Crocodile Skin Research Articles

High-performance flexible pressure sensors with bionic dome-shaped fold structures inspired by crocodile skin

Flexible pressure sensors have drawn substantial community interest as a result of the advancement of contemporary technology. Inspired by the unique sensory organs of crocodiles, an ordered bionic dome-shaped fold structure array was prepared using a facile process in this paper, and electrical experiments confirmed the enhancement of the capabilities of piezoresistive flexible pressure sensors. The results revealed that this type of flexible pressure sensor presented a sensitivity of 8.87 kPa−1, could withstand a maximum pressure of 60 kPa, a minimum detection pressure of 10 Pa, a response time of 70 ms, and maintained stable performance under 5000 repeated presses. In addition, the flexible pressure sensors based on dome-shaped fold structure arrays have been successfully applied for human signal detection and plantar pressure monitoring system. The current research has significant implications for the manufacturing and practical applications of highly effective flexible pressure sensors.

Analisa Kerusakan Jalan Menggunakan Metode Asphalt Institute dan Penanganannya: Studi Kasus Jalan Raya Palembang-Jambi

The Palembang-Jambi highway is one of the national roads which is important for people's lives and regional economic development. However, the road experienced significant damage due to environmental factors, construction factors and usage factors. The aim to be achieved in this research is to determine the level of damage using the institutional asphalt method and find out what treatments can be carried out. This research was conducted using primary data and secondary data. Secondary data in this research is Palembang - Jambi Highway Research Stationing data, primary data obtained during the survey is geometric data on the length and width of the road, data on the type of road damage, data on the severity of road damage. Based on the research results, the results obtained were crocodile skin cracking damage = 0.382%, sinking = 0.679%, falling = 0.0004%, holes = 0.083%, longitudinal cracks = 0.955%, peeling = 0.0508%, total damage value = 2.157%, After carrying out the analysis, the condition value obtained = 97.843%, where the level of damage is relatively low and the type of maintenance is routine maintenance.

Exploring the most common lesion of Australian farmed saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) belly skin in the Northern Territory

This is the first descriptive study to characterise and identify the most common lesions on harvested Australian saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus). 88 skins were examined over a 17-month period as part of normal farming practices, 2901 lesions identified, with scale location, location of the lesion on the scale, and characteristics (contour, keratin normality, translucency and colour) recorded. The study determined that linear lesions accounted for 68.25 % of lesions followed by foci lesions 17.24 %. Lesions were distributed on the upper proportion of the belly skin (77.8 %) and along the midline (72 %). The most common lesion identified was a single translucent linear lesion across the scale that otherwise appeared normal (58.95 %). While there is extensive research into pathogenic agents, further research is recommended to explore further causation of linear lesions, and factors that may contribute to their prevention. Given the subjective nature of crocodile skin grading, it is recommended future research into lesions is required to ensure the sustainability and profitability of the industry.

Analisis Kelayakan Tanah Dasar Sebagai Subgrade Jalan Ditinjau Dari Kualitas Daya Dukung Tanah (Studi Kasus Ruas Jalan Anggrek Kota Kupang)

An area's function changes as a result of development, which is followed by an increase in vehicle traffic but not enough road capacity. This causes the road to break down quickly because the carrying capacity of the soil isn't strong enough to handle the volume of vehicles crossing it. The road construction will quickly suffer damage if the subgrade has a low carrying capacity. The current damage to the Anggrek road makes driving uncomfortable from a visual perspective. The road section was damaged, according to field observations, with crocodile skin cracks, longitudinal cracks, subsidence, furrows, and potholes. Based on laboratory tests, the purpose of this study was to examine the damage to the Anggrek road caused by the quality of the soil's carrying capacity. The quantitative analysis and interpretation of the soil test result data is the research method. The analysis reveals that the subgrade soil on the Anggrek road in Kupang City is of the fine-grained organic clay type and has moderate to high plasticity. It is also easily influenced by water and the season or weather, so the water content can easily rise or fall. It is also easy to change the volume of soil content depending on the water content. The CBR value of the soil is low, and it does not meet the requirements outlined in the BM Specifications 2018 Rev 2 of 2020. The assessment

Analisis Faktor Penyebab Kerusakan Dan Perbaikan Jalan Raya Balongbendo Sta 34 + 000 – Sta 39 + 000 Kabupaten Sidoarjo Menggunakan Metode Bina Marga

This research is motivated by types of road damage, index values ​​and solutions to repair damage that occurs on Jalan Raya Balongbendo. The aim of this research is to identify types of damage, calculate index values, and analyze solutions in repairing damage that occurs on Jalan Raya Balongbendo. The method in this research is Bina Marga 1990 by collecting data from location survey results and secondary data. The research results showed that the types of damage that occurred on Jalan Raya Balongbendo were Edge Cracks, Crocodile Skin Cracks, Holes and Patches. From the calculation data obtained based on the road condition values, a periodic maintenance and routine maintenance program was taken.

