Critical Infrastructure Facilities Research Articles

СТАН МОСТОВОГО ГОСПОДАРСТВА УКРАЇНИ НА ДОРОГАХ ЗАГАЛЬНОГО КОРИСТУВАННЯ ДЕРЖАВНОГО ЗНАЧЕННЯ НА ПІДКОНТРОЛЬНИХ ТЕРИТОРІЯХ ЗА 2023 РІК

Introduction. Bridges are important critical infrastructure facilities; they play a key role in economic development and ensure the security of regions and the state as a whole. During the period of martial law, bridges became an important element of the country's defense capability, as well as routes for humanitarian evacuation and export logistics. To make effective management decisions at the level of the State Agency for the Restoration and Development of Infrastructure of Ukraine in the field of bridge management, the Analytical Expert Bridge Management System (AESUM) software package is being implemented. Problem statement. In connection with the introduction of martial law in Ukraine, ensuring the proper functioning of the bridge sector has become of great social importance, since the availability of sustainable transport links allows to ensure the vital activity of the population and the functioning of the state under martial law. It is also important to improve the strategy of operation of transport facilities, taking into account the scientific and analytical apparatus of the AESUM software package. Objective. Implementation of an effective strategy for the operation of bridges on highways in order to plan financial resources for their repair and maintenance. Providing the general public with up-to-date statistical information on bridges from AESUM will be useful for scientific and practical purposes, and identifying certain analytical trends will allow to improve AESUM in terms of forming a strategy for the operation of transport facilities. Materials and methods. Analytical, statistical, system analysis. Results. The paper presents analytical and statistical information on transport facilities on public roads of national importance in the controlled territories of Ukraine as of the end of 2023. Certain trends have been identified and the technical condition of transport facilities has been focused on.

Reforming the structure and models of privatization

The article is devoted to the monitoring of the economic situation in Ukraine, the activities of control bodies and the coverage of approaches to reforming the ownership structure based on privatization processes. The analysis of the situation occurring in the field of privatization characterizes their complexity, which is caused by the state of war and instability in the state, the spread of illegal possession of state property and other destabilizing factors used by the structures of the aggressor country to achieve their own goals. The need for further localization of shadow privatization schemes is determined by the growth of the share of foreign capital in strategic sectors of the economy and in critical infrastructure facilities, which is one of the greatest modern threats to the economic sphere of Ukraine, which is dangerous for the economic independence of Ukraine. In the framework of stabilization privatization, the need to take into account not only national legislation, but also international norms, in particular the provisions of the OECD Declaration «On International Investments and Multinational Enterprises», which deals with the national regime, conflicting requirements for corporations and international investments, which should be applied in current conditions and in the post- war period of Ukraine. In this regard, it is worth defining a state body that will competently and competently manage Russian assets that are subject to sanctions and that will be transferred by partner countries after they are unfrozen for the restoration of our state according to the standards of sovereign funds or national welfare funds. Post-war privatization should contain an evolutionary basis and attention to national assets, especially in basic industries and relatively non-renewable resources that belong to the citizens of Ukraine. Thus, a clear balance is necessary between the needs of the country in the person of its institutions and the rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen, which are guaranteed and narrowing of their content is not allowed when adopting new laws or making changes to existing laws. It is worth preserving the foundations of Article 41 of the Constitution of Ukraine, which stipulates that everyone has the right to own, use and dispose of their property, and no one can be unlawfully deprived of the right to property, which is inviolable and guaranteed by Article 1 of the «First Protocol to the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and fundamental freedoms». Thus, the design of the future privatization should also take into account the elements of the historical privatization part, which began with the recognition of Ukraine’s independence and is regulated by the provisions of the Decree of the President of Ukraine «On the procedure for allocating lands transferred to collective ownership to agricultural enterprises and organizations» dated August 8, 1995 No. 720, which are still in force today remain relevant in view of today’s challenges (focusing on threats to food security) and sometimes require the intervention of regulatory and law enforcement agencies, since without the past there is no future.

