Criterion-related Validity Research Articles

Criterion-Related Validity and Reliability of the Six-Minute Run Walk Test Among Children: Findings from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Criterion-Related Validity and Reliability of the Six-Minute Run Walk Test Among Children: Findings from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Importance of Reliability and Validity in Research

The goal developing a new research tool is to ensure that the measurement tool has a high level of external validity to be generalizable and have a broader reach and also is highly reliable and able to consistently gather the same result. Researchers need to determine the validity and reliability of each assessment to ensure that they are not misleading their readers and the data can be trusted based on statistical evidence to support their conclusions. Reliability is the ability of consistency of the results over multiple tests. This process can be calculated by determining various measurements such as test-retest reliability, parallel-form reliability, split-half reliability by calculating a correlation coefficient or a t-test. Validity is the extent in which a test will measure what is said to test, which can be established by looking and measuring face validity, content validity, criterion-related validity, and construct validity. Validity can be established by using various experts to determine if a test is clear and relevant using a tool such as content validity index. If statistically reliability and validity is established, the research will increase the impact on the research and generalizability can be established.

Validation and invariance testing of the English Short Physical activity enjoyment scale

Enjoyment is recognized as a determinant of physical activity habits. The enjoyment of engaging in physical activity can be measured with the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). Later versions of this scale have been shortened to capture the component of subjective feeling, which has been validated using German-speaking samples. The aim of this study was to examine internal consistency, factorial validity, criterion-related validity, test-retest reliability, and measurement invariance (across gender and languages) in an English-speaking population. Data on physical activity enjoyment and self-reported physical activity were collected through an online survey with a test-retest design (n = 276,189 female, M = 42.55, SD = 16.81 years) conducted from September 2023 to December 2023. In addition, a German-speaking sample (n = 1017, 497 female, M = 29.77, SD = 13.54 years) was analyzed to assess measurement invariance with respect to language. McDonald’s omega at time 1 was ω = 0.95. The confirmatory factor analysis supports the assumption of the unidimensional structure of PACES-S (χ2 = 19.8, df = 2, p < 0.05; CFI = 0.984; RMSEA = 0.180, 90% CI [0.113–0.256]), as the model fit can be estimated as good in view of the CFI value, while the sensitivity of the χ2 test is very high and the RMSEA may underestimate the model fit. Although the RMSEA value is higher than the conventional threshold, the small number of degrees of freedom may have a significant impact on this indicator. The criterion-related validity for light physical activity was r(107) = 0.26 (p < 0.05). The retest reliability was r(199) = 0.69 (p < 0.05). Further, the results supported measurement invariance across gender and partial measurement invariance across languages. Overall, the English PACES-S demonstrated good psychometric properties specifically for light intensity of physical activity, and can serve as an economical instrument to assess physical activity enjoyment.

Gritty Parenting: The Development and Validation of the Parental Grit Scale

In this study, we aimed to expand the domain specificity of grit by exploring it in the realm of parenting. Parental grit was defined as parents’ inclination to demonstrate perseverance, sustained passion, and adaptability in pursuing long-term parenting goals. With longitudinal data from 1,373 U.S. parents, we developed and validated the Parental Grit Scale (PGS) in three phases: item development and revision, establishment of factor structure, and examination of criterion-related and incremental validity. The PGS exhibited a three-factor structure and (partial) scalar measurement invariance across genders, the status of the child’s special needs, and measurement occasions. The PGS demonstrated moderate temporal stability. We found evidence of its validity in predicting parental emotional exhaustion, self-efficacy, autonomy support, and parents’ perceptions of children’s school well-being. Parental grit explained variance in these outcomes beyond domain-general grit and conscientiousness. The PGS has sound psychometric properties and is a valuable measure in the parenting domain.

The Azerbaijani Adaptation of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale: Investigating Its Influence on Psychological Distress and Life-Job Satisfaction

Teacher well-being plays a vital role in fostering a positive and productive learning environment, as it directly impacts both their professional performance and the overall success of their students. Consequently, this study aimed to adapt the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale for use among Azerbaijani school principals and to investigate the relationships between work and wellbeing, psychological distress, and life-job satisfaction. Data were gathered from 976 Azerbaijani school principals. The adaptation process involved confirmatory factor analysis, evaluations of criterion-related validity, and reliability testing. Additionally, the relationships between work and wellbeing, psychological distress, and life-job satisfaction were examined through mediational analysis. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the questionnaire consisted of 17 items, highlighted three factors, and demonstrated an acceptable model fit. The scale showed satisfactory reliability coefficients for both its individual factors and the overall score. Moreover, the results indicated that work and wellbeing was positively correlated with life-job satisfaction and negatively associated with psychological distress. Lastly, the findings revealed that psychological distress mediated the relationship between work and wellbeing and life-job satisfaction. These outcomes suggest that the Azerbaijani version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale possesses strong psychometric properties.

