Cronbach's Alpha Scores Research Articles

Impact of Influencers Marketing on Consumers Beahvior and Purchase Intention: Mediating Role of Influencer Credibility

In the realm of digital marketing, influencer marketing has risen to prominence, particularly on platforms like TikTok, which wield considerable influence among younger demographics. This study focused on the faculty and students from four different public and private universities in KPK. Employing a non-probability simple random sampling technique for sample selection, the study utilized an adopted questionnaire to measure responses, confirming the reliability of the measurement scales with an impressive Cronbach's Alpha score of 0.967. Results of the study revealed that influencer marketing significantly and positively impacts consumer attitudes toward brands and their purchase intentions. Further influencer credibility has significantly mediated the effect of influencer marketing on attitude towards brand and purchase intention. This underscores the critical need for culturally tailored influencer marketing strategies to maximize relevance and effectiveness in the Pakistani market. Moreover, it highlights the untapped potential of TikTok as a powerful platform for influencer marketing. These results offer invaluable, actionable insights for marketers and significantly advance our theoretical understanding of influencer marketing's profound impact on consumer behavior, laying the groundwork for future research on emerging social media platforms.

The STarT Back Screening Tool: The Nepali Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Measurement Properties in Adults With Non-Specific Low Back Pain.

The STarT Back Screening Tool (SBST) stratifies low back pain (LBP) patients based on their risk of chronicity to guide treatment accordingly. The absence of its validated Nepali version limits stratified LBP care in Nepal. The study aimed to translate and cross-culturally adapt the SBST into Nepali and evaluate its measurement properties in adults with LBP. The measurement properties of the Nepali SBST were evaluated in 102 Nepali adults with non-specific LBP. We assessed content validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct and discriminant validity. Item redundancy was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha (α>0.90), test-retest reliability using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC2,1) and Cohen's kappa using established cutoffs score for categorising patients into risk groups, construct validity using hypothesis testing (if a minimum of 75% of the hypotheses were supported), and discriminant validity using Area Under the Curve (AUC) with the reference scales administered at baseline. Cronbach's alphascores were 0.72 for the overall scale and 0.66 for the psychosocial subscale. Test-retest reliability values were good to excellent with ICC2,1 of 0.94 (95% CI: 0.87-0.97) for the overall scale and 0.87 (95% CI: 0.73-0.94) for the psychosocial subscale and Kappa values of 0.68 (95% CI: 0.43-0.93) for the overall scale and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.52-1.00) for psychosocial subscale. Construct validity was confirmed as 100% of a priori hypotheses were met. Acceptable discriminative validity was observed with reference scales with AUCs (0.75-0.80). Nepali SBST demonstrates the reliability and validity of screening for chronicity risk in Nepali adults with LBP. Future studies should evaluate its responsiveness, predictive abilities, and effectiveness in stratifying LBP patients in the Nepalese context.

Operational Management Practices of Resorts in Dinadiawan, Dipaculao, Aurora: A Basis for Strategic Plan

This study determined the prolife of the resorts and their practices in operating their business in Brgy. Dinadiawan Dipaculao, Aurora. Also, the study identified the opportunities and challenges faced by resort owners during their operation. The study was conducted during the School Year 2023-2024. The survey had 40 resort owners/managers. Pre-testing was carried out among resort owners and managers at Baler in Aurora Province, with a Cronbach alpha score of 92.8% indicating that the instrument was trustworthy. The survey employed the descriptive-correlation technique of research, and the data was evaluated using statistical tools such as frequency count, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. The operation practice of the resorts got an overall mean of 4.25 verbally described as agree. This denotes that resorts were able to perform their respective practices to satisfy and meet the demand of their clients. In addition, the opportunities experienced by the resort owners in their operation got an overall mean of 4.64 which verbally described as “Always”. This denotes that opportunities are evident and available among resorts owners and all they have to do is to maximize and utilize it effectively. Meanwhile, the challenges faced by the resort owners got an overall mean of 3.71 verbally described as “Occasionally”. This indicates that although the following challenges are not usually happening, still the management should efficiently manage it to be more productive . Lastly, the study proposed a strategic development plan to address challenges and maximize opportunities based on the results of the study that serves as a basis for action plan.

