Criterion-related Validity Analysis Research Articles

Validity and reliability of the Chinese version of human–robot interaction self-efficacy scale in Chinese adults

BackgroundWith the fast-paced advancements of robot technology, human–robot interaction (HRI) has become increasingly popular and complex, and self-efficacy in HRI has received extensive attention. Despite its popularity, this topic remains understudied in China.ObjectiveIn order to provide a psychometrically sound instrument in China, this study aimed to translate and validate the Self-Efficacy in Human–Robot Interaction Scale (SE-HRI) in two Chinese adult samples (N1 = 300, N2 = 500).MethodsThe data was analyzed by SPSS 26.0 and Amos 24.0. Item analysis and exploratory factor analysis were conducted using Sample 1 data. Confirmatory factor analysis, criterion-related validity analysis, and reliability analysis were then performed using Sample 2 data.ResultsThe results revealed that the Chinese SE-HRI scale consisted of 13 items in a two-factor model, suggesting a good model fit. Moreover, general self-efficacy and willingness to accept the use of artificial intelligence (AI) were both positively correlated with self-efficacy in HRI, while negative attitudes toward robots showed an inverse correlation, proving the Chinese SE-HRI scale exhibited excellent criterion-related validity.ConclusionThe Chinese SE-HRI scale is a reliable assessment tool for evaluating self-efficacy in HRI in China. The study discussed implications and limitations, and suggested future directions.

Brain fog assessment in patients recovered from COVID-19 in China: a development and validation study

Background Post coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the widespread emergence and persistence of brain fog has led to a decline in people’s productivity and quality of life. However, the clinical characteristics of COVID-19-associated brain fog are unclear, and standardized assessments are lacking. This study aims to develop a scale for brain fog assessment and support clinical practice and research. Methods The 17-item Brain Fog Assessment (BFA) scale was developed using a standardized methodology, including literature review, focus group discussions (FGDs), expert evaluation, and psychometric validation. Eighteen potential items were generated following the literature review. These items were subsequently refined during FGDs, which included input from patients, caregivers, and multidisciplinary experts in neurology, cognitive neuroscience, and psychology. After thorough deliberation and expert evaluation, the item pool was finalized into a 17-item scale. We recruited 1,325 patients recovered from COVID-19 from Chinese communities. Psychometric properties were assessed by reliability and validity analysis. Results Exploratory factor analysis of the BFA scale revealed a three-factor mode comprising ‘cognitive decline’ (nine items), ‘confusion − disorientation’ (five items), and ‘fatigue’ (three items). The internal consistency of each factor was strong (Cronbach’s α: 0.82–0.92). Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the model fit, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the scale were satisfactory. The test-retest reliability was strong (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.84). Criterion-related validity analysis showed a strong correlation to the Wood Mental Fatigue Inventory (r = 0.70, p < 0.001). Individuals with a higher BFA score tended to score lower on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (r = −0.23, p = 0.015). Conclusions We established a novel BFA scale to quantify multiple clinical aspects of COVID-19-associated brain fog. Using the BFA scale, fatigue and declining performance in memory, attention, and thought were identified as the main symptoms of COVID-19-associated brain fog. This scale has potential implications for disease monitoring and therapy development for individuals with COVID-19-associated brain fog.

Criterion-related Validity of the Cognitive Function Score with the Revised Hasegawa's Dementia Scale and the Bedriddenness Rank with the Barthel Index and the Katz Index: A Multi-center Retrospective Study