Features of liability for cyber-attacks in EU countries

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of responsibility for cyber-attacks in the countries of the European Union. It is noted that cyber-attacks on state bodies can be a component of cyber war or hybrid war and at the same time pose a threat to national and global security, as they can lead to the leakage of important information, disrupt the operation of state systems and lead to various negative consequences. So, for example, in Europe, the main goals of hackers from 2022, in addition to Ukraine, became Poland, the Baltic countries, Northern Europe and Germany. The share of cyberattacks on European Union (EU) countries increased from about 10% in the first quarter of 2022 to almost 50% in 2023. In total, 162 cyber-attacks were carried out on Ukraine in 2022; to Poland – 114; Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia – 157; Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland – 95, Germany – 57.
 An increase in the activity of cyber-attacks on the networks of the energy sector, the diplomatic corps, law enforcement agencies, the defense complex, state enterprises and media companies has been established. The main goal of these attacks is to damage the country’s critical infrastructure. Globally, there has been a steady trend towards an increase in the number of targeted cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure facilities in recent years. And therefore, in connection with the possible negative consequences in the case of the implementation of cyber-attacks, it is important to note that ensuring the effective functioning of the country’s cyber defense system remains a high-priority task. Each year underscores the urgency of this challenge as threats in cyberspace continue to grow and become more highly specialized.
 It was concluded that their public attribution will be important for determining possible responsibility in the countries of the European Union for a cyber-attack, which will include the identification and public announcement of who is behind a specific cyber-attack that affects state, commercial or other objects.

STRATEGIC GUIDELINES AND THE ROLE OF HUMAN CAPITAL FOR RESTORATION OF THE FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC SECURITY OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE CONDITIONS OF BANI WORLD AND INDUSTRY 4.0

The purpose of the study was to determine strategic guidelines and specify the role of human capital for restoring the financial and economic security of critical infrastructure in the conditions of BANI World and Industry 4.0. Method. In the research process, such methods were used as content analysis of scientific sources and literature, generalization, systematization and addition of the work of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of clarifying the role of human capital in the restoration of economic systems, as well as in establishing the influence of trends in the modern world on the quality of human capital and on its ability to positively influence the development of Ukraine's economy and the restoration of the financial and economic security of its critical infrastructure in the post-war period. A graphic method of visualization of individual provisions, assumptions and conclusions obtained in the research process is used. The results. It has been established that the financial and economic security of critical infrastructure facilities is an important economic characteristic of national security. A high level of financial and economic security of strategically important enterprises means their ability to withstand economic risks, to be independent of external financing, to carry out effective financial and economic activity even in a situation of significant resource limitations, which will certainly be characteristic of the post-war economy. Although European partners and the whole world promise Ukraine financial support in the process of its recovery after the war, critical infrastructure enterprises in the economic plane must be characterized by a high level of functional independence, and therefore, the problem of their financial and economic security must be solved at the levels of top management and the state without the involvement of third parties or organizations. The vectors of influence of Industry 4.0 and the world of BANI on the critical infrastructure of the state are summarized. The role of human capital in restoring the financial and economic security of critical infrastructure objects is outlined. Scientific novelty. Strategic guidelines for restoring the financial and economic security of critical infrastructure in the conditions of BANI World and Industry 4.0 are proposed. Practical significance. The proposals presented in the study can serve as a supplement to the state policy of post-war recovery and development of the economy of Ukraine in terms of managing its critical infrastructure and can be used by critical infrastructure objects when developing their own financial and economic security management strategies.

Determination of technogenic risks when using various water purification technologies

In modern conditions, ensuring the reliability and safety of water supply systems is a primary task for the industrial economy and the safety of life of the population of Ukraine. Constant bombing and damage to critical infrastructure facilities, including water management facilities, endangers the stability and quality of the country's water resources. In this context, conducting research on the identification of man-made risks in water treatment systems using various technologies, as well as developing strategies to increase the reliability and safety of operation of water supply systems are becoming relevant for the industrial sector of Ukraine. In order to increase the reliability of water treatment units and their operational safety, man-made risks were investigated when using ion exchange, electrodialysis, and water distillation technologies at thermal power plants. It is shown that during normal operation of the ion-exchange water purification system with an average productivity of 400 m3/h, in the case of frequent changes in the concentration of salts at the inlet, the risk of receiving underpurified water is 0.0783. This value must be taken into account for the assessment of economic and social-ecological risks, since it exceeds the generally accepted value of 0.01. When using electrodialysis water purification and frequent changes in the concentration of salts at the inlet, the risk of receiving underpurified water is 0.0271. This value is also greater than 0.01 risk accepted as acceptable. The water distillation technology has enough margin to compensate for any deviations in the purification process and gives a very low risk. However, the distillation process is more effective in removing only soluble impurities, while in the case of suspended substances, in particular of organic origin, there is a risk of exceeding the limit of 0.01.

INSTITUTIONAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE DIRECTION OF INCREASING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE STATE POLICY OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION

The article analyzes modern features of state policy in the field of critical infrastructure protection. Attention is focused on the need for institutional transformations in the direction of improving efficiency, transparency, responsibility and responding to new security challenges in the conditions of a hybrid war with the Russian Federation.
 The practice of protecting critical infrastructure facilities in developed countries has been studied. It was determined that its priority is the actualization of the predicate of stability of critical infrastructure objects. The content of normative and legal acts of Ukraine in this area was analyzed. A number of provisions have been identified that allow the adjustment of the domestic security doctrine to the European vector of stability.
 Within the perspective of the development of the concept of sustainability, the intention of «critical infrastructure stakeholders» is substantiated. This opens up the prospects of creating transparent conditions for ensuring the annihilation of state institutions of power, state protection systems, the private sector, educational and scientific institutions and other stakeholders of critical infrastructure to the National System of Critical Infrastructure Protection at the next levels of management. The possible levels of such cooperation are determined.
 Modern scientific works were analyzed, which studied the prospects of changing the paradigm of protection and stability to the paradigm of resilience. The complex of institutional transformations is proposed to be expanded due to the application within the framework of the functioning of the National Critical Infrastructure Protection System of the process of determining and analyzing the range of risks that the country faces in the spheres of critical infrastructure functioning. The transformation of institutional protection systems is considered through the prism of systemic determinants, among which physical protection and defense, cyber protection and defense, preventive measures of protection and defense, and an educational and scientific approach are highlighted.
 The system of organization at the state level of conducting regular interdisciplinary trainings on the operational response to emergency situations at facilities has been studied. It is proposed to increase clarity in the delineation of responsibility for project threats and to strengthen control over compliance with the systematicity of interdisciplinary training. On the basis of the extrapolations of scientists' hypotheses and the results of the author's research, a proposal was made to systematize the main proposals for institutional transformations in the direction of increasing the effectiveness of the state policy for the protection of critical infrastructure in the form of a Preventive concept of resilience of critical infrastructure objects.

Некоторые вопросы управления рисками реализации угроз безопасности информации

The article proposes an approach to assessing the risks of information security of automated technological process control systems, state information systems, municipal information systems, personal data information systems and critical information infrastructure facilities based on the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of protection of these types of information systems, the draft of State Standard R ISO/IEC 27005, planned to be adopted in the near future, and standards for risk assessment within the framework of processes in the life cycle State Standards 59329-59357 published in 2021. These standards are based on State Standard R 57193-2016, which describes the life cycle processes of human-made systems. The problem of processing residual risk in relation to unacceptable risks was considered, after the analysis of which another principle of safety management was proposed. A methodology for assessing confidence in the risk management system was obtained, with the help of which it is necessary to build a risk management system at the objects of critical information infrastructure.

ENERGY POTENTIAL OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AT POWERFUL BOILER HOUSES OF UKRAINE IN CONDITIONS OF MILITARY AGGRESSION