Verifying and Assessing the Reliability of the Learning Module of Positive Design and Innovative Technology in the Integration Approach of Spiritual Knowledge

This study was carried out to determine the validity and reliability of the learning module known as The Learning Module of Positive Design and Innovative Technology in The Integration Approach of Spiritual Knowledge (PRBTIFIIS). The PRBTIFIIS module has been built to develop the positive innovative thinking of Form 2 students through a knowledge integration approach with the application of the value of trust and obedience to God, human responsibility as a servant and caliph. The PRBTIFIIS module is built based on the Sidek Module construction model that uses the basic theory of Reverse Maslow's Theory, and Sidek's Learning Theory. A level of validation of the module content was carried out by five experts in the studied field. The content validity of the PRBTIFIIS Module is calculated using the Tuckmen and Waheed Level of Mastery Validity formula. The data obtained is 98.7%. The reliability of the module was obtained from 16 second-grade students who participated in the implementation of the pilot study. The Cronbach's Alpha score obtained for the reliability of the module was 0.97. The findings of the study show that the developed PRBTIFIIS Module has high validity and reliability and the PRBTIFIIS module is available to test its effectiveness.

Swedish Translation and Cultural Adaptation of the Head and Neck Patient Symptom Checklist: An Instrument to Screen for Nutrition Impact Symptoms in Clinical Practice and Research.

The Head and Neck Patient Symptom Checklist (HNSC) is a validated 2-part instrument used to ask patients with head and neck cancer about the nutrition impact symptoms they experience (part 1) and how these interfere with their eating (part 2). The purpose of this work was to translate and culturally adapt the HNSC into Swedish in accordance with the guidelines of the International Society for Health Economics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR). The ISPOR guidelines include 10 steps, and these were thoroughly followed. In step 7, 9 health care professionals from the field of head and neck cancer assessed the perceived relevance (content validity) of each item in the HNSC, as well as the full HNSC. A total of 522 participants with head and neck cancer were included and followed up on 7 occasions using the HNSC to assess internal consistency. The HNSC was translated from English into Swedish, ensuring accuracy through forward and backward translation and harmonization in the research team. Content validity for each part of the HNSC was rated excellent (scale content validity index 0.96). Internal consistency demonstrated a good Cronbach's alpha score (>0.8) across the 7 follow-up time points (from baseline [before the start of treatment] and up to 24 months posttreatment). The HNSC has been successfully translated and culturally adapted into Swedish. The HNSC can be used in both clinical practice and research to screen for nutrition impact symptoms and symptoms that interfere with eating in patients with head and neck cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03343236 (date of registration: November 17, 2017).

Reliability and validity of a Hindi version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-EDENT-H) for edentulous subjects: A Cross-Sectional study

AimThe study aimed to translate the OHIP-EDENT into Hindi and assess its validity and reliability. MethodsThe study included 150 participants whose demographic information was collected using the Modified Kuppuswamy Socio-economic Scale. The Oral Health Impact Profile in Edentulous (OHIP-EDENT) was translated into Hindi using the standard forward-backward method. Test-retest reliability was assessed using the Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test and Bartlett's test of sphericity coefficient were used to conduct Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and confirm the Construct validity. To establish Convergent validity, the relationship between the global question and the OHIP-EDENT-H subscale scores was observed. ResultsThe data was analyzed with a confidence level of 95 %, and statistical significance was interpreted as a p-value of less than 0.05. The Cronbach's alpha score for OHIP-EDENT-H was 1.00, indicating high internal consistency. The corrected item-total correlations ranged from 0.665 to 0.923, and the total ICC score was 0.763, demonstrating good reliability. The subscales' intra-class correlation coefficient values ranged from 0.968 to 0.997, indicating high reliability. However, items 4, 6, 13, 17, 18, and 19 had factor loadings below the acceptable threshold of 0.40 in the factor analysis. Additionally, the total and subscale scores of the OHIP-EDENT-H showed significant correlations with global question, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.665 to 0.923. ConclusionThe Hindi version of OHIP-EDENT is a reliable and valid tool for evaluating the OHRQoL of Hindi-speaking edentulous individuals.

Development and Validation of the Isotretinoin Hesitancy Scale for Acne Vulgaris: A Preliminary Study.