Introduction The Cognitive Function Score (CFS) is a public scale for assessing the activities of daily living (ADL) in older adults with dementia in Japan. In contrast, the scores of the revised Hasegawa's dementia scale (HDS-R), an easy-to-use dementia screening tool developed in Japan, are significantly correlated with mini-mental state examination scores and are widely utilized in various countries. This novel study aimed to elucidate the previously unexplored criterion-related validity of the CFS and HDS-R and the Bedriddenness Rank (BR), Barthel Index (BI), and Katz Index (KI). Methods This was a multicenter retrospective study and a secondary analysis of our previous study. The study included patients aged ≥ 20 years hospitalized in chronic care settings between April 1, 2018, and March 31, 2021. We collected data from medical charts on admission, including age, sex, the BR, CFS, BI, KI, and HDS-R scores. Correlations between the CFS and HDS-R score, as well as between the BR and BI or KI, were analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. Results A total of 749 participants were included in the analysis of criterion-related validity between the CFS and HDS-R. In the CFS cohort analysis, 202 patients (27.0%) were categorized as having a normal CFS, and the median HDS-R score was 18 (range: 6–26). The correlation coefficient between the CFS and HDS-R scores was -0.834 (p &amp;lt; 0.001). The correlation coefficient between BR and BI was -0.741 (p &amp;lt; 0.001), BR and KI was -0.740 (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Conclusion The CFS revealed significant criterion-related validity compared with the established cognitive assessment scale, the HDS-R. The BR also demonstrated significant criterion-related validity with the BI and KI.

Psychometric Evaluation of the German Version of the Perceived Access to Healthcare Questionnaire in a Sample of Individuals with Rare Chronic Diseases.

Access to healthcare is multifaceted and poses significant challenges for individuals with chronic and rare diseases (RDs). This study aimed to conduct a psychometric evaluation of the German version of the Perception of Access to Healthcare Questionnaire (PAHQ) among individuals with RDs. We conducted an evaluation of the PAHQ using a sample of 271 adults with an RD diagnosis. The 31-item instrument underwent evaluation including a comparison of three different confirmatory factor models (CFA). Subsequent steps involved item removal, reliability analysis (computation of Cronbach's alpha), and analysis of criterion-related validity. The six-factor model showed the best fit to the data and was selected for further examination. Subsequently, six items were removed. Fit indices for the final model were acceptable. Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.75 to 0.91 for the six subscales, except for the availability subscale which exhibited the lowest value (0.64). In terms of criterion-related validity, different skills relating to the navigation of access dimensions were significantly correlated with corresponding PAHQ subscales, thus confirming validity. The capacity of the PAHQ to guide targeted interventions and facilitate cross-population comparisons positions it as a valuable instrument for advancing healthcare access research and promoting equitable access to care, particularly for individuals with rare and chronic diseases.

The adaptation of the multidimensional neglectful behavior scale-adolescent/adult recall form into Turkish: Validity and reliability studies

The present study aimed to adapt the Adolescent/Adult Form of the MNBS-A into Turkish and evaluate its psychometric features. The study group consisted of 385 students aged between 15 and 23 who were recruited from a high school and university in Antalya, Turkey. In the analysis of the collected data, validity analysis was initially conducted, which included the separate assessment of the construct and criterion-related validity of the Mother and Father Forms of the MNBS-A. For both of the forms, the results of the confirmatory factor analysis revealed a 4-factor structure consisting of 20 items. The findings of the criterion-related validity analysis showed that all sub-dimension scores of both forms were significantly and negatively associated (p < 0.01) with the scores of the criteria measures. In terms of the reliability analysis, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for each sub-dimension and the overall measure were examined for the Mother and Father Forms separately. It was found that the Cronbach’s alpha values ranged from 0.80 to 0.95. Finally, a regression analysis was conducted, as a result of which age was found to be a predictor of parental neglect in the 15–18 age group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, it is suggested that the 20-item forms of the Turkish version of the MNBS-A are valid and reliable and can be administered to assess child neglect in a Turkish sample.

Behavioral phenotyping based on physical inactivity can predict sleep in female rats before, during, and after sleep disruption