The Integrated Power System of Ukraine (IPS) is purposefully destroyed by the russian aggressor and suffers significant damage, which has caused long-term emergency interruptions in the power supply of critical infrastructure facilities, enterprises and the population. One of the ways to increase the stability of the IPS of Ukraine is to increase the share of distributed generation in its composition. The conceptual idea of solving this problem is the transformation of existing critical infrastructure objects from electricity consumers into electricity producers/suppliers who will provide their own electricity needs and the needs of other electricity consumers. Boiler houses of centralized heat supply systems (DHS) of Ukrainian cities with their existing electric power and fuel infrastructure can become such objects in wartime conditions. The author proposes the widespread introduction of energy-efficient cogeneration gas-piston units (CGPUs) at boiler houses of the DHS. The container-type CGPU is a typical mass-produced equipment that is manufactured in Ukraine and abroad and has a short implementation period (up to 5 days from the date of delivery to the industrial site of the boiler house). The high maneuverability of the CGPUs allows for an increase the flexibility of the IPS of Ukraine. The article presents the main technical and economic indicators of distributed generation with the use of CGPU at existing boiler houses for further national planning of the development of distributed generation during the martial law and post-war reconstruction of Ukraine. The application of CGPU at boiler houses of the DHS of Ukrainian cities has the potential to provide additional distributed generation with a total capacity of up to 2365.7 MW, in particular, 1224.8 MW at 158 boiler houses with a thermal capacity of 100 Gcal/h and more (612 CGPUs with an average unit electric power of 2.0 MW each); 561.9 MW at 409 boiler houses from 20 to 100 Gcal/h (803 CGPUs of 0.7 MW each); 561.9 MW in 2101 boiler houses from 3 to 20 Gcal/h (4136 CGPUs of 0.14 MW each). Under the conditions of 8 hours a day of use of the installed capacity of CGPUs, 567.8 thousand MWh of electricity will be produced every month at the boiler houses of the DHS (taking into account the consumption of the boiler houses for their own needs and release to the network to other consumers) and 136–142 million cubic meters of natural gas will be consumed. According to the average specific cost of modular CGPU (turnkey supply) from 800 to 950 USD/kW of installed electric capacity, capital costs for implementing the CGPUs with a total capacity of 2,365.7 MW will amount to USD 1.89–2.25 billion. Bibl. 31, Fig. 3.

Theoretical and methodological approaches to the management of cyber security risks at critical infrastructure objects: response to cyber incidents and crisis managemen

The research is devoted to analyzing and developing theoretical and methodological recommendations for cybersecurity risk management at critical infrastructure facilities. The paper defines and describes the cyber risk management process, identifies cyber challenges, and considers the cyber risk management system. Recommendations include expanding cooperation, improving monitoring systems, staff training, legal regulation, and participation in international initiatives. These measures are aimed at improving the effectiveness of cyber risk management to ensure national security.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЯ УЯЗВИМОСТИ КРИТИЧЕСКОГО ЭЛЕМЕНТА ДЛЯ ОЦЕНКИ СНИЖЕНИЯ ПОЖАРНОГО РИСКА

Рассмотрено использование интегрального показателя уязвимости критического элемента (ПУКЭ) для оценки снижения пожароопасности и разработки соответствующих мер безопасности. Представлен методический подход к определению ПУКЭ и оценке пожарного риска на основе этого показателя. ПУКЭ представляет собой комбинацию вероятности возникновения пожара и последствий, которые он может вызвать. Чем выше значение ПУКЭ, тем более уязвим критический элемент и, следовательно, выше риск возникновения пожара. Отмечена важность данного подхода и приведены примеры его применения в различных сферах деятельности. In accordance with the requirements of the Federal Law 256-FZ “On the safety of fuel and energy complex facilities” dated 21 July 2011 it is necessary to analyze the vulnerability of critical elements of the facility from an act of unlawful interference. The facilities associated with the processing of oil and petroleum products are the ones with the largest fires among all critical infrastructure facilities. Thus, it is most important to calculate and reduce the fire risk at such facilities. According to Federal Law 123-FZ “Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements” dated 22 July 2008, fire risk is a measure of the possibility of implementing a fire hazard situation and its consequences for both humans and material values. However, the methodology for calculating the fire risk at industrial facilities stated in the Order of EMERCOM of Russia No. 404 dated 10 July 2009 “On approval of the methodology for determining calculated values of fire risk at production facilities”, takes into account only the consequences for humans. So there is introduced a new concept – “integral normalized index of fire vulnerability” (hereinafter referred to as “fire vulnerability index”). Goals and objectives. Calculate the fire risk value, as well as the value of the “fire vulnerability index”. Elaborate the measures to reduce fire risk. Analyze the effectiveness of elabirated measures. Methods. To calculate the fire risk value, there were used the data obtained during the categorisation of the hazardous production facility. On the basis of these data, a "vulnerability analysis" was carried out with respect to critical elements of the facility. For the discovered "vulnerable critical element" the value of fire risk and "value of fire vulnerability" was calculated. The compensating measures were developed in accordance with Federal Law 123 and also fire risk and "value of fire vulnerability" were recalculated. Results and their discussion. The fire risk calculations show that there is an exceedance of the permissible value at the object under study. According to the results of categorisation, the facility was assigned an "medium" hazard category. The reduction of the fire risk value after the developed measures was 97 %. And the reduction of the "fire vulnerability index" was 69.8%. Conclusion. The developed measures allowed significantly reducing the fire risk value, which indicates a strict necessity for their installation and presence at the studied facility. Based on a reduction in “fire vulnerability”, the financial department of the enterprise can more objectively form a financial reserve. And based on “fire vulnerability”, it is possible to more accurately form insurance payments for facilities with a “high” potential hazard category.