The vague language use scale: Clinical utility and psychometrics from adults with traumatic brain injury.

Pragmatic communication difficulties encompass many distinct behaviours, including the use of vague and/or insufficient language, a common characteristic following traumatic brain injury (TBI) that negatively impacts psychosocial outcomes. Existing assessments evaluate pragmatic communication broadly, often with only one or two items capturing each behaviour, thus limiting sensitivity and precision to variations within each behaviour. Given that greater nuance is needed to detect subtle pragmatic communication differences and investigate underlying cognitive mechanisms, a more refined measure is critical to improve psychosocial outcomes. The Vague scale was developed to address those needs. To provide preliminary evidence supporting the novel Vague language use (Vague) scale's reliability, validity and clinical utility. The Vague scale rates each discourse sample utterance for vague language use on a 3-point scale; the measure's Vague score represents the mean of utterance-level ratings. Using the Vague scale, two raters naïve to diagnosis evaluated Cinderella narratives of 46 adults with severe TBI and 46 controls with no brain injury, providing reliability, construct validity and classification accuracy evidence. Vague scores were also compared to other clinical measures to gather criterion-related validity evidence. Interrater agreement across all transcripts was moderate. Construct validity was supported by expected group differences and criterion validation, including significant relationships with increased violations of Grice's maxim of quantity and measures of lexical variation; significant relationships with psychosocial outcomes, supporting clinical utility; and nonsignificant relationships with measures of syntax and overall pragmatic communication. Classification accuracy expectedly did not support using Vague scores in isolation for diagnosis, due to unacceptable sensitivity (0.696). Evidence supported the Vague scores' psychometric properties. Thus, the Vague scale shows promise as a measure of one distinct pragmatic communication behaviour: vague language use. Future research should apply the Vague scale to determine its sensitivity in individuals with subtle social communication challenges (e.g., mild TBI), explore its utility with more naturalistic discourse samples as part of a pragmatic communication battery, longitudinally examine changes in Vague scores, and investigate cognitive mechanisms underlying this specific pragmatic communication behaviour. What is already known on this subject Use of vague language is common following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and may contribute to negative psychosocial outcomes related to employment and relationships. However, existing measures of vague language lack sensitivity and precision, limiting their utility for identifying subtle performance variations or determining the cognitive mechanisms underlying this specific pragmatic communication behaviour. What this study adds to existing knowledge The current study gathered promising reliability, validity and clinical utility evidence to support using the novel Vague language use (Vague) scale, which was developed to address these limitations. Based on complex (Cinderella) stories of adults with and without TBI, Vague scores demonstrated moderate interrater agreement and promising construct validity based on expected group differences and criterion validation, including moderate associations with related constructs and weak associations with unrelated constructs. Because pragmatic communication profiles post-TBI can vary, classification accuracy expectedly indicated that Vague scores should not be used alone to identify communication differences post-TBI. What are the clinical implications of this work? Vague scores show promise for documenting clients' use of vague language and planning intervention to address associated discourse-level challenges. Future research should investigate applying the Vague scale to naturalistic discourse samples (1) as part of a battery that sensitively and precisely identifies pragmatic communication differences and (2) as a tool for investigating cognitive mechanisms underlying vague language use, with the goal of improving interventions that support pragmatic communication and enhance psychosocial outcomes.

Development, Validation, and Faking-Resistance of an Implicit Measure of Psychopathy in the Workplace

ABSTRACT Researchers have called for faking-resistant measures of psychopathic personality that can be self-administered in high-stakes contexts (e.g. hiring). We developed and validated an implicit measure of psychopathy contextualized in workplace situations. We first detail how the measure is framed, conceptualized, and rooted in psychopathy literature. We then describe the item development process, and Study 1 involves expert review and refining the item list. In Study 2 (N = 396), we examine internal consistency and factor structure for a 22-item version of the measure. In Study 3 (N = 251), we demonstrate test-retest reliability, construct-related validity, and provide initial evidence for criterion-related validity through a two-wave study. Study 4 analyzes the measure using item response theory, based on a sample of 6,746 job seekers, demonstrating effectiveness for measuring high levels of psychopathy. In Study 5 (N = 219) we provide evidence of faking-resistance and criterion-related validity with behavioral (two weeks later) and self-report (one year later) outcomes. Finally, Study 6 provides promising evidence of incremental validity using an organizational sample (N = 615). Overall, scores on this new implicit measure are reliable, with acceptable construct-related, criterion-related, and incremental validity, while also being faking-resistant. Implications for use in workplace settings are discussed.