BackgroundA noninvasive method that can accurately quantify sleep before, during, and after sleep disruption (SD) has not been validated in female rats across their estrous cycle. In female rats, we hypothesized that the duration of physical inactivity (PIA) required to predict sleep would 1) change with the differences in baseline sleep between the circadian and estrous cycle phases and 2) predict sleep and the change in sleep (Δsleep) before, during, and after SD independent of circadian and estrous cycle phase. New methodsEEG, EMG, physical activity and estrous cycle phase were measured in female Sprague-Dawley rats before, during, and after SD. Sleep was determined by two methods [EEG/EMG and a duration of continuous PIA (i.e., PIA criterion)]. Reliability between the methods was tested with a previously validated criterion (40 s). Sensitivity analyses and criterion-related validity analyses for sleep during SD and recovery were conducted across multiple PIA criteria (10 s–120 s). Predictability between the two methods and Δsleep was calculated. Results/comparison with existing methodsThree criteria (10 s, 20 s, 30 s) predicted baseline sleep independent of circadian and estrous cycle phase. Sleep during SD and recovery were predicted by two criteria (30 s and 10 s). Δsleep between study periods was not reliably predicted by a single PIA criterion. ConclusionPIA predicted sleep independent of estrous cycle phase in female rats. However, the specific criterion was dependent upon the study period (before, during, and after SD) and circadian phase. Thus, prior work validating a PIA criterion in male rodents is not applicable to the female rat.

ADAPTATION OF THE SCHOOL CLIMATE QUESTIONNAIRE: ITS ASSOCIATION WITH PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS, ACADEMIC SELF-EFFICACY, AND MENTAL WELLBEING IN AZERBAIJAN

School climate is an important concept in the field of education. Therefore, the aim of this study was to adapt the School Climate Questionnaire for use with Azerbaijani adolescents and explore the relationships between school climate, psychological distress, academic self-efficacy, and mental wellbeing. Data were collected from 1204 adolescents in Azerbaijan using convenience sampling. During the adaptation process, confirmatory factor analysis, criterion-related validity, and reliability analyses were performed. Additionally, the relationships between school climate and psychological distress, academic self-efficacy, and mental wellbeing were examined using PROCESS mediational analysis. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the scale consisted of 22 items, had a three-dimensional structure, and showed a good fit. Moreover, the results showed that school climate was negatively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress, and positively related to academic self-efficacy and mental well-being. Lastly, the results revealed that school climate had a mediating effect on mental well-being via psychological distress and academic self-efficacy. All of these results suggest that the Azerbaijani version of the School Climate Questionnaire has acceptable psychometric properties. Keywords: academic self-efficacy, mental wellbeing, psychological distress, school climate, educational psychology, quantitative research

Development and psychometric validation of the Colorectal Cancer Literacy Scale-Uruguay Version.

Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in Uruguay, yet less than half of the eligible population is up to date with screenings. Research is hampered because no measures exist to assess psychosocial factors that influence screening decisions in this population. To address this gap, we report on the development and psychometric validation of the Colorectal Cancer Literacy Scale-Uruguay Version, a scale based on the health literacy model. We developed an item pool based on the extant literature, obtained feedback from experts, and conducted focus groups with community participants and health care providers. After revision, we conducted a psychometric validation with a national community sample of 405 participants. Through an exploratory factor analysis, we identified four factors that were collapsed into two for theoretical and pragmatic reasons, representing (a) disposition toward cancer prevention and (b) attitudes, beliefs, and emotions about cancer. A third factor, knowledge about colorectal cancer, was examined separately given its distinct focus. Subsequently, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis with the remaining sample participants using Rasch measurement theory for validation purposes and to further assess the scales' psychometric properties. The resulting 44-item scale presented a good model fit with adequate EAP reliabilities and good initial discriminant validity. Further criterion-related validity analyses should be performed when additional measures are available. The Colorectal Cancer Literacy Scale-Uruguay Version is a theoretically based measure that can bring to light barriers and facilitative factors in an underscreened population at risk. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.

Development of a Chinese version of the Stress Adaption Scale and the assessment of its reliability and validity among Chinese patients with multimorbidity.