Analysis of the state of development of the issue of protection of critical infrastructure facilities using engineered munitions

The Russian-Ukrainian war at the stage of full-scale invasion has shown that one of the most difficult tasks of ensuring the survivability of troops and the functioning of critical infrastructure is to protect them from high-precision weapons, namely cruise and ballistic missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles.
 The experience of warfare shows that the existing domestic air defense systems do not fully defeat air targets, while highly effective foreign-made air defense systems are supplied in insufficient quantities, and the created mobile fire groups to destroy air targets are not always effective. In these circumstances, it is advisable to consider new integrated approaches to the use of various types of weapons in the active defense of troops and critical infrastructure against air attack.
 The complex construction of a system of active defense of troops and critical infrastructure against air attack is possible with the use of several types of weapons. Based on the analysis of the enemy's use of missiles of various classes and Shahed-type attack unmanned aerial vehicles, the paper proposes the use of engineered munitions as one of the means of defeating moving air targets that fly low at low speed. The use of special engineered ammunition will make it possible to increase the range of low-flying air targets and increase the likelihood of their defeat. This will improve the effectiveness of the existing system of protecting troops and critical infrastructure from air attack.
 The paper analyzes the use of air attack weapons of the Russian Federation against troops and critical infrastructure facilities of Ukraine, substantiates proposals on the expediency of using engineered ammunition as an element of building a system of active protection of troops and critical infrastructure facilities from air attack, and presents their principle of operation and possible applications.

Визначення граничних величин споживання електричної енергії засобами оптимізаційного моделювання

In the heating season of 2022/2023, as a result of the military aggression of the Russian Federation and targeted attacks on electric power facilities, a significant shortage of electric energy occurred in the Integrated power system of Ukraine. Restriction schedules and emergency disconnection of consumers were forcibly applied. In the conditions of such an unprecedented violation of the security of electricity supply, the problem of determining the limit values of electric energy and power consumption has gained new relevance for the electricity market participants. In this study, the problem of determining the optimal limit values of electricity consumption based on the criterion of maximum income from its sale to three groups of consumers was set and solved: "Critical infrastructure", "Households" and "Non-household consumers". The formation of the three specified groups is related to price discrimination in the electricity market and the need to supply critical infrastructure facilities without limits. The decision variables in the optimization model are proposed to be specified in fractions of the provision of electrical energy needs (unit fractions), which allows for establishing equal conditions regarding restrictions for all distribution system operators. To take into account the social significance of electric energy as a commodity, an additional constraint was included to the basic optimization model: the lower limit of the decision variable for the "Households" group. Approbation of the proposed optimization model was carried out using spreadsheet modeling in MS Excel on reported data on the results of electrical load measurements on regime days. The results of computational experiments are presented for the conditions of different values of the deficit of electric energy in the Integrated power system of Ukraine and different values of the additional constraint for the «Households» group, in particular, quantitative estimates of the consequences of the included constraints for the functioning of the electricity market. The proposed method of determining the limit values of electric energy consumption allows to formalize the procedure for decision-making according to predetermined rules and thereby achieve a fair distribution of limited resources. Keywords: electric energy consumption, shortage, limit value, optimization modelling, spreadsheet model.