Adaptation and validation of the Parents’ Self-stigma Scale into Turkish and its association with parenting stress and parental self-efficacy

ObjectivesIn the present era, parents frequently stigmatize themselves for their children’s negative behaviors and inadequate social skills. Parents’ self-stigma (PSS) may lead to a decrease in parental self-efficacy and quality of marital and family life. In light of these reasons, the principal objective of this study to assess the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the PSS Scale (PSSS) as developed by Eaton et al. (2019) and to investigate the indirect effect that parenting stress has on the relationship between PSS and parental self-efficacy.MethodsWe collected data from a total of 1,118 parents via random sampling, with the first part of the study involving 645 participants (Mage = 32.64 ± 7.28) and the second part of the study involving 473 participants (Mage = 27.43 ± 9.87). In the first part of the study, we employed structural equation modeling for the confirmatory factor analysis and Pearson’s correlation coefficient for the criterion-related validity, average variance extracted, and composite reliability analyses. Moreover, we calculated Cronbach’s alpha, McDonald’s omega, and Guttman split-half coefficients for the reliability analyses. In the second part of the study, we utilized Hayes’ bootstrapping method to assess the indirect effect of parenting stress on the relationship between PSS and parental self-efficacy.ResultsThe first part of the study confirms the PSSS’s 11-item, 3-factor structure, showing the Turkish form to have acceptable goodness-of-fit indices, and found Cronbach’s alpha for the PSSS to be 0.89. Furthermore, the first part of the study demonstrates a significant negative correlation between marital life satisfaction and PSS. Meanwhile, the second part of the study has determined PSS to be positively related to parenting stress and negatively related to parental self-efficacy. The second part of the study also indicates parenting stress to have an indirect effect on the association between PSS and parental self-efficacy.ConclusionsThe study indicates the Turkish version of the PSSS to be a valid and reliable instrument in Turkish culture for measuring parents’ PSS levels regarding their children, with higher scores indicating greater PSS. The scale can be effectively used in both research and clinical settings. The study also suggests parental stress to have a possible impact on the association between PSS and parental self-efficacy. Furthermore, addressing the variables of PSS and parenting stress in family-focused interviews and therapeutic interventions may contribute to increasing parental self-efficacy.

Development and Validation of the Career Authenticity Scale (CAS).

The self is crucial in career development, and authenticity emerges when individuals live in accordance with their true selves. This true self includes a deep awareness of one's abilities, cognitive, physical, and emotional traits, and unbiased answers to "Who am I?". Given its importance in career development, originality can significantly impact one's professional journey. This study brings a new structure to the field of career counseling with the term career authenticity. Career authenticity is a condition that emerges when individuals manage external influences and make their career choices in accordance with their true selves, thus achieving a work life that contributes to the meaning and purpose of their lives. The Career Authenticity Scale (CAS) was developed and validated in two samples of university students. In Study 1 (n = 402), the CAS was developed, and a structure consisting of 12 items and three dimensions was obtained as a result of exploratory factor analysis. Calculations also included the internal reliability coefficients of the CAS. In Study 2 (n = 322), the structure confirming the factors obtained in the first study was confirmed. Analyses also included convergent and discriminant validity, criterion-related validity, measurement invariance across gender, and item discrimination power of the CAS. The results show that the CAS meets the conditions for convergent and discriminant validity. A positive relationship was detected between the CAS and vocational outcome expectations and career proactive behaviors. The CAS was found to provide measurement invariance at configural, metric, scalar and strict invariance levels according to gender. In conclusion, the CAS was proven to be a valid and reliable measurement tool.

Beyond School Climate: Validating the School as a Protective Factor-Brief Survey.

