Cronbach's Alpha Test Research Articles

Evaluation of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Pharmacists in Tehran Pharmacies regarding Environmental Health Issues to Increase Good Pharmacy Practice

Background: In addition to being the most accessible medical center in the community, the pharmacy is a center for storing and providing medicines and cosmetics that are directly related to people's health. Therefore, observing environmental health issues in the pharmacy, which is managed by the pharmacist, is considered necessary. In this study, considering the direct and high impact of observing various aspects of environmental health on the good pharmacy practice and its value, it has been tried by examining the level of knowledge, attitude and practice of pharmacists in the pharmacies of Tehran city and presenting it, the necessary ground for promotion The environmental health status of pharmacies should be provided. Methods: In this research, standard researcher-made questionnaires were designed and after checking its validity by clinical pharmacists, environmental health and biostatistics experts and its reliability with Cronbach's alpha test, It was completed by the pharmacists of Tehran community pharmacies in the period of April to September 2022, observing ethical points and preserving their identity, in order to show their knowledge, attitude and performance towards environmental health issues in the pharmacy where they operate. Then the obtained data were analyzed in SPSS version 23.0 statistical software. Results: Examination of the data obtained from this study showed that the pharmacists in the study have the appropriate level of knowledge and attitude, but their performance in pharmacies is different. Conclusion: Observation of the results of the study shows that due to the lack of appropriate practical training and the lack of strict rules by regulatory authorities, despite the appropriate level of knowledge of pharmacists, in practice do not consider themselves very obliged to observe health principles.

PENGARUH EKUITAS MEREK TERHADAP PENGGUNAAN MONITOR PASIEN MEREK PHILIPS DI JAKARTA

This research aims to find out how responses, consumer loyalty and brand equity influence consumer loyalty of Philips monitor patients. Questionnaire respondent data was obtained from end users, namely nurses who work in intensive care rooms in 5 vertical hospitals in Jakarta. The questionnaire was distributed directly to 185 respondents. Hypothesis for 3 hypotheses using SEM PLS analysis with SmartPLS 3. Testing consists of Outer Model, namely Convergent Validity Test, Discriminant Validity Test, Average Variance Extracted (AVE) Test, Composite Reliability Test, Cronbach Alpha Test, Inner Model and Bootstrapping. Test results show that H1: Brand awareness has a positive and significant effect on consumer loyalty. H2: Brand association has a positive and significant effect on consumer loyalty. H3: Perceived quality has a positive and significant effect on consumer loyalty. It is hoped that this research can provide input to companies as a strategy to increase consumer loyalty and can provide good benefits for further research.

Evaluation of the Training Process of Health and Safety at Work in Industry through Digitalization—Case Study: Position in Organization

This study analyses the opinion of 200 employees who participated in the first online training in the field of occupational health and safety systems (OSHs) from Romania, for which an online platform was used, with the records on electronic files with a qualified electronic signature. The usefulness of this online training was analyzed based on the voluntary answers of the participants to a questionnaire related to 14 questionnaire items (QIs). In order to correctly interpret the results of the applied test, a statistical processing of the answers was carried out, and the following were calculated (using SPSS 23.0 software): the factor analysis, the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) test, the Bartlett’s test, the extraction method, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the Cronbach alpha test and the Kruskal–Wallis H-test. The calculations highlighted two essential strategies: “Availability for online training” (S1) and “Challenges of online training” (S2). The conclusion of this study provides an overview of the importance of online training strategies in OSH activity and can help researchers and practitioners to improve this activity, reducing the rejection of its use among managers and authorities, thus providing a new reference for future research.

Digital Teaching Competence and Foreign Language Learning in Students of a National University in Lima

The research shows the relationship between digital teaching competence and foreign language learning in students at a national university from Lima. It is a non-experimental descriptive study with a cross-sectional correlational design, applied to a sample of 151 students from Enrique Guzmán y Valle National University of Education. To collect data for the first variable, it was built a questionnaire with the response parameters of the Likert scale. Based on the Cronbach's Alpha test, this instrument reached a reliability index of 0,780. For the second variable, a test was applied and the reliability level was measured through the Kuder-Richardson coefficient, showing an index of 0,865, so it is inferred that these instruments had a high level of reliability. About the general hypothesis, Spearman's correlation coefficient was 0,705, a high positive correlation. The investigation result allows to confirm that there is a direct and significant association between teaching digital competence and foreign language learning, that is, the higher the level of teaching digital competence, the better the learning achievements of the students.