Забезпечення кібербезпеки системи багатофункційних флотів БПЛА для моніторингу критичної інфраструктури: аналіз вразливостей, атак і контрзаходів

The modern world is becoming increasingly dependent on the security of critical infrastructure facilities (CIF), which is monitored by UAVs, their fleets and multifunctional fleet systems (MFS UAVs). The UAV MFS have a complex digital infrastructure (DIS). The DIS is based on new information technologies that have certain security deficiencies and create new cyber threats, in particular, due to specific vulnerabilities that can be exploited externally. The provi-sion of cyber security of the CIS of the MBF of UAVs has been studied thanks to the develop-ment of a sequence of analysis of cyber threats using the IMECA procedure. An overview of existing cyber security assessment methods and their limitations was conducted; developed models of the OKI monitoring system based on the UAV MBF; analyzed cyber threats to its CIS; the criticality of cyber attacks and the impact of countermeasures; formulated recommen-dations for ensuring cyber security and general conclusions based on research results. A method of ensuring cyber security of the CIS of the MBF UAV was created, which consists of determin-ing its specific features as an object of cyber threats, analyzing violators, vulnerabilities, risks of critical violations and choosing countermeasures, the use of which allows you to increase the level of cyber security and reliability of the monitoring system and ensure a temporary response to cyber threats.

Application of the regression neural network for the analysis of the results of ultrasonic testing

Conducting a study on this topic becomes relevant due to the great importance of the safety of critical infrastructure facilities and the presence of operational defects in equipment elements and pipelines, which poses serious threats, including the possibility of equipment destruction and negative environmental impact. The purpose of this work is to study the possibility of using the diffraction-time technique of ultrasonic non-destructive testing together with a deep convolutional neural network to accurately determine the numerical value of the height of an operational crack. The methods used include the analytical method, classification method, functional method, statistical method, synthesis method, and others. The study found that an automated approach to measuring crack height, based on diffraction signals and the use of neural networks, significantly improved the quality and accuracy of non-destructive testing. Ultrasonic testing is one of the most common inspection methods for detecting service cracks and is considered to be the most effective. It allows for reliable detection of defects and determination of their size without destroying the product. The results of the study emphasize the high potential and efficiency of the method in analysing the data obtained and provide confirmation of its applicability for determining the condition of objects during ultrasonic inspection. The paper emphasizes that these technologies are particularly important and effective. It is noted that their widespread use in various industries, such as medicine, aviation, and machine learning, demonstrates their power in solving complex problems. The practical significance of the work lies in the development of advanced approaches that provide new insights and methods to improve the efficiency of analysing the results, which can be applied in industry to improve the quality of control and reliability of technical facilities