The conceptual framework for School as a Protective Factorapproach was presented in a companion article in this issue of the journal. The current article describes the validation of the School as a Protective Factor-Brief (SPF-Brief), a 13-item survey measuring the 3 core constructs and 13 defining characteristics of this framework. The SPF-Brief was validated through 2 studies. The developmental study used a longitudinal design including 1349 participants who completed surveys over 5 semesters, while the validation study used a cross-sectional design with 2775 participants. Both studies included middle and high school students. Factor analysis, growth model analysis, criterion-related validation, and outcome analysis were employed. Analyses provided strong evidence supporting the reliability and validity of the instrument and conceptual framework. Higher SPF-Brief scores were associated with higher math grades, English grades, and quality of life, as well as lower rates of anxiety, depression, conduct disorder, alcohol, e-cigarette, tobacco, and cannabis use. Effect size estimates ranged from moderate to strong. These findings suggest the utility of the SPF-Brief instrument and the School as a Protective Factor framework. Together, they may offer advantages to the traditional school climate approach.

Competing Models of the Structure of Subjective Well-Being: Have All Won and Must All Have Prizes?

The tripartite model of subjective well-being (SWB) posits three components: positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction. The fundamental issue regarding the structure of SWB and the meaning of the general SWB factor remains unresolved. Across three studies and six samples (total N = 9304), we evaluated competing models of SWB and tested the criterion-related validity of SWB components operationalized within different models. In addition to a standard confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and bifactor-CFA, we used exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) and bifactor-ESEM approaches. Latent factor models were applied to examine the nomological network of SWB in relation to several external criteria (e.g., positive expectations, depression, and anxiety). We found evidence supporting the three-factor and bifactor-ESEM models of SWB. The meaning and interpretability of the general and specific factors of SWB were found to depend on the indicators used to assess affective well-being. Several issues concerning the bifactor-CFA model were identified. Both the general and specific factors of SWB exhibited meaningful and interpretable nomological networks. The structure of SWB, the value of incorporating a general factor, and the nature of general and specific SWB factors depend on the instruments used to measure SWB.

Turkish adaptation of the antenatal risk questionnaire-revised: study of validity and reliability

ObjectiveThis study sought to translate the Antenatal Risk Questionnaire-Revised (ANRQ-R) into Turkish and evaluate its psychometric properties for assessing psychosocial vulnerabilities among Turkish-speaking pregnant women.MethodsThe ANRQ-R was translated into Turkish following standard linguistic adaptation procedures. Psychometric properties were then examined using a cross-sectional study design, involving 156 pregnant women recruited from antenatal clinics in Turkey. Participants completed the Turkish ANRQ-R and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Statistical analyses, including intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for test-retest reliability, Pearson correlation analysis for item-total test correlations, and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis for diagnostic accuracy, were conducted.ResultsThe ANRQ-R Turkish version showed high test-retest reliability with an ICC of 0.888 for the total score. Moderate to good ICCs were obtained for individual Likert-type items (0.572–0.849). Criterion-related validity was established via moderate correlations with the EPDS and its anxiety subscale EPDS-3 A (r = 0.537 and r = 0.431, respectively). ROC analysis demonstrated good discriminatory power (Area Under the Curve = 0.75) with an optimal cut-off score of 17, yielding 78% sensitivity and 65% specificity for identifying potential depression cases.ConclusionsThis study provides preliminary evidence of the overall reliability of the Turkish version of the ANRQ-R as a measure of psychosocial risk among Turkish-speaking women during pregnancy. Despite some limitations in item-level internal consistency indicators, integration of the ANRQ-R into routine antenatal care could enhance early identification and intervention strategies, potentially improving maternal health outcomes. Future research should aim to further validate the scale across diverse populations and settings, using a diagnostic tool as the reference standard.

Leadership, management, and team practices in research labs: Development and validation of two new measures.

Effective leadership and management practices contribute to responsible, high-quality research and the well-being of team members. We describe the development and initial validation of a measure assessing principal investigators' leadership and management practices and a measure of research team practices. Using a cross-sectional survey design, 570 postdoctoral researchers funded by the National Institutes of Health reported on the perceived behaviors of their principal investigator (PI) and the research team. The PI leadership and management items factored into two dimensions: fostering relationships and directing research. Correlations of these new scales with existing, validated measures of ethical leadership and general leader behavior provided evidence of convergent validity. Providing evidence for criterion-related validity, scores on the new measures predicted lab climate for research ethics, self-reported productivity, and job satisfaction. Research team practices provided additional predictive value beyond leadership and management behaviors. This study provides construct validity evidence for the new Leadership and Management in Science (LAMPS) Measure and the Research Team Practices (RTP) Measure. Qualitative responses to an open-ended item reinforced the importance of relationships and directive supervision for a positive environment. These measures can be useful tools for future research or may be useful for PIs seeking feedback about their practices.