Fuzzy synthetic evaluation of the critical drivers of UAVs’ deployment for construction in Nigeria

PurposeThe slow adoption of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the construction industry, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria, underscores the need for a deeper understanding of the critical factors influencing their adoption. This study aims to identify these factors using the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework and address uncertainties in their prioritization through Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation (FSE). The utility of this approach lies in its ability to provide construction organizations with actionable insights to enhance operational efficiency and competitiveness through effective UAV adoption.Design/methodology/approachA post-positivist philosophical stance was adopted, wherein quantitative data were gathered from construction professionals in Nigeria via a questionnaire survey. The collected data were analyzed using the Cronbach alpha test as a measure of internal consistency and the FSE test to synthesize critical drivers for the adoption of UAVs.FindingsThe study found that drivers related to technology and organization are the most critical drivers. This implies that variables related to technology and organization warrant a higher level of focus if UAVs are to continue gaining popularity within the construction industry. Additionally, this study identified that logistic management, construction monitoring and site surveying represent the most critical areas of UAV application within the construction industry.Practical implicationsThe emphasis on technology and organizational drivers as critical factors suggests that construction companies should prioritize investments in technology infrastructure and cultivate an organizational culture that embraces innovation. This may involve providing training to construction professionals to enhance their technological skills and fostering a leadership culture that champions technology adoption.Originality/valueThis study introduces novelty by applying the TOE framework, which has received limited attention in UAV adoption studies within construction. Additionally, the use of FSE addresses uncertainties in prioritizing critical drivers, particularly relevant in developing countries facing unique technological challenges. By assigning priority to these factors, this research lays the groundwork for a more informed and strategic approach to UAV adoption.

Validation of the Spanish Version of the Breakthrough Pain Assessment Tool in Patients With Cancer.

Assessment of breakthrough pain is essential for adequate management of cancer pain. The Breakthrough Pain Assessment Tool (BAT) has been proven to be a brief, multidimensional, and reliable questionnaire for the assessment of breakthrough cancer pain (BTCP). Currently, there are no validated instruments in Spanish that allow assessing BTCP. The objective of this study was to validate the Breakthrough Pain Assessment Tool - Spanish (BAT-S) version of the BAT in adult patients with cancer. The BAT-S was tested in a prospective observational study conducted in adult patients with cancer-related pain and treated in a comprehensive cancer center in Mexico. We conducted a forward-backward translation and cross-cultural equivalence test in the Spanish language. The psychometric properties in patients with cancer were assessed using factor analysis, reliability, and validity. To assess reliability, the Kappa test and the intra-class correlation coefficient were used. For consistency, Cronbach's alpha test was used. Seventy patients participated in the study; 140 questionnaires were analyzed. The Spanish translation was well accepted by participants. Reliability was comprised between 0.746 for "use of analgesics" and 1.00 for "pain location." Thirteen of the 14 items had values above 0.8, and 12 above 0.9. Cronbach´s alpha coefficient was 0.7. This study confirms that BAT-S is a valid and reliable questionnaire to assess breakthrough pain in Mexican patients with cancer. This newly validated tool may be used to facilitate clinical management of primarily Spanish-speaking patients with breakthrough cancer pain. This study describes a prospective observational study to assess the validity and reliability of the Breakthrough Pain Assessment Tool in its Spanish version. The results support the use of this newly validated tool to facilitate clinical management of primarily Spanish-speaking patients with breakthrough cancer pain.

Artificial Intelligence in Employee Learning Process: Insights from Generation Z

Abstract Artificial intelligence, as a field of computer science focused on developing technologies that simulate intelligent behaviours and human cognitive functions, undoubtedly has huge potential to transform all business activities, including the process of employee learning. However, different generations have varying attitudes toward the rapid advancement of technology and the increasing possibilities offered by artificial intelligence. The general purpose of this research is to gain insights into the attitudes of Generation Z regarding the use of AI in the context of the employee learning process. Empirical research was conducted on a sample of 264 respondents from Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. In addition to descriptive statistics, Cronbach's alpha, Shapiro-Wilk, and Mann-Whitney tests were used to test hypotheses. Generally, the research findings indicate that the upcoming generation of the workforce considers artificial intelligence a significant factor in improving the employee learning process. The study contributes to human resource management literature because it brings new insights into Generation Z attitudes, whose participation in the active workforce will significantly increase in the coming years.