ГЕОДИНАМІЧНИЙ СТАН ЗАКАРПАТСЬКОГО ВНУТРІШНЬОГО ПРОГИНУ ЗА РЕЗУЛЬТАТАМИ ДЕФОРМОМЕТРИЧНИХ СПОСТЕРЕЖЕНЬ У РЕГІОНІ

Background. The relevance of the research is determined by the gradual increase in local seismicity in the region, which occupies a peculiar geographical location, through which oil, gas and product pipelines pass, and in which critical infrastructure facilities are located that may be affected by the underground natural disaster. It is important to have information on the movements of the upper layers of the Earth's crust, their kinematics and dynamics, which significantly affect the stress-strain state of rocks and the release of energy from geomechanic processes. It is also necessary to investigate the influence of the region's geodynamics on the discharge of the stress-strain state of rocks. Methods. The research methodology is to construct time-dependent crustal displacements and compare velocities and accelerations of crustal movements in the intervals of anomalous modern lateral movements of the Earth's crust. The velocities and accelerations of crustal movements are calculated, the kinematics of movements and seismicity of the region are compared. Correlation analysis of the observed series is applied. To solve the tasks, we used the results of observations of horizontal crustal movements in the Oașh deep-seated fault area using a quartz strain gauge with a base of 24.5 m mounted in the adit of the Korolevo urban-type settlement. The seismic data were obtained using digital seismometers operating at the monitoring geophysical station of the Seismicity Department of the Carpathian region of S.I. Subbotin Institute of Geophysics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Results. The article discusses the geodynamics of the Transcarpathian Inner Trough based on observations of modern lateral movements of the Earth's crust in the Oașh deep-seated fault area, which in 2021 were represented by rock extensions of +12.61x10-7. The physical parameters of geomotion in the region were calculated, the spatiotemporal distribution of local seismicity was established, and the relationship between seismic and geodynamic states in Transcarpathia in 2021 was studied. The variations of displacements of the upper layers of the Earth's crust over the entire period of deformation monitoring observations in Korolevo urban-type settlement (1999–2021) and the temporal distribution of local underground shocks were studied. Conclusions. The analysis of the spatio-temporal distribution of local seismicity and modern lateral movements of the Earth's crust over the entire period of deformation monitoring observations in the Oașh deep-seated fault area has indicated an increase in the seismicity of the region in the intervals of intense crustal movements and the presence of periods of crustal movement fluctuations for 12 years: familiar variable processes (expansion and contraction of rocks, the total magnitude of displacement fluctuations in the region of zero movements) were detected for 2–3 years. The most relevant and important are the periods of 9–10 years following these calm intervals, since during this time earthquakes are recorded and their frequency is also found to be increasing. The intensification of seismicity in the region is observed against the background of general rock extension, which occurs due to the steady age-related crustal movements. At the present stage, the current crustal movements are in a state of rock expansion, and if this trend does not change, an increase in seismicity in the region should be expected.

Cybersecurity in Indian Nuclear Facilities

Nuclear facilities have revolutionised renewable energy worldwide. However, the use of highly radioactive raw materials, capable of causing extensive damage if mismanaged, has made them a priority in national security along with other critical infrastructure facilities. Given this background, the importance of nuclear facilities for national security has strengthened with cases of cyberattacks on nuclear facilities worldwide. This paper analyses the ability of India's cybersecurity framework, both legislative and executive, to fend off cyberattacks on its nuclear facilities, drawing from experiences of cyberattacks worldwide and internationally recommended good standards and practices. Additionally, the paper also looks at how India could mitigate insider threats to its nuclear facilities and cultivate a cybersecurity culture within its nuclear facilities.

ПІСЛЯВОЄННЕ ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ ТА ЗРОСТАННЯ ОБСЯГІВ БУДІВНИЦТВА АВТОМОБІЛЬНИХ ДОРІГ

The socio-economic development of a country and its integration into the global community largely depend on the level of road maintenance. The issue of road maintenance has become especially relevant and important during the period of martial law, since, for obvious reasons, roads are critical infrastructure facilities. Of course, the treatment of such facilities should be appropriate to their purpose. All of this requires research, assessment of the effects of the war on the condition of roads due to their destruction, and development of measures to improve the state of road construction. An important role is assigned to the resource base of road construction - first of all, the availability of bitumen and mineral fillers.
 The length of public roads in Ukraine is analyzed in comparison with the leading countries of the world. Positive trends in the market of road construction and repair related to the reform of the road sector are identified. The quality of roads and their saturation in comparison with other countries of the world is assessed.
 The problematic issues of domestic production and imports of bitumen are investigated. The article shows Ukraine's import dependence and lack of organic binder, as well as the practical absence of concrete road construction. The author analyzes the development and improvement of the regulatory framework for the design and construction of roads.
 Prospects for the implementation of the public-private partnership mechanism are shown, taking into account international experience The necessity of implementing the public-private partnership mechanism, in particular, through the concession mechanism, is substantiated. The regulatory framework needs to be updated to meet EU requirements and implement international standards. The implementation of these measures will help to increase the level of validity of operational and strategic management decisions to ensure the effective functioning and development of Ukrainian road sector enterprises.