Oral isotretinoin is the most effective systemic treatment for acne patients who fail to respond to other forms of therapies. However, hesitations and concerns regarding its side effect profile may detain the patients from treatment. This study aimed to develop and validate the Isotretinoin Hesitancy Scale (IHS) among acne patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 100 acne patients who had not used isotretinoin previously. A 22-item scale was created based on the related literature and expert opinions. The items of the scale related to beliefs and worries about isotretinoin were formatted with response options: agree, indecisive, and disagree. In this study, construct validity was tested with exploratory factor analysis, and reliability was tested with internal consistency and split-half reliability. The results of exploratory factor analysis indicated a three-factor solution with a total of 14 items, explaining 57% of the total variance. The first factor (Hesitancy Related to Reversible Adverse Effects: 6 items) accounted for 30% of the variance, the second factor (Hesitancy Related to Irreversible Adverse Effects: 4 items) accounted for 16% of the variance and the third factor (Isotretinoin-related Anxiety: 4 items) accounted 11% of the variance. The internal consistency of the three factors was calculated as 0.79, 0.78, and 0.72, respectively. The Cronbach's alpha score of the total scale was found to be 0.81, and split-half reliability was found to be 0.87. The IHS is the first scale that provides a valid and reliable assessment of isotretinoin hesitancy in acne patients. Eliminating isotretinoin hesitancy may reduce acne-related clinical and psychosocial consequences.

Psychometric analysis and validation of the SF-34 PREG: An adaptation of the SF-36 for assessing quality of life in pregnant women.

This study aims to perform a psychometric analysis of the 36-item short form health survey (SF-36) in a population of pregnant women and validate an adapted version of the instrument to measure health-related quality of life specific to pregnancy. A cross-sectional study design was carried out with data collection between 7 and 36 weeks of gestation, with a total sample of 547 pregnant women divided into two randomized subsamples. Data were collected between September 2021 and April 2023. An exploratory factor analysis was initially performed on one subsample, followed by a confirmatory factor analysis on the other. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega, and correlations between factors were analyzed. Results from the exploratory factor analysis proposed a seven-factor model explaining 56% of the variance. All proposed dimensions achieved Cronbach's alpha scores above 0.75, with a total test score of 0.92. Furthermore, all dimensions exhibited positive and statistically significant correlations. Bartlett's test of sphericity and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test yielded values of 5599 (P < 0.001) and 0.871, respectively. The confirmatory factor analysis reaffirmed this model with good fit indices: χ2 792 (P < 0.001), comparative fit index (CFI) and Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) >0.90, and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) <0.06. This study developed and validated the "SF-34 PREG," an adapted version of the SF-36, specifically designed for pregnant women. The SF-34 PREG demonstrated high reliability and a robust factorial structure, making it a more precise and relevant tool for assessing health-related quality of life during pregnancy. Although it does not include the social functioning dimension of the original SF-36, the SF-34 PREG offers improved relevance and accuracy for this specific population. Further research and clinical use of the SF-34 PREG are recommended.

Assessment of the Need for Designing an Interactive Educational Tool on Exophytic Lesions of the Oral Mucosa.

Introduction This study sought to evaluate the necessity of creating an interactive educational resource for instructing dental students on oral exophytic lesions. It also aimed to determine the validity and reliability of a questionnaire designed to assess the quality of educational software tailored to these lesions. Materials and methods This descriptive cross-sectional study involved 102 dental students from Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran, who had completed the theoretical course on oral exophytic lesions. A paper questionnaire, including 23 items, assessed their clinical knowledge, the efficacy and limitations of existing educational resources, and the need for interactive electronic courseware (e-courseware). The questionnaire's validity and reliability were evaluated through expert feedback and statistical measures (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach's alpha). Results Students' answers to the seven items about evaluating their clinical diagnosis knowledge of oral exophytic lesions were between four and five items correct on average. This finding indicated that students' overall skill in diagnosing exophytic lesions was poor to moderate.The study highlighted a moderate level of self-assessed clinical ability in diagnosing oral exophytic lesions among students (62.7%), with a preference for textbooks and color atlases as primary information sources. The disadvantages of existing electronic resources were noted, alongside a strong student consensus (88.23%) on the need for interactive e-courseware featuring comprehensive, visually engaging content for differential diagnosis education. The reliability and validity analyses of the questionnaire underscored its appropriateness for assessing educational needs. In this regard, ICC for the usability of scientific context, training ability, and interaction was 0.92, 0.73, and 0.82, respectively. Also, Cronbach's alpha score was at 0.90. Conclusion The research underscores a significant gap in dental students' knowledge and diagnostic skills regarding oral exophytic lesions. It emphasizes the critical need for an innovative, interactive educational tool that aligns with contemporary students' digital learning preferences. The envisioned e-courseware would facilitate self-learning and address current resources' limitations, potentially transforming dental education by enhancing clinical diagnostic skills through accessible, effective, and engaging digital content.