Translation and Validation of the Persian Version of the Wisconsin Stone Quality of Life Questionnaire.

Patients with kidney stones have a lower quality of life (QOL) than healthy patients; however, treatment guidelines neglect their QOL. Wisconsin stone QOL test (WIS-QOL) is the first specific questionnaire for urolithiasis patients. This study evaluated the reliability and validity of the translated Persian version of the WIS-QOL questionnaire in patients with kidney stones. All patients (> 18 years old) with a history of urolithiasis were included in this cross-sectional. The WIS-QOL questionnaire was translated depending on Hutchinson's guideline. Effects of urolithiasis on the patient's social activity, emotions, disease, and vitality were evaluated. Pearson Correlation and Cronbach's alpha test were used to assess the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. All data were analyzed by SPSS software version 26.0. Among 154 urolithiasis patients, 94 (61%) were males, and 60 (39%) were females. The mean age was 50.4 years (SD: ± 13.6), and the mean QOL score was 84.7 (SD: ±21.8). For each question, the numerical value of the Pearson Correlation Coefficient has been compared with the numerical value, and the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed. The overall Cronbach's alpha was 0.94 for all four areas of the questionnaire, so the reliability of the questionnaire in Persian was confirmed. The present study showed the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the WIS-QOL questionnaire in symptomatic urolithiasis patients. The present study showed the status and impact of urolithiasis on QOL however, longitudinal and prospective studies should be done to specify changes over time.

The Key Factors Determine to the Lecturers’ Work Motivation

The study’s objective is to identify, measure, and evaluate the factors influencing on the lecturers’ work motivation in Dong Nai and Binh Duong provinces. The survey yielded 175 valid responses out of 196 questionnaires. After assessing the reliability of the measurement scales through Cronbach's Alpha test, the study conducted the following analyses: Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), KMO analysis for dependent variables, correlation analysis, linear regression analysis, ANOVA analysis, Scatterplot test and standard deviation error test. Based on the research’s findings, five factors influencing on the lecturers’ work motivation were identified, including: Income and benefits, training and development, leadership style, work environment, and job characteristics. Consequently, the study suggests managerial implications to assist universities in formulating recruitment strategies, maintaining and developing a suitable faculty team.

Dietary practices of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients concerning Pender's health Promotion Model in Lalitpur district, Nepal

BackgroundType 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most prevalent Non Communicable Diseases (NCD) in Nepal. Nutrition plays a significant role in creating barriers to the development of NCDs like diabetes. The main objective of this study is to identify the factors that influence the dietary behaviors and practices among T2DM patients. MethodsThe study used quantitative method and a cross-sectional research design. The study was carried out in two centers: one in diabetes and another in thyroid care centers at the Lalitpur district, Nepal. A survey questionnaire based on Pender Health Promotion Model (PHPM) was developed, piloted, and administrated directly to 450 T2DM patients aged 40–65. Validity and reliability of the tools was ensured through reviewing panel of experts and using the coefficient and Cronbach's alpha test, respectively. Three sorts of statistical analysis; univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis were done using SPSS version 25. ResultsRespondents belonged to a joint family, no alcohol consumption, positive attitude towards a healthy diet (P < 0.05), no smoking habit, reminders for healthy food, and engaging in physical activity (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with good dietary practice. Higher odds of sufficient dietary practice were found in respondents who were from joint families (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR = 2.332; 95 % Confidence Level (CI): 1.958–2.989, p < 0.01), literate (aOR = 1.783; 95 % CI: 1.256–2.531, p < 0.01), no smoking history (aOR = 0.935; 95 % CI: 0.609–1.434, p < 0.05), alcohol consumption history (aOR = 0.615, 95 % CI: 0.412–2.346, p < 0.05), had family support (aOR = 1.824, 95 % CI: 1.265–2.630, p < 0.01), availability of healthy foods (aOR = 2.26; 95 % CI: 1.453–3.517, p < 0.001), and those who preferred daily physical activities (aOR = 1.982, 95 % CI: 1.369–2.364, p < 0.001). ConclusionNuclear family, illiteracy, lower income, smoking and consumption of alcohol, poor family support, poor access in healthy food, and low engagement in physical activities influenced dietary behavior among T2DM patients. Thus, PHPM based educational intervention needs essential to the T2DM patients and family members to ensure better life.