Analisis Indeks Kerusakan Jalan Pada Ruas Jalan Raya Brangkal Kabupaten Mojokerto Dengan Metode Bina Marga

This research is motivated by types of road damage, index values ​​and solutions to repair damage that occurs on Jalan Raya Balongbendo. The aim of this research is to identify types of damage, calculate index values, and analyze solutions in repairing damage that occurs on Jalan Raya Balongbendo. The method in this research is Bina Marga 1990 by collecting data from location survey results and secondary data. The research results showed that the types of damage that occurred on Jalan Raya Balongbendo were Edge Cracks, Crocodile Skin Cracks, Holes and Patches. From the calculation data obtained based on the road condition values, a periodic maintenance and routine maintenance program was taken.

EVALUATION OF THE LEVEL OF ROAD DAMAGE IN JELIDRO II-KUWUKAN-SAMBIKEREP ROADS USING THE PAVEMENT CONDITION INDEX (PCI) AND BINA MARGA METHOD

The road is a facility for land transportation that serves regional development. The deterioration of road quality can pose constraints on economic and social activities and endanger road users. Small damages can escalate if not promptly addressed, leading to losses. This reasearch aims to determine the type and level of damage on Jelidro II – Kuwukan - Sambikerep Roads STA 0+000 to STA 1+600. There are two methods for obtaining road condition values in this research, the methods are Pavement Condition Index method and the Bina Marga method. On the section of Jelidro II – Kuwukan - Sambikerep Roads, 8 types of damage were found, those are crocodile skin cracks, grade depression, edge cracks, potholes, patches, longitudinal cracks, slip cracks, and ravelling. The results of calculating the road condition value using the PCI method is 63,6 where the road is included in the good category. Calculations using the Bina Marga method get a priority order of 9. The two methods show that the road has the same type of treatment, that is a routine maintenance program with repair methods that can be carried out, namely surface layers such as asphalt resurfacing and patching holes. Keywords: Road Damage; PCI method; Bina Marga method.

Study on eutectic-oxidation coupling reaction of Cr-Zr system in high temperature steam environment

The isothermal steam oxidation behavior of Cr-coated Zr-1Nb alloy at 1350 ℃ and 1400 ℃ was investigated. The temperatures are above the Cr-Zr eutectic temperature. The reliability of the experimental setup and methodology was confirmed by conducting isothermal steam oxidation experiments on bare Zr-1Nb specimens at 1100∼1400 ℃, and the corresponding oxidation kinetics correlation was obtained. After the eutectic-oxidation reaction, the surface of the coated specimens exhibited a “crocodile skin” morphology composed of “ridges” and “hollows”, which was attributed to the non-uniform eutectic reaction. Due to the much higher O affinity of Zr compared to Cr, and the higher solubility of Cr in β-Zr compared to α-Zr(O) and ZrO2, the ZrO2 and α-Zr(O) layers initially grew on the Cr-Zr eutectic during oxidation. Cr continuously diffused inward and eventually precipitated as Cr-rich phases within the metallic matrix. Three types of Cr-rich phases were observed, with varying oxygen content and reflecting the oxidation process of the Cr-rich phases. The Cr-rich phases were ultimately oxidized into a mixture of Cr2O3 and ZrO2. The parabolic weight gain rates for the oxidation of Cr-Zr eutectic are compared with the oxidation kinetics correlation derived from the bare Zr-1Nb specimens, and the model applicability of the oxidation kinetics correlations of Zr alloys in the simulations of Cr-Zr eutectic-oxidation reaction is discussed.

Identification of Road Pavement Conditions in the Tanjung Balai City Road Section