Cross-cultural validation of the genetic counseling outcome scale in Korea.

The Genetic Counseling Outcome Scale (GCOS-24) was developed to measure patient-reported outcomes to evaluate the effectiveness of genetic counseling and testing services. In the current study, the Korean version of GCOS (K-GCOS) was developed to reflect the sociocultural characteristics of Korea, and its clinical applicability was assessed. Overall, 231 Koreans, including patients with genetic diseases and their family members, participated and completed the K-GCOS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scale, and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Validity was examined by assessing the correlations between K-GCOS scores and other relevant scale scores. Reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha and test-retest scores, measured over 2 weeks. We performed exploratory factor analysis of the five structures of GCOS-24. For K-GCOS, four-factor structures were identified: "cognitive-behavioral control," "uncertainty about control," "hope," and "emotional regulation." Four original GCOS-24 items were removed because of low factor loadings and small inter-item correlations. K-GCOS-20 scores were positively correlated with SWLS (r = 0.456) and MHLC-internal (r = 0.213) scores but negatively correlated with HADS (anxiety r = -0.428, depression r = -0.469) and MHLC-internal (r = -0.278) scores. These findings demonstrate that K-GCOS-20 is a reliable and valid tool for evaluating genetic counseling services in Korea.

Analisis Tipe Rumah Tinggal Terhadap Ancaman Bahaya Tsunami Di Kota Banda Aceh

People who lived on the Banda Aceh City shoreline lost their houses in the 2004 tsunami tragedy. The likelihood of a tsunami tragedy in the future might rise if homes are rebuilt in the original location. The goal of this study was to determine the most common building types and the degree of susceptibility of residential structures to the tsunami catastrophe in the districts of Kuta Alam and Syiah Kuala. Through a sample approach, a questionnaire was given out to the community in the districts of Kuta Alam and Syiah Kuala, with a total of 105 responses. To gather representative home building types at the research site, a survey was undertaken. data processing with the use of the validity and reliability tests in SPSS. The questionnaire was deemed legitimate as a result of the validity test, which produced average R count values of 0.1918 and higher than the value of r table. The reliability test findings were dependable since they had a Cronbach Alpha score of 0.671, which is higher than 0.6. The predominant home types in the Kuta Alam and Syiah Kuala subdistricts are type B (good) and type C (poor) dwellings. Low, medium, and high levels of vulnerability were used to determine how vulnerable residential buildings were to the tsunami tragedy in the Kuta Alam District. The Syiah Kuala District, meanwhile, had high and moderate degrees of vulnerability. According to the physical state of the environment in the districts of Kuta Alam and Syiah Kuala, 19% of the coastal regions are still in their original state, and 81% of the territory is made up of grib stones and mangroves. In the Kuta Alam sub-district, there are 11 villages overall, with the percentage of vulnerable structures falling into one of three categories: low (45.45%), medium (45.45%), or high (9.09%). In the Syiah Kuala District, however, the degree of vulnerability of residential structures was determined from a total of 10 villages, and it was divided into two classes: medium, with a percentage of 40%, and high, with a percentage of 60%. As a result, it's important to upgrade the design of communal housing in coastal locations, such as by constructing homes with two or more levels.

Psychometric Features of the Arabic Version of the Children's Communication Checklist (CCC2).