Positive Effects of Green HR Practices on Corporate Social Responsibility: Empirical Evidence from Tunisian Business

When appropriately designed and implemented, the methods of Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) stand to be significant avenues towards Reaching Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study delves into examining the GHRM practices’ effectiveness over the sustainable performance of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). In an evolving economic landscape marked by trends such as globalization, escalating demands from investors and consumers and heightened product competition, governmental entities continuously strive to advance their performance by minimizing costs, renewing products and procedures, and enhancing quality to remain competitive. GHRM represents an initiative that contributes to fostering an eco-friendly workforce capable of understanding and implementing green culture within businesses and institutions. Hence, it is essential to underscore that human resources as well as their systems serve as the bedrock of any enterprise. It is a recognized fact that the role of human resources inside an organization is pivotal to plan and to execute these ecological policies in order to foster a green ecology. For our research, a sample size of 100 Enterprises (SMEs) in Tunisia has been chosen. We will conduct factorial analyses and Cronbach's alpha tests using SPSS 20 software to facilitate the aggregation and refinement of items related to the measurement scales of the questionnaire. Subsequently, all research hypotheses were upheld with results indicating that the practical implementation of GHRM such as training (GT), recruitment (GR) and remuneration (GRe) exerts a positive influence on the sustainable performance (SP) of CSR.

Effect of Managerial Coaching on Employees’ Productivity in Commercial Banks in Calabar, Cross River State

The study examined effect of coaching dimensions (task guidance, task feedback and employee support) on employee in-role and innovative performance, with role clarity mediating the effect of managerial coaching on employee productivity. Descriptive survey design was adopted and data collected from staff commercial banks in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State using structured questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the instrument were ascertained using Cronbach alpha, convergent and discriminant tests. The sample size was 268 staff conveniently sampled from the population of 810. Descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were conducted using SPSS 25 and Amos 24 to analyse the data. The test of direct effects of the hypotheses was performed through multivariate regression analyses while the mediating effect was tested using structural equation modelling with Sobel estimations. The findings revealed that task guidance, task feedback and employee support had positive and significant effect on employees’ in-role and innovative performance. Also, role clarity fully mediated the connection between managerial coaching and innovative performance but did not reveal any mediating effect between managerial coaching and in-role performance. The study expanded the extant notion on the results of managerial coaching on employee productivity. The findings provided justification for the inclusion of coaching practices in organisations and suggest direction for understanding the motivation underlying these relationships.

A scale development study on the perception of the sustainable urban environment

AbstractIn order to assess sustainability, it is necessary to monitor social conditions on environmental, global, national and urban scales. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop a scale to determine PSUE. In addition, it is also examined whether there is a significant difference between the components that determine the perception of sustainable urban environment according to the characteristics of the participants. For this purpose, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Spearman–Brown correlation test, Cronbach alpha test, Mann–Whitney test and Kruskal–Wallis test are implemented. According to the findings acquired, it has been detected that the components that determine PSUE are “spatial strategies related to sustainable environment and transportation”, “spatial strategies related to ecological sustainability and solid waste management” and “spatial strategies related to social and economic sustainability” respectively. In this study, differences have been identified in the perspectives on social and economic sustainability strategies according to gender. However, participant’s viewpoints regarding strategies related to sustainable environment and transportation, as well as ecological sustainability and solid waste management, are similar. Additionally, significant differences exist in social and economic sustainability strategies based on the age of the participants. The urban or rural character of the settlement where the students families live or grew up influences their perspectives on strategies based on social sustainability and economic relations.