To develop a Chinese version of the Stress Adaption Scale (SAS) and to assess its reliability and validity among Chinese patients with multimorbidity. The Brislin model was used to translate, synthesize, back-translate, and cross culturally adapt the SAS. A total of 323 multimorbidity patients selected by convenience sampling method from four hospitals in Zhejiang province. The critical ratio method, total question correlation method, and graded response model (item characteristic curve and item discrimination) were used for item analysis. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and split-half reliability were used for the reliability analysis. Content validity analysis, structural validity analysis, and criterion association validity analysis were performed by expert scoring method, confirmatory factor analysis, and Pearson correlation coefficient method, respectively. The Chinese version of the SAS contained 2 dimensions of resilience and thriving, with a total of 10 items. In the item analysis, the critical ratio method showed that the critical ratio of all items was greater than 3.0 (P<0.001); the correlation coefficient method showed that the Pearson correlation coefficients for all items exceeded 0.4 (P<0.01). The graded response model showed that items of the revised scale exhibited distinct item characteristic curves and all items had discrimination parameters exceeding 1.0. In the reliability analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the revised Chinese version of the SAS scale was 0.849, and the split-half reliability was 0.873. In the validity analysis, the item-level content validity index and scale-level content validity index both exceeded 0.80. In the confirmatory factor analysis, the revised two-factor model showed satisfactory fit indices (χ2/df=3.115, RMSEA=0.081, RMR=0.046, GFI=0.937, AGFI=0.898, CFI=0.936, TLI=0.915). In the criterion-related validity analysis, the Chinese version of the SAS score was negatively correlated with the Perceived Stress Scale and the Treatment Burden Questionnaire, with correlation coefficients of －0.592 and －0.482, respectively (both P<0.01). The Chinese version of the SAS has good reliability and validity, which can be used to evaluate the stress adaption capacity among multimorbidity patients in China, and provides a reference for developing individualized health management measures.

Cognitive and Psychological Constructs of Korean Physical Literacy Scale in Children

OBJECTIVES The current study examined the cognitive and psychological factors of Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy-2 (CAPL-2) using a cross-sectional design. Also, this study assessed the measurement and structural invariance of the CAPL-2.METHODS The survey was conducted on 539 elementary school students in Seoul, Korea. Among the collected data, 274 datasets were used for confirmatory factor analysis, and 25 datasets for test-retest reliability analysis and 240 datasets for differences by group. Confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, and criterion-related validity analysis were carried out by using SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 23.0.RESULTS Results indicated that the Korean physical literacy scale consists of four factors (interest, motivation, competence, and understanding with 15 items). In addition, the findings revealed that all factors in physical literacy differed by the stage of physical activity (λ= .723, F=5.59, p&lt;.001).CONCLUSIONS This study was the first to validate the CAPL-2 into the Korean children. The Korean physical literacy scale offers the possibility of assessing physical literacy to researchers and practitioners and Korean children’s physical activity enhancement could be easily tracked in school and community settings.

Developing and Testing the Negative Mentoring Experience Questionnaire (NMEQ) for Nurses

Many nurse managers actively developed mentoring programs to shorten the acclimation period of new nurses in hospitals. The main aim was to develop a negative mentoring experience questionnaire (NMEQ) and test its validity and reliability. A cross-sectional study was employed. This study adopted questionnaire-survey method with new nurses of Taiwanese hospitals. In the main study, this study adopted reliability analysis, content, validity, construct validity and criterion-related validity analysis. 255 participants were collected, with 87.93% response rate. A total of 29 items of five-dimension scale of NMEQ were proposed: four nursing manager items, four institutional items, three other medical staff items, 12 mentor items, and six mentee items. Each dimension demonstrated a reliability of 0.72 to 0.96. Exploratory factor analysis and Confirmatory factor analysis results indicated that NMEQ had acceptable convergent and discriminate validity. Correlation analysis indicated this scale and mentoring function scale exhibited a significantly negative correlation ( p &lt; .05). NMEQ is reliable and valid for hospital nurses. It also can help clinical nursing managers to clarify the possible negative experiences and strengthen the adaptability and mental health of new staff nurses in mentoring programs. Nursing policy planners can use NMEQ to measure the negative experience of new nurses, monitor the performance of mentoring program, and further revise mentoring policies.

Reliability and validity of the problematic TikTok Use Scale among the general population.