The Children's Communication Checklist-Second Edition (CCC-2) uniquely assesses overlooked communication elements such as pragmatics and context use, which are rarely addressed by conventional language assessments. This study focuses on the psychometric assessment of the CCC-2's Arabic version, tailored to evaluate communication challenges in Arabic-speaking children. This study aims to validate the Arabic version of CCC-2 by testing its reliability and validity specifically for three higher-order constructs: Specific Language Impairment (SLI), Social Communication Disorder (SCD), and Impaired Behaviour within the Arabic-speaking population. A total of 121 participants in Saudi Arabia, showcasing diverse age and gender distributions, participated in the validation process. The study employed a Reflective-Reflective Higher-Order Construct (R-R HOC) model using partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to ensure content validity and cross-cultural adaptation of the translated items. Metrics such as Cronbach's alpha for reliability and Average Variance Extracted (AVE) for convergent validity were specifically examined. The study confirmed the reliability and validity of the Arabic CCC-2, demonstrating robust psychometric properties, with Cronbach's alpha and AVE scores indicating satisfactory reliability and convergent validity across constructs. Structural model evaluation further supported the strong interrelations among the constructs of SLI, SCD, and Impaired Behaviour. The results substantiate the Arabic CCC-2 as a reliable and valid tool for assessing communication challenges in Arabic-speaking children, particularly for diagnosing SLI, SCD, and Impaired Behaviour. The validated Arabic CCC-2 has significant potential for application in clinical and educational settings and suggests directions for future research to explore its utility further in diverse clinical populations.

Development and Validation of the Elderly Suicide Screening Scale

Background This study stems from the need to develop and validate a tool for interprofessional teams in Primary health care for screening for suicide among the elderly in the community. Objective To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Non-Institutionalized Elderly Suicide Screening Scale (Escala de Rastreamento de Renúncia à Vida no Idoso não institucionalizado - ERRVI). Methods This is a psychometric study focused on evaluating evidence of content validity and internal structure. The ERRVI construction process followed the guidelines for scale development based on theoretical models derived from qualitative research, which followed the methodological and theoretical approaches of grounded theory and symbolic interaction. The instrument underwent content validity evidence analysis carried out by a panel of experts, considering the Content Validity Index (CVR). After the pre-test, the internal structure was evaluated using Exploratory Factor Analysis (AFE). Reliability was assessed using three indicators: Cronbach's alpha, Omega, and ORION scores. It involved 300 elderly individuals from two municipalities in the central-western region of Sao Paulo, Brazil, and was conducted from September to November 2020. Results The final version comprised 31 items, categorized into four dimensions: autonomy, self-governance, self-care, and life satisfaction. The total explained variance was 50.82%, with factor loadings ranging from 0.31 to 0.86. The reliability indicators revealed a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.88, McDonald's Omega of 0.95, and scores for the dimensions assessed by the Overall Reliability of Fully-Informative Prior Oblique N-EAP (ORION) ranging from 0.78 to 0.84. Conclusion The ERRVI showed evidence of content validity and internal structure in accordance with the recommended psychometric parameters. This is an innovative tool with the social value, given the scarcity of tools that screen the risk of suicide among the elderly in the community. It is the first of its kind in Brazil and the third globally.

Competency analysis of health workers: Interprofessional collaboration practices in a tertiary referral hospital in Surabaya

Background: There is a rising need for high-quality, efficient healthcare. Implementing interprofessional cooperation (IPC) between healthcare professionals is one of the initiatives that has raised the standard of treatment in hospitals. The disparity in competence amongst health professionals is one of several elements that affect the requirements for the successful implementation of cooperation. Objective: To examine the attitudes, abilities, teamwork, and positive roles implemented by health workers in interprofessional collaboration practices. Method: Cross-sectional research methodology was used in this observational study. The Chiba Interprofessional Competency Scale (CICS29) instrument, which has 29 verified items, was used to evaluate the proficiency of health workers. The value of five (always) until one (never) was used to distinguish between the various categories. Result: A very good Cronbach alpha score of 0.921 was used to verify the questionnaire. Exactly 109 health professionals, including 21 physicians, 34 pharmacists, 50 nurses, and four nutritionists, participated in the study as respondents. Conclusion: Based on the study's findings, it was determined that health professionals, including physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and nutritionists, possess a high level of competence or capacity regarding interprofessional collaboration in hospitals.