Measure of venture performance of hotel industry in south- south region of Nigeria

This research work sets out to interogate the relationship between entrepreneurial competencies and venture performance of hotel establishments in the South-South of Nigeria while also examining the effect of the dimensions of entrepreneurial competencies within the hotel industry in same region. These competences include opportunity identification, innovativeness, and proactiveness on the measures of venture performance. The study used Organizational culture as moderating variable, while adopting a correlational research design. The population of the study comprised of registered hotels in the South-South geographical zone, which is a total number 1,063. The sample size for the study is 290 hotels and the instrument for data collection was a questionnaire which reliability was determined with Cronbach Alpha test, generating a score of .979. The univariate analysis was undertaken using the descriptive statistical tools of frequencies, percentages, mean, standard deviation, charts and tables among others. The bivariate and multivariate analyses employed the Spearman Rank Order Correctional Coefficient. The study revealed strong significant relationships existing between opportunity identification and measures of venture performance, innovation and measures of venture performance, and proactiveness and measures of venture performance. Organizational culture significantly moderated the relationship between entrepreneurial competencies and venture performance. The study concluds that entrepreneurial competencies are strongly related to venture performance and recommends that management of hotels should acquire entrepreneurial competencies and skills in order to ensure high performance of the hotels they manage.

Assessing Binaural Auditory Processing in Native Tamil Speaking Children.

The objective of this study is to develop and validate the Binaural Fusion Test (BFT) in the Tamil language for children with learning disability. As many children with learning disability exhibit an auditory processing deficit there is a need for language specific assessment tool for these children. The BFT in Tamil comprises 100 words organized into four lists, with each list containing 25 words. A total of 84 children with normal auditory processing and 45 children diagnosed with learning difficulties were administrated the BFT in Tamil. Test-retest reliability was evaluated in a sample of 30 children who exhibited normal auditory processing. The results of BFT in children with normal auditory processing demonstrated satisfactory reliability by the Cronbach Alpha test. A statistically significant difference was seen in the mean scores of BFT in Tamil when comparing the groups. The present study offers novel normative data for the binaural fusion test in Tamil, which has not been previously documented in the existing literature. For children, the BFT in Tamil, which is a part of the CAPD test battery, can be used to find binaural interaction deficiencies.

Caries risk assessment on special needs children in Gianyar, Bali, Indonesia

Introduction: The prevalence of dental caries in Indonesia is considerably high and there is no significant improvement about that condition. Intensive care related with caries needs to be caried out, especially for special needs children. Those children have limited or even no ability to take care of their oral health and it will increase caries prevalence among them. The aim of this study is to investigate caries risk among special needs children in Gianyar, Bali, Indonesia. Methods: This is a descriptive cross sectional study which conducted on 101 pairs special needs children and their parents in Gianyar regency of Bali, Indonesia. The data was collected through questionnaire interview while intraoral assessment was done through direct intra oral examination of the special needs children. The questionnaire was an adaptation of CAMBRA Caries Risk Assessment and had gone through a validity test using Pearson Product Moment Test and a reliability test using Cronbach Alpha Test. Results: The result shows that 72.3% children are in high-risk category, 10.9% children are in extreme risk category, 8,9% children are in moderate risk category, and only 7.9% children are in low-risk category. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that the caries risk among special needs children in Gianyar regency of Bali, Indonesia is considerably high.

The Influence of Celebrity Endorsement on Customer Loyalty: A Case of Econet Wireless Company

This research investigates the influence of celebrity endorsement on customer loyalty, using the case of Econet Company. Most literature sources are available on developed countries, with a few on developing countries. A pragmatic philosophical approach involving the use of the exploratory, descriptive and explanatory research design was adopted to fully understand the research questions. Quantitative results were complemented by qualitative data obtained from interviews. In conducting the survey, a sample of 130 respondents was selected using the Krejice and Morgan (1970) sample estimation tables. The targeted respondents included the Econet Company customers. A Likert scale structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Spearman coefficient and multiple regression analysis were used to analyse data with the aid of the Social Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The Cronbach Alpha test was performed, and all the values were greater than 0.7, which was therefore accepted (Nunnally and Bernstein, 1994). It was revealed that independent variables (celebrity reliability, celebrity expertise) and the mediating variables (customer satisfaction and customer trustworthiness) have a positive influence on customer loyalty according to the Spearman Correlation test, which yielded a minimum correlation coefficient of 0.58 and a maximum of 0.78 leading to the rejection of the proposed null hypothesis. The study recommended that Econet Company select celebrity endorsers based on the celebrity’s reliability, attractiveness, and expertise, as this contributes significantly to customer satisfaction and trustworthiness, which will result in customer loyalty. Furthermore, Econet Company must perform a well-thought screening and choose wisely the celebrity endorsers who align correctly with the image and values of the company’s brands or products. It must also avoid using celebrities with any kind of negative publicity. The study contributed not only to the literature on celebrity endorsements but also to filling the gap in the literature, providing immense usage for these techniques. Finally, the conclusion suggests that further research be carried out on a larger sample size and done on another

An Assessment of the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Probiotics and Prebiotics among the Population of the United Arab Emirates.