Each region will try to increase its original income and the quality of existing infrastructure in that area. In order to realize this goal, quality infrastructure is needed to support economic development activities and good quality infrastructure. One of the infrastructure needed in this case is the road, where the intended road must have good conditions and quality so that it can function as it should. Where the condition of a good road is a road with good condition is a road with a completely flat pavement surface, no waves and no surface damage. For this reason, it is necessary to identify the condition of the pavement on existing roads in an area, so that the main goal of increasing income and infrastructure can be realized. One of the cities that can be used as a reference for identifying road pavement conditions is the City of Tanjung Balai, where the City of Tanjung Balai is located between 2°58′00″ North Latitude and 99°48′00″ East Longitude. Its area is 60.52 km2. The city of Tanjung Balai also has the longest bridge in the province of North Sumatra along ± 600 m which connects the city of Tanjung Balai with the villages of Sei Kepayang Kiri, Sei Kepayang Tengah to the upstream area in Sei Kepayang Kanan, Asahan district. Identification of road pavement conditions can be done using several methods, one of several methods that can be used is the PCI (Pavement Condition Index) method. Where this method is carried out by measuring the area of road surface damage, determining the level of damage to the road surface by looking at the Deduct Value chart, calculating level of damage occurs on the road surface (density), calculating Total Deduct Value (TDV), calculating Corrected Deduct Value (CDV), calculating PCI values and determining the level of the road, whether it is still feasible or not feasible. From the identification results it was found that on A. Rahman Road, there are several types of damage with varying levels of damage and the deduct value can be determined by looking at the graph, such as holes/potholes (low) damage, shoving with high damage, ravelling with high damage, basin cracks with high damage. Then on SMA 3 Road, there are several types of damage such as high crocodile skin cracks, patch damage with high damage levels, medium damage (medium) damage to basins. Next on Prof. Dr. Ir. Sutami / Education road there are types of holes / potholes (low) damage, grade depression with medium damage, patches with medium (medium) damage levels, ravelling with medium damage levels. And on Husni Thamrin Road, there are several types of damage such as holes/potholes (low) damage, basin cracks with high damage, ravelling with high damage levels. The results of this identification can be used as a reference for maintaining or improving the quality of existing roads in urban areas.

Analysis of Types of Flexible Pavement Damage Using the Pavement Condition Index Method

Roads are land transportation infrastructure that is very important in facilitating economic relations and other social activities. If road damage occurs, it will not only result in the obstruction of other economic and social activities but can also cause accidents for road users. The aim of this research is to explain the types of damage to the surface layer of flexible pavement and to find out the index value of the pavement condition index for Jalan Kreteg-Lebak Jaya based on the PCI (Pavement Condition Index) method so that the results can be used in preparing road maintenance programs. The results of this research in segment 1 showed 4 types of damage, namely edge cracks, patches, holes, weathering, and loose granules, with a PCI value of 22, very poor pavement conditions using this type of treatment. reconstruction/recycling. In segment 2, there were 4 types of damage, namely edge cracks, patches, holes, weathering, and loose granules with a PCI value of 26 in poor pavement conditions using the type of reconstruction or recycling treatment. In segment 3, there were 3 types of damage: holes, slip cracks, weathering, and loose granules with a PCI value of 46. Fair pavement conditions using reconstruction or recycling treatment in segment 4, there were 4 types of damage, namely crocodile skin cracks, edge cracks, holes, weathering, and loose granules, with a PCI value of 29 for poor pavement conditions using the type of reconstruction or recycling treatment.

Daur Ulang Penggunaan Aspal Panas Retak Kulit Buaya Yang Digunakan Pada Lapis Perkerasan

Most of the road construction prosecesses in Indonesia still use convenrional methods, namely using large amounts of aggregate and asphalt, if this is done continuously it use of Reclaimed Asphalt (Cracked Crocodile Skin Asphalt), which is used hot mix material resulting from clod milling exfoliation. This research includes testing the aggregate and Marshall characteristics which were carried out at the Civil Engineering Laboratory Bosowa University. This study aims to determine the characeristics of asphalt mixture (AC-WC) using Reclaimed Asphalt ( Cracked Crocodile Skin Asphalt). As for the addition of new asphalt to Cracked Crocodile Skin Asphalt, namely 1.77%, 2.27%, 2.77%, 3.27%, 3.77% with 1 x 24 hour immersion. This results showed that the addition of new asphalt and immersion would affect the result of the Marshall test.

USAHA EKONOMI KREATIF BERBASIS KEARIFAN LOKAL DAN KORELASINYA DENGAN KESETARAAN GENDER DI KOTA MERAUKE

The creative economy sector is one of the business fields for local communities, besides that it can also be a job opportunity for women, especially housewives. Merauke City is famous for its various local wisdom so that it can be a business opportunity for creative economy actors. For this reason, this study aims to identify forms of creative economy businesses based on local wisdom and their relevance to gender equality in the community in the city of Merauke. The approach used in this study is qualitative descriptive. While the techniques used are observation, interviews, and documentation. While the data analysis techniques used are data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. Based on the results of the research conducted, several forms of creative economy businesses were found carried out by the community in the city of Merauke, including; Noken making, rattan weaving crafts, mebel, making wallets and bags from crocodile skin, and crafts from agarwood. The income generated from creative businesses based on local wisdom varies and greatly helps the family's economy. Meanwhile, women's involvement in the creative economy of the community is still in the business of making noken and crocodile skin craftsmen. However, these can be small steps taken by women in terms of involving themselves in the public sphere, especially in the aspect of earning work.

