of participants were from middle‐income families. The AHEMD‐SR was administered to parents, and test–retest reliability was evaluated with a subsample of 30 families. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) were calculated to assess reliability, while correlations with the Denver Developmental Screening Tool 2 (DDST‐2) were examined for convergent validity. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the AHEMD‐SR was 0.815, and the ICC for test–retest reliability was 0.889. The AHEMD‐SR total score correlated with DDST‐2's social development (r = 0.32), fine motor development (r = 0.33) and gross motor development (r = 0.33) domains (all p &lt; 0.05). The Turkish version of the AHEMD‐SR was found to be a valid and reliable tool for assessing the home environment's impact on motor development in children aged 18–42 months. This questionnaire can provide valuable insights into how to enhance home environments to better support children's motor development in Turkey.

The effectiveness of a cognitive behavioral counseling program to alleviate future anxiety among patients with diabetes Kidney failure at Al-Kamelin Hospital

This scientific paper based on scientific research to investigate a cognitive behavioral counseling program to reduce the cognitive distortions and future anxiety of kidney failure patients at Dr. Dalal Kidney Dialysis Center, Al Kamline Hospital, the researcher used the experimental method single group design including a sample size of (30) patients who were selected on purposeful method. The two researchers implemented the future anxiety scale, prepared by Dr. Zainab Shugair, and the data has been processed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program using: Pearson's correlation coefficient, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, one-sample ttest, one-way variance (ANOVA). The researcher concluded the following results: The anxiety of the future of kidney failure patients at Al-Kamline Hospital, Dr. Dalal Center for Kidney Dialysis is high. There are also statistically significant differences in the effectiveness of the behavioral guidance program among the members of the experimental group between the pre-measurement and the post-measurement in favor of the post-measurement. There are also no statistically significant differences between the members of the experimental group, attributed to the age variable. There are no statistically significant differences between the members of the experimental group attributed to the educational level variable, and there are no statistically significant differences between the members of the experimental group attributed to the social status variable. At the end of the research, the researcher presented a number of recommendations, the most important of which is the need to prepare psychological treatment programs to treat cognitive distortions for psychiatric patients in general and kidney patients in particular.

Effects of School Heads’ Guidance and Counselling Strategy for Students’ Character Formation in Public Secondary Schools in Arusha Region, Tanzania

The study focused on the effects of school heads' administrative strategies on students' character formation in public secondary schools in the Arusha region, Tanzania. The study was guided by one research question and one hypothesis, and it employed a convergent design using a mixed methods approach to examine the problem. The research employed probability and non-probability sampling methods to select 177 teachers, 249 parents, 360 students, and 18 school heads from 18 chosen secondary schools. Data were gathered using questionnaires administered to teachers, parents, and students and interviews conducted with the heads of schools. The instruments were validated, and the reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's Alpha coefficient for Likert scale items. For qualitative data, reliability was confirmed through peer review and triangulation. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, including mean scores, frequencies, and percentages, and then presented in tables. A hypothesis was tested using simple linear regression at a significance level 0.05. Qualitative data were analysed using contextual analysis and transcription. This study found that schools had a well-defined guidance and counselling programme in place but needed more professional counsellors, and it needed further improvement through external sources. Furthermore, the findings revealed no significant correlation between the guidance and counselling strategies of public secondary school heads and the levels of character development among students in the Arusha Region. This study concluded that while school heads’ guidance and counselling strategy positively affected students' character formation and goal-setting, this was achieved in collaboration with parents and professionals despite challenges and differing viewpoints among stakeholders. The recommendation study encourages teachers to participate actively in counselling seminars and strengthen collaboration with NGOs.

Unmasking the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of college students: a cross-sectional study.

Safeguarding college students' mental health and well-being poses a challenge for college administrators and clinicians because of the unique circumstances students face and the limited literature on their needs. Prior to the pandemic, depression and anxiety were already on the rise among college students, but the changes associated with it may have exacerbated these issues. Our study aimed to explore factors influencing college students' mental health and identify common trends in their experiences that could assist organizations and policymakers in the future. The study participants (n = 571) were chosen using a convenience sample of undergraduate and graduate students attending a Central Texas university. We employed the Qualtrics survey platform to collect data on multiple demographic variables, behavioral health, and other health outcomes of students in the summer semester of 2021. Our objective in this study was to investigate the various factors that contribute to mental health conditions, particularly anxiety, and depression, independently and jointly, by employing two validated tools - Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9), which measures depression, and General Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7), which measures anxiety. Both the tools displayed satisfactory internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha coefficients (α) of 0.921 for the PHQ-9 (9-item) scale and 0.943 for the GAD-7 (7-item) scale. The prevalence of depression and anxiety among participants was 39.4% and 40.1%, respectively, with 31% of participants overall reporting both conditions. Among the explored factors, age, race, parent/guardian's level of education, campus residence status, and health insurance status were associated with depression (p < 0.05), whereas gender, age, race, and parent/guardian's level of education were associated with anxiety (p < 0.05). Academically, several factors related to learning difficulties (i.e., staying motivated to learn, finding a quiet place to learn) were associated with the severity of depression and anxiety severity, demonstrated through composite scores. Robust longitudinal studies should be carried out to ascertain key influencers that affect students' mental health, and colleges and universities should create policies and protocols to provide support for students during major catastrophes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, taking into account these influencing factors.