Probiotics and prebiotics offer a range of advantageous effects on human health. The knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of individuals can impact their inclination to consume probiotics and prebiotics. The main objective of this study was to examine the KAP of the people in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) about probiotics and prebiotics consumption. Additionally, the study aimed to assess the impact of KAP and sociodemographic factors on the use of probiotics and prebiotics. In order to accomplish this objective, a verified online questionnaire was used with a five-point Likert scale and distributed using an online platform (Google Forms). A cross-sectional research, non-probability sampling was implemented, and G*Power statistical power analysis was used to estimate a sample size of 385 participants. A total of 408 replies were gathered. The population under study consisted of residents in the UAE between the ages of 18 to 64 years old, excluding populations under the age of 18 and those living outside the UAE. A total of 392 participants met the criteria for inclusion in this study. The research ethics committees of UAE University granted the study approval (ERSC_2024_4359), and the validity of the findings was confirmed through face-to-face interviews with around 50 individuals and a Cronbach's alpha test with result of 0.84. The statistical software SPSS version 29.0 for Mac OS was utilized to examine the relationships between KAP variables, including Chi-square tests and Pearson's correlation coefficients. The tests were selected based on their capacity to handle categorical and continuous data, respectively. The female population was 85.2% of the total, while the male population accounts for 14.8%. The age distribution of participants shows that the largest proportion, 68.4%, falls within the 18-24 age range. Out of the participants, 61.5% held a bachelor's degree. Most of the participants, 56.4%, were students, while 29.1% were employees. The average results indicate a significant inclination towards probiotics and prebiotics, as demonstrated by the scores above the midpoint for the six knowledge questions (M = 2.70), six attitude questions (M = 3.10), and six practice questions (M = 3.04). Several studies have examined this phenomenon; however, additional research comparing individuals in the UAE is necessary to fully comprehend the influence of KAP on the consumption of probiotics and prebiotics in the UAE.

The Influence of Merdeka Curriculum and Learning Motivation on Student’s Learning Outcomes

This research aims to determine and analyze: (1) The influence of the Merdeka curriculum on Student Learning Outcomes; (2) The influence of learning motivation on student learning outcomes; (3) The influence of the Merdeka curriculum and Learning Motivation together on student learning outcomes. This research was conducted at SMAN 1 Payaraman with a sample of 117 students. Data collection techniques use questionnaires and documentation. Test the validity of the data using the bivariate correlations test, and test the reliability using the Cronbach Alpha test. Test prerequisites for analysis using normality test, linearity test, and multicollinearity test. For data analysis use correlation test data analysis and linear regression test. The research results show that; (1) there is no significant influence between the Merdeka curriculum on student learning outcomes, (2) there is a significant influence between learning motivation on student learning outcomes at SMAN 1 Payaraman, (3) there is a joint influence between the Merdeka curriculum and learning motivation on student learning outcomes at SMAN 1 Payaraman with an influence of 6.7%. The remaining 93.3% is influenced by factors that are not variables in this research.

Questionnaire Study of Herbs Usage on Menstruation in Female Pre-University Students

Menstrual cycle and menstruation can be given definitions as both are studied biologically hence the production of many literatures throughout the years. Recently, herbal medications are used as an alternative to oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) to treat women fertility in general and several literatures can be found to prove the effectiveness of herbal medicines on menstruation. The objectives of this paper are to learn if the female pre-university students are aware of their menstrual cycle and to study the effects of herbs on menstrual cycle. This questionnaire study is conducted within a population of 108 female pre-university students by distributing a web-based questionnaire through a shortened link. Cronbach alpha test is done after transferring data in the IBM SPSS Statistics ver.25 to measure the internal consistency of a test or a scale. The result shows that only 7.41% have used herbal treatments. Further studies analysis needs to be done to identify the effectiveness of the herbal treatments used on menstrual cycle.