The cognitive structure of gross anatomy knowledge in physiotherapy students.

Cognitive structures are the mental representation of domain knowledge and its organization. A preliminary investigation of the cognitive structure of gross anatomy knowledge was conducted on physiotherapy students. The criterion-related validation study examined two data modeling strategies (multidimensional scaling and Pathfinder networks) as potential visual and quantitative representations of cognitive structure. Two criterion standards were used: expert cognitive structure (concurrent) and the student's unit grade (predictive). The raw data for both data modeling strategies were generated from an online survey of paired comparisons of 20 anatomical structures and concepts relevant to musculoskeletal clinical practice. Convenience sampling was used to recruit first-semester physiotherapy students (n = 31), gross anatomy course instructors (n = 4), and domain experts (n = 3) who completed the online survey. The results indicated moderate-to-high effect sizes, regarding the level of agreement (reliability, accuracy, and association) between student and expert cognitive structures. Multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the potential relationships with unit grades. Six predictor variables accounted for 68.9% of the variance in unit grade, indicating a large effect size. The results provide preliminary evidence of concurrent and predictive criterion-related validity for using data modeling strategies to represent cognitive structure in this knowledge domain and population. Further research is indicated to assess the potential impact of this innovative use of data modeling strategies for cognitive structure mapping on gross anatomy education, adaptive learning, and competency-based education, leading to the long-term development of expertise.

Validation of the Short Parallel and Extra-Short Form of the Heidelberg Figural Matrices Test (HeiQ).

Figural matrices tests are frequently used to measure fluid intelligence. The HeiQ-an operation-oriented figural matrices test-was developed to tackle limitations of previous matrices tests, mainly the possibility of excluding distractors based on superficial features instead of actively solving the items. However, allowing for a total administration time of 60 min for the assessment of one construct is not feasible in many study designs. Thus, the goal of this study was to develop three short forms of the existing HeiQ. Two parallel 20-item short forms (the HeiQ-S A and HeiQ-S B) that are comparable in content as well as on a psychometric basis and a 6-item short form (the HeiQ-XS) were generated. All tests showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha ranging from α = 0.82 to α = 0.86) and good criterion-related validity (correlations with high school grade (Abitur) ranging from r = -0.34 to r = -0.38); construct validity (correlations with the global intelligence scores of the Intelligence Structure Test 2000R were between r = 0.58 and r = 0.71). Further, all test versions showed to be Rasch-scalable, implying a uniform underlying ability. Thus, we conclude that all three newly developed short versions are valid tools for assessing fluid intelligence.

Evaluating the reliability and validity of the Questionnaire on Well-Being: a validation study for a clinically informed measurement of subjective well-being

ABSTRACT Researchers and clinicians are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of assessing positive functioning to inform clinical outcomes. This paper evaluates the Questionnaire on Well-Being (QWB, available for free https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/GSC3R), a clinically informed instrument that assesses subjective well-being, across two studies. Study One, consisting of treatment-seeking individuals in an assertiveness training sample (n = 495), explored the factorial structure of the QWB, assessed the four-week test-retest reliability, criterion-related validity, and identified a preliminary cutoff point for the QWB with clinical significance. Study Two, including participants from the general public (n = 1561), confirmed the factorial structure of the QWB and further evaluated criterion-related validity. The results provided support for a unidimensional structure for the QWB. Furthermore, the QWB exhibited excellent internal reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.93 and 0.94 in Study One and Two, respectively), high test-retest reliability (ICC3 = .50 at a four-week follow-up in Study One), and appropriate criterion-related validity demonstrating positive correlations with positive affect and negative correlations with psychopathology. Finally, a cutoff point on the QWB below 50 was associated with marked psychopathology. These findings provide preliminary support for the usage of the QWB in clinical and non-clinical settings, establishing the QWB as a reliable indicator of subjective well-being.

Construct validity and applicant reactions of a gamified personality assessment

This study introduces the HEXACO-RUSH, a gamified version of the HEXACO Situational Judgment Test developed by Oostrom and her colleagues (2019). HEXACO-RUSH is a new fantasy-adventure, narrative game, where the player makes a series of decisions in a similar format like a situational judgment test. We first present evidence on the construct validity (N = 240) of the game in relation to an existing traditional personality assessment (HEXACO-60), and in a second study (N = 160), we explore perceptions towards the game using a repeated measures, within-samples research design, again compared to HEXACO-60, with a sample of participants who assumed the role of a job applicant. Our results provided preliminary support for a moderate alignment between the new game and the HEXACO model, with average correlations of .43 across the six dimensions. It also exhibited positive participants' reactions, compared to HEXACO-60, although these were moderated by previous video-gaming experience (but not age). Overall, this study provides some initial evidence for an alternative assessment of the six personality factors with improved participants’ reactions and higher resistance to faking, but further research is required to confirm its test re-test reliability and criterion-related validity, with larger employee or applicant samples.