This study aims to provide a scale for measuring problematic TikTok use levels by adapting items from the Instagram Addiction Scale. The 372 participants were determined by a convenience sampling method, and data were collected through Google online forms. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were performed for construct validity and criterion-related validity analysis. Criterion-related validity for the Problematic TikTok Use Scale (PTTUS) was tested using correlation analysis between the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale and Social Media Use Disorder Scale. EFA indicated that a three-factor structure should be formed. The first factor is the sub-dimension of obsession and consists of 4 items, the second factor is the escapism sub-dimension and consists of 6 items, and the third factor is the lack of control sub-dimension and consists of 6 items. The model fit for adapting the PTTUS into Turkish was examined with first-level CFA, χ2/sd, RMSEA, CFI, GFI, AGFI, and SRMR, the obtained values show that the three-factor structure of the scale provides acceptable fit. Reliability analyses showed that Cronbach's alpha internal consistency reliability coefficient ranged from 0.83 to 0.90; McDonald's Omega reliability values was 0.84 to 0.90, and test-retest correlation coefficient ranged from 0.68 to 0.73, indicating sufficient internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Based on this information, PTTUS is a measurement tool with sufficient psychometric properties that can be applied to determine individuals' levels of problematic TikTok use.

Preliminary revision of the Physical Education Grit Scale in Chinese athletes.

The work aimed to revise the Physical Education Grit Scale (PE-Grit) applicable to Chinese athletes. Five hundred and thirty-eight professional athletes from Chinese sports colleges and provincial sports teams were selected by cluster random sampling. Then, the PE-Grit was analyzed for project analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, criterion-related validity analysis, and reliability analysis. Independent sample t-test and item-total correlation analysis of the questions showed that 16 items of the scale had good discrimination. According to the confirmatory factor analysis model, the factor structure consisted of 2 subscales and 4 dimensions (χ2/df = 1.827; CFI = 0.961; TLI = 0.953; IFI = 0.961; RMSEA = 0.051). Moreover, Cronbach's α of the total scale and the 4 dimensions were between 0.751 and 0.865. A significant positive correlation existed between the PE-Grit, and self-control, which showed good criterion-related validity. Revised PE-Grit can measure Chinese athletes' physical education grit for its good reliability and validity.

Turkish Validity and Reliability Study of Psychosocial Assessment Tool Oncology Version.

Children diagnosed with cancer and their families may not be able to overcome the effects of cancer diagnosis. Because there may be risk factors for some psychosocial problems. It is important to evaluate these risk factors and plan early interventions for risks such as depression, anxiety, suicide, and cessation of treatment. Psychosocial Assessment Tool was adapted to many languages. This study aimed to conduct the Turkish language adaptation of the Psychosocial Assessment Tool oncology version in families of 2- to 18-year-old children with newly diagnosed cancer. The steps used in the cultural adaptation of the scale were content validity, construct validity, criterion-related validity, surface validity, standard deviation and item analysis, internal consistency analysis, and test-retest reliability. We used the following scales for receiver operating characteristic analysis and correlations: the Pediatric Quality of Life Scale, the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale, and Negative Problem Orientation Questionnaire. The reliability of Psychosocial Assessment Tool was strong [Kuder Richardson-20: 0.84], and the KR-20 values of the subdimensions ranged from 0.524 to 0.798. The Psychosocial Assessment Tool was moderately correlated with Pediatric Quality of Life Scale and Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale. Most families (49.4%) were classified in medium-risk category (targeted), 34.9% in low-risk category (universal), and 15.7% in high-risk category (clinical). The study confirms that the Turkish version of the Psychosocial Assessment Tool is a valid and reliable scale and could be used in pediatric oncology units for psychosocial evaluation and interventions in families of children with cancer.