JENIS KERUSAKAN JALAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE PCI PADA LOKASI JALAN PALAPA RAYA SEPANJANG 7 KM DI DESA TANJUNG PASIR KECAMATAN PEMULUTAN KABUPATEN OGAN ILIR

Types of Road Damage Using the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) Method (Case Study:Palapa Raya Street, Pemulutan Sta.0+000s/d0+7000) a system for assessing road damage conditions based on the type and level of damage that occurs, and can be used as a reference in business road maintenance. High traffic loads cause a lot of damage, thus disrupting driving comfort and safety. The aim of this research is to assess the condition of damage to Palapa Raya Street, Pemulutan Sta. 1+300 to 1+400. The research was carried out visually using the Pavement Condition Index method. Palapa Raya Road with a length of 7 km is divided into several segments with a size of 70m per segment. Each segment is evaluated by measuring dimensions, identifying the type and level of damage to obtain a PCI value. The results of the analysis show that the damage that occurred included cracked crocodile skin, obesity, aggregate wear, and holes. Average PCI value for Jalan Palapa Raya Sta. Sta.0+000s/d0+7000 is categorized as being in very bad condition (Very poor), so it needs serious treatment from the government to immediately carry out repairs before the damage becomes worse.

Analisis Kerusakan Jalan dan Penanganannya Pada Ruas Jalan Timor Raya Km. 4 – Km. 7

The existence of highways is very necessary to support the pace of economic growth, agriculture, and other sectors. Given the important benefits, it is for this reason that the road construction and maintenance sector is a priority to be researched and developed in implementation planning, as well as maintenance. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of the Pavement Condition Index (PCI), identify the factors causing damage to Jalan Raya Timor Km.4-Km.7 and find out the type of repair according to the type and level of damage to Jalan Raya Timor Km.4 - Km.7. The average PCI value for Jalan Timor Raya Km.4 - Km.7 was 59.67 and there were 6 types of damage that occurred on Jalan Timor Raya Km.4 - Km.7, Oesapa Village, Kupang City, namely grain release, holes, crocodile skin cracks, bleeding, corrugation and collapse. The percentage of damage that occurs according to the type of damage is Grain Release 17.29%, Collapse 40.61%, Bleeding 31.72%, Crocodile Skin Cracks 2.44%, Holes. Factors causing damage to Jalan Timor Raya Km.4 – Km.7 include: Excessive vehicle loads so that the strength of the bottom structure of the road pavement or the road pavement structure itself is not able to carry it, poor compaction implementation, uneven or excessive use of asphalt and traffic that clears before the pavement is firmly used.

Evaluation of Road Pavement Performance and Conditions Simp. Duku (Ketaping) – Pariaman Section

Road section Simp. Duku (Ketaping) - Pariaman is one of the strategic routes in the area of ​​West Sumatra Province. This road section has the potential to be developed because it is a fast lane to the Minangkabau International Airport and the City of Padang as the center of government for the Province of West Sumatra. This study aims to determine the performance of the Simp. Duku (Ketaping) – Pariaman seen from the level of service which refers to MKJI 1997 and the value of road pavement conditions at STA 16+420 to STA 20+500 refers to the PCI (Pavement Condition Index). From the research results for the Performance of Jalan Simp. Duku (Ketaping) - Pariaman is at service level D (0.91 <93) during peak hours (17-00 to 18.00 WIB). Meanwhile, from the analysis conditions of Pavement use the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method, a PCI value of 53.69 was obtained, which means that the pavement condition was generally poor, dominated by grain ejection damage (63.23%) and crocodile skin crack damage (20.75%). ). For handling of road pavement conditions, after being correlated with the Pavement Condition Index (IKP) from the Ministry of Public Works, the type of handling is Reconstruction / Recycling.

Analisis Kerusakan Jalan menggunakan Metode Asphalt Institute

Pavement is a hard layer of skin (surface) that is placed on a soil formation after the completion of earthworks, or it can also be defined as a structure that separates the wheels of the vehicle from the subgrade. Road damage is a condition where the structural and functional roads are no longer able to provide optimal service to the traffic that crosses the road. Claret road, which is located in East Penfui Village, Kupang Regency, is the main route that connects several hamlets in East Penfui Village, namely hamlets 3, 4 and 5. Within these hamlets there are densely packed housing. Damage is starting to appear on this road from Sta 0–Sta 800. Visible damage includes longitudinal cracks, crocodile skin cracks, curling, loose grains, holes, poor drainage, and low quality of driving comfort. Using the asphal institute method, an average condition value of 54.86 was obtained, requiring additional types of patch and layer handling.