Assessment of the Impact of Guidance and Counselling on Academic Performance and Discipline among Junior Secondary School Students (A Study of Federal Capital Territory in Abuja)

This study utilised a quantitative research design that included experimental and control groups to investigate the impact of guidance and counselling on students’ discipline and academic performance. The researcher employed stratified random sampling to select 200 students and 50 teachers from diverse backgrounds for the study. Data was collected using a four-point Likert scale questionnaire, which demonstrated a high level of consistency (with a Cronbach alpha score of 0.87). The sample was split into 100 in the control groups and 100 in the experimental group. Over an academic year, only the experimental group participated in counselling sessions. Information on behavior changes was obtained through observation, while academic performance data was collected using the General Subject Performance Test (GSPT). Data from the survey was analyzed using mean and standard deviation to answer research questions. An analysis using a t-test was carried out to determine the impact of guidance and counselling services on students' academic performance using the General Subject Performance Test (GSPT). A linear regression test was analysed to compare the behavior ratings before and after the intervention to identify any potential relationship between the two variables and the result showed a statistically significant difference among the experimental group, this indicates that guidance and counselling services have a positive impact on students' academic performance and discipline. According to the findings, it was suggested that counselors should receive continuous training, ensure access to counselling services for all students based on their unique backgrounds and needs, and foster strong collaboration among counselors, teachers, administrators, and parents.

Oncology social workers' involvement in palliative care: Secondary data analysis from nationwide oncology social workers survey.

Social workers are vital in delivering psychosocial services in palliative care, yet their specific roles in palliative oncology remain undefined. This study aimed to delineate the current practice role of oncology social workers involvement in palliative care in the United States. This study utilized a cross-sectional design and involved secondary analysis of data from a nationwide survey focused on workforce conditions for oncology social workers. The participants were social workers who were directly involved in providing care to cancer patients and delivering palliative care services. They completed an online survey in which they indicated the relevance of 91 tasks related to their practice. The survey also collected individual demographic and work-related characteristics. Exploratory factor analysis was used to achieve the study objective. Responses from a secondary data set of 243 oncology social workers involved in palliative care results in a 6-factor solution comprising 34 tasks. These factors were identified as: Therapeutic Interventions for Individuals, Couples, and Families; Facilitate Patient Care Decision-making; Care Coordination; Assessment and Emotional Support; Organization and Community Service; and Equity and Justice. All 6 factors demonstrated good internal reliability, as indicated by Cronbach's alpha scores above 0.70. The findings can be used to develop job descriptions and education for social workers employed in palliative cancer care. The clear role descriptions also make social work visible to other professionals in palliative oncology. By clarifying the roles of oncology social workers, this study contributes to the improvement of palliative care delivery and enhances interprofessional collaboration within cancer care teams.

Validation of an Inhaled Therapy Beliefs Questionnaire in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Background: To carry out a validation questionnaire that assesses beliefs about inhaled treatments in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as knowing patients' beliefs could help to improve medication adherence and health outcomes. Methods: We evaluated data from 260 COPD patients from electronic medical record databases from five primary healthcare centers, in a descriptive, cross-sectional study with a sample size calculated for a 10-item questionnaire, with an estimated Cronbach's alpha of 0.70 and a 95% confidence level. Study participants were selected via systematic random sampling. Variables: Ten-item Inhaled Therapy Beliefs Questionnaire, CCTI-Questionnaire v.2.0, time for completion, age, sex, educational level, spirometry severity (GOLD criteria), exacerbations (previous year), characteristics of inhaled treatment, and smoking habit. A two-year follow-up in a subsample of 77 patients from one health center was utilized. The Morisky-Green test, pharmacy dispensing data, test-retest (kappa coefficient), and an exploratory analysis of the adherence-belief relationship (ji-squared) were measured. Results: The 10-item questionnaire showed good viability (3 min completion time) when performed face-to-face or telephonically; its psychometric properties were acceptable, with an internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) score of 0.613. Three factors explained 47.58% of the total variance (p < 0.0001): use (factor 1), effects (factor 2), and objectives (factor 3) of inhalers. The two-year follow-up ultimately considered 58 out of the 77 patients (10 deceased, 4 unlocated, 2 mistakes, 2 no inhaled treatment, and 1 withdrawal). Non-adherence was 48.3% in terms of the Morisky-Green test; 31% in terms of pharmacy dispensing data; and 40.4% considering both methods. There was low test-retest reliability, indicated by items 4, 8, and 9 of the CCTI-Questionnaire (Kappa = 0.4, 0.26, and 0.34; p-value < 0.0001, 0.008, and 0.001, respectively). There was mild correlation between beliefs and adherence. Conclusions: The ten-item CCTI-Questionnaire v.2.0 demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties regarding feasibility, reliability, and content validity.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Validation of the Sexual and Reproductive Empowerment Scale for Adolescents and Young Adults in Kenya.