Problemli Kumar Oynama Şiddet Endeksi Türkçe Versiyonunun Psikometrik Özellikleri

Amaç: Bu çalışmada Problemli Kumar Oynama Şiddet Endeksi’nin kumar oynama bozukluğu tanısı olan ve olmayan katılımcılardan oluşan bir çalışma grubunda psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Yöntem: Altmışı kumar oynama bozukluğu tanısı olan 539 kişiden veri toplanmıştır. Verilerin toplanmasında Problemli Kumar Oynama Şiddet Endeksi, South Oaks Kumar Tarama Testi ve demografik bilgi formu kullanılmıştır. Endeksin dilsel eşdeğerlik, geçerlik, güvenirlik ve madde istatistikleri incelenmiştir. Bulgular: Geçerlik kestirimleri için yapı geçerliği ve ölçüt bağıntılı geçerlik analizi yapılmıştır. Yapı geçerliğini incelemek için yapılan doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda ölçeğin dokuz maddeden ve tek alt boyuttan oluşan yapısının Türk kültüründe geçerli olduğu görülmüştür. Ölçüt bağıntılı geçerliği tespit etmek için Kumar Oynama Şiddet Endeksi ile South Oaks Kumar Tarama Testi arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Yapılan analizler iki ölçek arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olduğunu göstermiştir. Güvenirlik kestirimleri için endeksin iç tutarlık analizi ve test-tekrar test güvenirliği incelenmiştir. İç tutarlılık düzeyi Cronbach alfa katsayısı ile hesaplanmış ve iç tutarlılığının yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Yapılan test-tekrar test analizlerinde ölçeğin iki farklı zamanda aynı gruptaki uygulamaları arasındaki ilişkinin yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç: Araştırma bulguları, Problemli Kumar Oynama Şiddet Endeksi’nin Türkiye’de yürütülecek hem klinik araştırma ve uygulama çalışmalarında hem de genel nüfus üzerinden yürütülecek tarama çalışmalarında kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.

The Revision and Application of Aurora in China: Based on Successful Intelligence.

Aurora Battery is a corresponding test of successful intelligence. This study aims to examine the factorial structure of the Chinese version of Aurora Battery and to investigate its internal consistency and validity, as well as to discover the developmental features of Chinese students. A total number of 2007 students were recruited from 13 schools across eastern, central, and western China, ranging from 4th to 8th grade (mean age = 12.29 years) and among them, 43.9% are girls. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine the factorial structure. Among the tested models, a second-order factor model, in which the three ability factors serve as indicators of a general factor, provided an acceptable model fit to the data. Moreover, measurement invariance across gender and grades were supported, which suggests the mean scores of analytical, creative, and practical abilities are comparable in this research. The criterion-related validity analysis suggests that the battery and its three subscales have good criterion validity. The scale reliability analysis shows that the Cronbach's alpha and the McDonald's omega value of the whole test were .84 and .87, respectively, indicating the scale's internal reliability is good. For ability differences among grades, students' analytical and practical abilities increase across all grades, while creativity presents an upward trend from grade 4 to 6, followed by a downward trend from grade 6 to 7, and an increase from grade 7 to 8. Female students outperform male students on both analytical and creative ability, while with no obvious difference on practical abilities.

Reliability and validity of the East Asian children's version of mini-MACS in children with cerebral palsy.

Mini-Manual Ability Classification System (Mini-MACS) was developed for children with cerebral palsy aged 1-4 years, but its validity and reliability in different cultures are unavailable yet. This study was to determine the reliability and validity of Mini-MACS in East Asian children with cerebral palsy and investigate the correlation between Mini-MACS and Gross Motor Function Classification System. One hundred and four East Asian children with cerebral palsy aged 12-48 months were classified by one of their parents, an occupational therapist, and a physical therapist with Mini-MACS. The results were analyzed for inter-rater reliability by using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The Nine-hole Peg Test was used for the criterion-related validity analysis, and parents retested their children after 2 weeks to evaluate test-retest reliability. Gross Motor Function Classification System levels were also collected to investigate the correlation with Mini-MACS. Good inter-rater reliability among the occupational therapist, physical therapist, and parents was found [ICC = 0.984 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.976-0.989), 0.973 (95% CI 0.960-0.982), and 0.966 (95% CI 0.950-0.977), respectively; p < 0.01]. The test-retest reliability in parents was almost perfect [ICC = 0.985 (95% CI 0.977-0.990), p < 0.01]. Mini-MACS had consistency with the Nine-hole Peg Test (r = 0.582, 0.581, and 0.566, respectively; p < 0.01). A correlation was found between Gross Motor Function Classification System and Mini-MACS (r = 0.626, 0.596, and 0.598, respectively; p < 0.01). The Mini-MACS demonstrates evidence that it is a valid and reliable tool to classify manual ability in East Asian children with cerebral palsy and is also positively related to the Gross Motor Function Classification System.