Studi Analisa Kerusakan Jalan Menggunakan Metode Bina Marga dan Pavement Conditian Index (Studi Kasus : Ruas Jalan Napal Peranap)

Assessment of road surface conditions is a form of road maintenance and repair efforts. The two methods used in assessing road conditions are the Bina Marga method and the PCI (Pavement Condition Index) method. This study aims to compare the condition values ​​of the Peranap Napal road sections based on the two methods. The types of damage that can be found on the Napal Peranap road section are 7 types of damage consisting of: crocodile skin cracks (1.66%), elongated cracks (0.16%), edge cracks (0.08%), road joint cracks (0.01%), fillings (0.74%), holes (0.02%) and grain discharge (3.62%) with a total damage area of ​​2644.02 m2 or (6.30%) of 42000 m2 the area of ​​the Peranap Napal road studied. The Bina Marga method obtained a Priority Order (UP) value of 4 (included in the periodic maintenance program), while the PCI method obtained a damage level value of 66.16 (in fair condition with yellow color). The results of these two methods turned out to produce relatively the same assessment, namely the condition of the road section still required maintenance and repair, including: providing additional layers, making and repairing drainage, widening and compacting the shoulders, filling gaps with a mixture of asphalt and sand, and dismantling the pavement layer. and then re-coated with the same material.
 

ANALISIS KERUSAKAN JALAN DENGAN METODE PCIDAN BINA MARGA JALAN NAGARI KOTO KACIAK KABUPATEN PASAMAN

Roads are land transportation infrastructure that has a very important role in the land transportation sector that supports the continuity of the distribution of goods and services to encourage economic growth in an area. Good road conditions will facilitate community activities, if there is road damage, community activities will be hindered so that accidents can occur. The purpose of this study was to determine the types of damage and the pavement index value for Nagari Koto Kaciak road, Pasaman Regency, so that it could compare the value of the condition of the Nagari Koto Kaciak road, Pasaman Regency based on two predetermined methods. The method used is the PCI (Pavement Condition Index) method and the Bina Marga method. Assessment of road conditions in the PCI method is ranked from 0-100 while the Bina Marga method is based on the order of road priority with a value range of 0-7. Types of damage found on Nagari Koto Kaciak road, Pasaman Regency along a length of 2 km, included holes, crocodile skin cracks, patches, block cracks and side cracks. In the PCI method the average value obtained is 66.31 which is a good road condition. In the Bina Marga method, the priority order value is 6, meaning that the road is under periodic maintenance. After comparing the results of the research on the condition of the Nagari Koto Kaciak road, Pasaman Regency with the two methods, it turns out that the results and values are almost the same, namely the condition of the road is still in good condition but requires maintenance so as not to worsen road conditions.

Crocodile Skin‐Inspired Protective Composite Textiles with Pattern‐Controllable Soft‐Rigid Unified Structures (Adv. Funct. Mater. 12/2023)

Soft-Rigid Unified Structure Textile In article number 2213419, Swee Ching Tan, Songlin Zhang, Yan Ma, and co-workers developed a composite textile with a soft-rigid unified structure (SRUS) design inspired by crocodile skin. The SRUS textile combines excellent protective properties and wearing comfort, providing a new approach to personal protective equipment development. The study shows the potential of biomimetic design in creating innovative functional textiles.

Penanganan Kerusakan Jalan dengan Menggunakan Metode Pavement Condition Index

Highways are one of the land transportation infrastructures that are very important in aspects of human activity, so that road conditions are expected to provide a sense of security and comfort for users of highway infrastructure. However, along with the increasing population in the Medan City area, the need for transportation facilities has also increased, causing a decrease in the quality of the highways which has an impact on road damage caused by roads that are burdened with high volumes of traffic repeatedly. In this study, each type of damage was measured directly in the field and analyzed using the Pavement Condition Index method and the Bina Marga method as an alternative for damage management. Based on the results of this study, the level of damage to the flexible pavement that occurred on Jalan Willem Iskandar, was that there were 7 types of damage, namely crocodile skin cracks, longitudinal cracks, transverse cracks, patches, holes, subsidence, and overturns. The overall average pavement condition index (PCI) value on the Williem Iskandar road is 64.08% with good conditions so that an alternative repair that is appropriate to the damaged conditions is to carry out maintenance per unit segment with reference to the Directorate General of Highways Standard Repair Method.