Understanding the levels of power that adolescent girls and young women exercise in their sexual and reproductive lives is imperative to inform interventions to help them meet their goals. We implemented an adapted version of the Sexual and Reproductive Health Empowerment (SRE) Scale for Adolescents and Young Adults among 500 adolescent girls and young women aged 15-20 in Kisumu, Kenya. We used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to assess factor structure, and logistic regression to examine construct validity through the relationship between empowerment scores and ability to mitigate risk of undesired pregnancy through consistent contraceptive use. Participants had a mean age of 17.5, and most were students (61 percent), were currently partnered (94 percent), and reported having sex in the past 3 months (70 percent). The final, 26-item CFA model had acceptable fit. All subscales had Cronbach's alpha scores >0.7, and all items had rotated factor loadings >0.5, indicating good internal consistency and robust factor-variable associations. The total SRE-Kenya (SRE-K) score was associated with increased odds of the consistent method used in the past three months (adjusted odds ratio: 1.98, 95 percent CI: 1.29-3.10). The SRE-K scale is a newly adapted and valid measure of sexual and reproductive empowerment specific to adolescent girls and young women in an East African setting.

ASSESSING THE RELIABILITY OF THE TALENT DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL QUESTIONNAIRE: A PILOT STUDY

The reliability of the scales utilized in research are crucial elements that contribute to the generation of valuable outcomes. This study aimed to develop a practical and reliable measure of the Talent Development Environmental Questionnaire (TDEQ) by adapting three modules, totaling 59 items. Utilizing a sample size of 30 and employing the test-retest method, the study found Pearson correlation results for seven factors: Long-Term Development Focus (LTDF), Quality Preparation (QP), Communication Skills (CO), Understanding Athletes (UA), Supporting Network (SN), Challenges and Supporting Environment (CSE), and Long-Term Developmental Fundamental Understanding (LTDFU). Internal consistency estimates, including Cronbach's alpha scores, ranged from 0.627 to 0.900. The mean Cronbach's alpha was 0.75, with individual factor scores of 0.900, 0.712, 0.781, 0.678, 0.832, 0.631, and 0.627, respectively. These findings underscore the significance of factors such as LTDF, QP, CO, UA, SN, CSE, and LTDFU in track and field athletes' overall development, reaffirming the high reliability of all dimensions of the TDEQ.

Gender Differences in Teacher’s Pedagogical Practices and Attitudes towards Students’ Learning

Education is crucial for building a strong and developed nation. Formal education begins with primary education which includes a variety of subjects such as Mathematics, languages, Science, Social studies, etc. Teachers’ Pedagogical Practices and Attitudes are vital for the teaching of a variety of subjects at the primary level. The study was opted to explore the Gender Differences in Teacher’s Pedagogical Practices and Attitudes towards Students' Learning. It is a case study of primary schools of district Sargodha having only one teacher. The research utilized a survey methodology in conjunction with a descriptive strategy to collect data. The 74 single elementary teachers in District Sargodha, both male and female, made up the population and sample. Data collection was conducted through personal visits using two questionnaires (1st for Pedagogical Practices and 2nd for Attitude towards student learning) that included a demographic variable (Gender) too. These questions were verified by specialists and pilot-tested, resulting in a Cronbach Alpha score of 0.92. The data analysis was conducted utilizing statistical measures such as frequencies, percentages, mean scores, and independent sample t-tests. There was no significant difference between the views of single primary school male and female teachers about pedagogical practices and their factors (lesson plan, teaching methods, teacher behavior, instructional materials/technology assessment, community involvement) but a significant difference existed in classroom management (p-value=0.03&lt;0.05) between male and female where male teacher better regarding classroom management. There was also no significant difference between male and female single primary school teachers’ attitude towards students learning. It is recommended that single primary school teachers (Male/Female) be facilitated through training in classroom management.