Validating the short-form of foreign language classroom burnout, boredom and anxiety scales in online Chinese learning

The digital classroom has become a crucible for complex emotional stressors such as burnout, boredom, and anxiety. The short-form of foreign language classroom burnout, boredom, and anxiety scales (S-FLCBUS, S-FLCBS, and S-FLCAS) have been widely used. However, few studies have assessed the validity and reliability of S-FLCBUS, S-FLCBS, and S-FLCAS in the context of learning Chinese as a foreign language (CFL), especially in online learning environment. To address this issue, a sample of n = 662 CFL learners in online classes was utilized in the validation efforts, including multiple rounds of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, the establishment of convergent, discriminant, and criterion-related validity tests, and structural equation modeling. The findings revealed an adjusted 8-item two-factor S-FLCBUS and a 6-item unidimensional S-FLCAS and supported the 8-item unidimensional S-FLCBS, demonstrating excellent reliability and validity. This research provides a replicable template for future psychometric-scale development in second language acquisition, contributing to emotion research in diverse settings.

A Psychometric Development and Evaluation of the Flow State Scale for Caregiving Tasks Among Clinical Nurses.

The extensive research already conducted in numerous non-healthcare disciplines has consistently demonstrated the effectiveness of flow in alleviating work-related stress and boosting employee engagement in the workplace. Despite the potential benefits to nursing of improving flow, no valid instrument is currently available to measure the work-related flow experience of clinical nurses. This study was designed to develop the Flow State Scale for Caregiving Tasks (FSS-CT) and to evaluate its psychometric properties in the context of clinical nurses. This study, guided by the flow theory of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (1975), employed a three-phase approach to developing and evaluating the psychometric properties of the FSS-CT. Five hundred thirty-six full-time clinical nurses working in hospitals of various levels in Taiwan were recruited via cluster random sampling to participate in an anonymous online survey. The content validity of the developed scale was established through expert panel verification, criterion-related validity was assessed by correlating the scale with the Work-related Flow Inventory, and construct validity was evaluated via explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses. Scale reliability was determined using Cronbach's α coefficient. The FSS-CT, a 12-item Likert scale comprising four domains, was developed. These domains capture the elements of nurses' work-related flow, including professional confidence, merging of action and awareness, balance between skill and challenge, and autotelic experience. The FSS-CT demonstrated high content validity (content validity index > .90) and satisfactory criterion-related validity (coefficient = .55, p < .001). Furthermore, the scale was found to have excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .91). Factor analyses yielded a four-factor structure accounting for 69.34% of the total variance, indicating a good fit for the final model based on recommended goodness-of-fit indices. The FSS-CT is a viable and dependable instrument for assessing the work-related flow experiences of nurses, with the measured outcomes offering to nursing administrators valuable insights into or directions for personnel development and work allocation initiatives.

Psychometric Properties of the Brief COPE Among Sexual Minority Adults.

The Brief COPE is a widely used coping instrument, but there is a paucity of research regarding its ability to measure coping among sexual minority (SM) persons. This study determined the psychometric properties of the Brief COPE and identified coping domains among a sample of SM individuals. An online survey was conducted with 530 SM persons in the United States. Participants completed the dispositional version of the Brief COPE. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) determined construct validity. Cronbach's alpha examined the reliability of resulting domains. Exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) was employed to identify coping domains and criterion-related validity was assessed by examining the relationship of the domains with substance use measures (alcohol, cannabis, and drug use). CFA replicated the original 14-factor structure. ESEM identified 3 second-order domains with acceptable fit (chi-square [χ2] = 905.81; degrees of freedom [df] = 334, P < .001; comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.90; root mean square error of approximation = 0.06; 90% confidence interval = 0.05-0.06; and standardized root mean residual = 0.08). The 3 second-order domains demonstrated good reliability: adaptive (ω = 0.84), support (ω = 0.85), and disengaged coping (ω = 0.84). Disengaged coping exhibited the strongest correlations with substance use outcomes. Findings provide evidence to support the reliability and validity of the Brief COPE and validates its use with SM persons.