Reliability and validity of the reactive-proactive aggression questionnaire in Chinese boxers

ABSTRACTAggressive behavior is an important indicator that affect athletes’ mental health. Currently, there are few instruments to measure aggressive behavior in Chinese boxers. We evaluate the Chinese reactive proactive aggression questionnaire's (RPQ) construct validity, reliability, and application in a sample of boxers. 414 Chinese boxers were investigated by using cluster sampling method. We performed network analysis, criterion-related validity analysis, internal consistency reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and item analysis. A two-factor model of reactive and proactive aggression suited the data from Chinese boxers well in a confirmatory factor analysis. The Chinese translation was able to accurately reproduce the factor structure of the original RPQ, and both subscales had good Cronbach's alpha values. Significant correlations between the RPQ and agreeableness scores served as proof of the RPQ concurrent validity. The Chinese version of the Reactive Proactive Aggression Questionnaire has good reliability and validity in Chinese boxers for measuring reactive and proactive aggression. Future research can evaluate Chinese boxers’ reactive and proactive aggression using the Chinese RPQ.

Arabic Validation of the Pragmatic Language Skills Inventory to Assess Pragmatic Language Development in Preschoolers with and without Pragmatic Language Impairment.

Objective: An individual’s articulation of pragmatic language development (PLD) signifies successful social interaction with others. Therefore, it is important to detect early pragmatic language impairment (PLI), whether as a primary disorder or as a symptom of other neurodevelopmental disorders. This study reports on validating the Arabic version of the Pragmatic Language Skills Inventory (A-PLSI). Methods: The PLSI was subjected to various validation stages before the A-PLSI was created. To assess PLD in preschoolers with and without psychiatric histories, 264 preschoolers were assessed in several cities in Saudi Arabia by their teachers and speech–language pathologists. Results: The results of this study included three key findings. First, the established psychometric features, including construct validity, criterion-related validity, and (confirmatory) factor analysis, all reported a high level of measurability to consider the A-PLSI a valid instrument for assessing PLD in school settings and diagnosing PLI in clinical settings. Second, the A-PLSI provided empirical evidence by identifying children with and without PLI, documenting their progress on pragmatic language ability, and distinguishing between preschool children in school and clinical settings. In addition, the A-PLSI approved the typical norm that the older the children, the higher their level of PLD: the data showed higher performance for children aged 6–7 compared to the lower PLD level of children aged 4–5. Conclusion: The present study contributes to the existing literature on PLD assessment in a school setting and PLI diagnosis in a clinical setting. More importantly, it adds a new validated tool to the few available instruments in Arabic to assess PLD and diagnose PLI in Arabian contexts.

Assessing the validity and reliability and establishing norm values for a selective attention test in a Turkish sample of 6–14-year-old participants

Selective attention is a cognitive skill that allows an individual to focus on a particular input for further processing while simultaneously suppressing irrelevant or distracting information. In this study, we have developed a new test to assess selective attention—the Cognitive Skills Assessment of Minerva (CSM) Selective Attention Test—and have established selective attention norm values for Turkish individuals aged 6–14 years. This new online selective attention assessment test includes the flanker task. We employed split-half reliability to prove the reliability of the test. Based on the analysis, there was no significant difference between the groups, indicating that the test is reliable. We used criterion-related validity (congruent validity) analysis to evaluate the CSM Selective Attention Test. The correlation between the results of the new test and the Eriksen Flanker Test showed that the new test is valid. Finally, we conducted a comprehensive norm study with 2,297 participants aged 6–14 years from 12 different regions and schools in Turkey. According to the analysis of variance, age but not gender is a distinguishing factor for selective attention. We subsequently established norm values for each age group. The findings also show that the CSM Selective Attention Test provides reliable results across all samples and populations aged 6–14.