Assessment of the quality of the urban environment in the process of construction project management

Recently, the construction of residential buildings in the Russian Federation has been carried out at an accelerating pace, not only in large cities, but in almost all regions of our country. In the current conditions, the issues of rational planning of residential development within the framework of urban construction development are becoming increasingly relevant. At the same time, an important role is assigned to the methods of assessing the quality of such planning. The analysis of the available methods of this kind carried out by the author indicates that at the moment, there are practically no adequate and objective methods for quantifying the degree of accessibility of critical social infrastruc-ture facilities of the city in relation to newly constructed or already existing residential buildings. Based on the results of the applied research carried out within the framework of writing the pre-sented scientific work, the author proposed an innovative method for quantifying the degree of acces-sibility of socially significant urban objects relative to residential structures. The proposed methodolo-gy is unique in that, thanks to the use of such a universal and statistically accessible indicator as the average level of wages, experts have the opportunity to conduct a comparative assessment of the de-gree of accessibility of social objects, not only located within a walking distance, but also at longer distances, involving the use of public passenger transport. The application of the methodology proposed in the framework of writing this applied scientific work for assessing the quality of the urban environment for the accessibility of socially significant in-frastructure objects relative to the location of residential buildings will allow, on a mathematically ac-curate quantitative basis, not only to assess the effectiveness of the work of regional state authorities and local self-government as qualitatively and objectively as possible, but also to conduct a compara-tive analysis of the quality layouts of newly designed residential neighborhoods. In addition, this tech-nique may be of practical interest to realtors and developers in the development and practical imple-mentation of various types of business processes, both in the field of housing construction and in the sale of residential buildings and premises.

МЕТОДИКА МНОГОКРИТЕРИАЛЬНОЙ СРАВНИТЕЛЬНОЙ ОЦЕНКИ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ЗАМЕНЫ СРЕДСТВ ИЗМЕРЕНИЙ И АВТОМАТИКИ

Ensuring technological sovereignty requires large-scale and massive replacement of foreign technical means in the control and automation systems of many industrial enterprises. This problem is especially relevant for critical infrastructure facilities, in particular energy supply systems and enterprises. The article presents a methodology that allows for a comparative multi-criteria assessment and selection of control and measuring instruments (measuring-and-recording apparatus) for the comprehensive re-equipment of control and management systems of energy enterprises, heat, electricity and water supply systems, industrial and household consumers. The methodology implements an integrated approach to solving the optimal choice problem based on the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology. The global efficiency criterion is formed as a result of the convolution of heterogeneous local efficiency criteria of measuring devices, which makes it possible to take into account specific technological requirements for measuring instruments and methods, the specifics of installation and operating conditions of devices. The method of multi-criteria assessment of the effectiveness of the use of measuring instruments significantly speeds up and simplifies the process of objective selection of optimal technical means and reduces qualification requirements for users. The database and algorithm for calculating global criteria can be used to create a decision support system within the framework of automatic design systems.

Economic approaches to assessing the environmental consequences of the war in Ukraine

The article examines the environmental consequences of the war in Ukraine, the types of effects of military actions on the environment and their potential danger to humanity now and in the future.
 The problems related to ecology and climate change as a result of military actions concern not only one country, nation or community, but can also affect the daily life of many future generations of Ukrainians, Europeans and the whole world. The issue of assessing the environmental consequences of military actions, classifying the damage caused, and choosing methods for assessing environmental damage are extremely popular in modern conditions for the Ukrainian and world community, which confirms the relevance and timeliness of this study.
 According to the materials of open sources, it was determined that the main risks for the ecology of Ukraine and the world ecological and economic system were the threat of a nuclear disaster, the impact of active offensive actions on forests, steppes and the natural landscape, the impact of war on plants and animals, the threat to red book species, water pollution and soil as a result of multifactor intervention, hitting industrial facilities and critical infrastructure facilities.
 A comprehensive algorithm for assessing the environmental consequences of military actions has been developed, which includes the following stages: establishment of a list of possible consequences, data collection, data analysis and classification of consequences according to the degree of security, assessment of environmental damage, information exchange and monitoring. Such a sequence allows you to identify the most influential risks and urgently take measures to overcome them. The created algorithm has a consolidated nature and should be refined and supplemented in further work.
 It is proposed to carry out zoning of the territories of Ukraine depending on the possibility of obtaining information about the environmental impacts and consequences of the war and the availability of data collection.
 In the future, it is advisable to develop methods for express assessment of environmental consequences for quick response to violations of environmental requirements, as well as in-depth methods that take into account detailed assessment of consequences and will allow to determine the most accurate economic component of consequences for ecology.