CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing System Research Articles

Tumor Microenvironment-Responsive Nanocapsule Delivery CRISPR/Cas9 to Reprogram the Immunosuppressive Microenvironment in Hepatoma Carcinoma.

Cancer immunotherapy has demonstrated significant efficacy in various tumors, but its effectiveness in treating Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) remains limited. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify a new immunotherapy target and develop corresponding intervention strategies. Bioinformatics analysis has revealed that growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is highly expressed in HCC and is closely related to poor prognosis of HCC patients. The previous study revealed that GDF15 can promote immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, knocking out GDF15 through gene editing could potentially reverse the suppressive tumor immune microenvironment permanently. To deliver the CRISPR/Cas9 system specifically to HCC, nanocapsules (SNC) coated with HCC targeting peptides (SP94) on their surface is utilized. These nanocapsules incorporate disulfide bonds (SNCSS) that release their contents in the tumor microenvironment characterized by high levels of glutathione (GSH). In vivo, the SNCSS target HCC cells, exert a marked inhibitory effect on HCC progression, and promote HCC immunotherapy. Mechanistically, CyTOF analysis showed favorable changes in the immune microenvironment of HCC, immunocytes with killer function increased and immunocytes with inhibitive function decreased. These findings highlight the potential of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system in modulating the immune microenvironment and improving the effectiveness of existing immunotherapy approaches for HCC.

Innovations in Molecular Biology-Cutting-Edge Breakthroughs in Molecular Genetics

The field of molecular biology has experienced significant breakthroughs in recent years, driven by cutting-edge technologies and innovative research strategies. This abstract provides a concise overview of some key advancement that has shaped the landscape of molecular biology. One prominent area of progress involves the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system, which has revolutionized genetic manipulation. Researchers have refined and expanded its applications, enabling precise modifications to the genome for therapeutic purposes, functional genomics, and the development of genetically modified organisms. In the realm of nucleic acid sequencing, the advent of third-generation sequencing technologies has enhanced the accuracy and efficiency of deciphering complex genomes. Single-cell sequencing techniques have provided unprecedented insights into cellular heterogeneity, unraveling diverse cell populations within tissues and shedding light on the intricacies of developmental processes and disease progression. The integration of omics technologies, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, has propelled systems biology to new heights. This holistic approach allows for a comprehensive understanding of biological systems, unveiling intricate molecular networks and signaling pathways. Advanced computational methods and artificial intelligence applications have played a pivotal role in processing and interpreting the vast amounts of data generated by these high-throughput techniques. Furthermore, the exploration of the microbiome's role in health and disease has gained momentum. Advances in metagenomics have enabled a deeper understanding of microbial communities, their interactions, and their impact on host physiology. The identification of specific microbial signatures associated with various diseases has opened avenues for novel therapeutic interventions and personalized medicine. Conclusion: Recent advances in molecular biology have transformed the field, offering unprecedented opportunities for scientific discovery and medical applications. The integration of cutting-edge technologies and interdisciplinary approaches continues to propel molecular biology forward, paving the way for new insights into the complexities of life at the molecular level

CRISPR/Cas9 system is a suitable gene targeting editing tool to filamentous fungus Monascus pilosus

Monascus pilosus has been used to produce lipid-lowering drugs rich in monacolin K (MK) for a long period. Genome mining reveals there are still many potential genes worth to be explored in this fungus. Thereby, efficient genetic manipulation tools will greatly accelerate this progress. In this study, we firstly developed the protocol to prepare protoplasts for recipient of CRISPR/Cas9 system. Subsequently, the vector and donor DNA were co-transformed into recipients (106 protoplasts/mL) to produce 60–80 transformants for one test. Three genes (mpclr4, mpdot1, and mplig4) related to DNA damage response (DDR) were selected to compare the gene replacement frequencies (GRFs) of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system (CGES) in M. pilosus MS-1. The results revealed that GRF of CGES was approximately five times greater than that of ATMT, suggesting that CGES was superior to ATMT as a targeting gene editing tool in M. pilosus MS-1. The inactivation of mpclr4 promoted DDR via the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and increased the tolerances to DNA damaging agents. The inactivation of mpdot1 blocked DDR and led to the reduced tolerances to DNA damaging agents. The inactivation of mplig4 mainly blocked the NHEJ pathway and led to obviously reduced tolerances to DNA damaging agents. The submerged fermentation showed that the ability to produce MK in strain Δmpclr4 was improved by 52.6% compared to the wild type. This study provides an idea for more effective exploration of gene functions in Monascus strains.Key points• A protocol of high-quality protoplasts for CGES has been developed in M. pilosus.• The GRF of CGES was about five times that of ATMT in M. pilosus.• The yield of MK for Δmpclr4 was enhanced by 52.6% compared with the wild type.

Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated marker-free transformation and gene editing system revealed that AeCBL3 mediates the formation of calcium oxalate crystal in kiwifruit

The transformation and gene editing of the woody species kiwifruit are difficult and time-consuming. The fast and marker-free genetic modification system for kiwifruit has not been developed yet. Here, we establish a rapid and efficient marker-free transformation and gene editing system mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes for kiwifruit. Moreover, a removing-root-tip method was developed to significantly increase the regeneration efficiency of transgenic hairy roots. Through A. rhizogenes-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, the editing efficiencies of CEN4 and AeCBL3 achieved 55 and 50%, respectively. And several homozygous knockout lines for both genes were obtained. Our method has been successfully applied in the transformation of two different species of kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis ‘Hongyang’ and A.eriantha ‘White’). Next, we used the method to study the formation of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals in kiwifruit. To date, little is known about how CaOx crystal is formed in plants. Our results indicated that AeCBL3 overexpression enhanced CaOx crystal formation, but its knockout via CRISPR/Cas9 significantly impaired crystal formation in kiwifruit. Together, we developed a fast maker-free transformation and highly efficient CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system for kiwifruit. Moreover, our work revealed a novel gene mediating CaOx crystal formation and provided a clue to elaborate the underlying mechanisms.Graphical abstract

Disruption of LPA-LPAR1 pathway results in lung tumor growth inhibition by downregulating B7-H3 expression in fibroblasts.

Lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs) belong to a class of bioactive lysophospholipids with multiple functions including immunomodulatory roles in tumor microenvironment (TME). LPA exerts its biological effects via its receptors that are highly expressed in fibroblasts among other cell types. As cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a key component of the TME, it is important to understand LPA signaling and regulation of receptors in fibroblasts or CAFs and associated regulatory roles on immunomodulation-related molecules. Cluster analysis, immunoblotting, real-time quantitative-PCR, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system, immunohistochemical staining, coculture model, and in vivo xenograft model were used to investigate the effects of LPA-LPAR1 on B7-H3 in tumor promotion of CAFs. In this study, we found that LPAR1 and CD276 (B7-H3) were generally highly expressed in fibroblasts with good expression correlation. LPA induced B7-H3 up-expression through LPAR1, and stimulated fibroblasts proliferation that could be inhibited by silencing LPAR1 or B7-H3 as well as small molecule LPAR1 antagonist (Ki16425). Using engineered fibroblasts and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines, subsequent investigations demonstrated that CAFs promoted the proliferation of NSCLC in vitro and in vivo, and such effect could be inhibited by knocking out LPAR1 or B7-H3. The present study provided new insights for roles of LPA in CAFs, which could lead to the development of innovative therapies targeting CAFs in the TME. It is also reasonable to postulate a combinatory approach to treat malignant fibrous tumors (such as NSCLC) with LPAR1 antagonists and B7-H3 targeting therapies.

CRISPR-Cas9 assisted non-homologous end joining genome editing system of Halomonas bluephagenesis for large DNA fragment deletion

BackgroundHalophiles possess several unique properties and have broad biotechnological applications including industrial biotechnology production. Halomonas spp., especially Halomonas bluephagenesis, have been engineered to produce various biopolyesters such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), some proteins, small molecular compounds, organic acids, and has the potential to become a chassis cell for the next-generation of industrial biotechnology (NGIB) owing to its simple culture, fast growth, contamination-resistant, low production cost, and high production value. An efficient genome editing system is the key for its engineering and application. However, the efficiency of the established CRISPR-Cas-homologous recombination (HR) gene editing tool for large DNA fragments was still relatively low. In this study, we firstly report a CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system combined with a non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair system for efficient large DNA fragment deletion in Halomonas bluephagenesis.ResultsThree different NHEJ repair systems were selected and functionally identified in Halomonas bluephagenesis TD01. The NHEJ system from M. tuberculosis H37Rv (Mt-NHEJ) can functionally work in H. bluephagenesis TD01, resulting in base deletion of different lengths for different genes and some random base insertions. Factors affecting knockout efficiencies, such as the number and position of sgRNAs on the DNA double-strands, the Cas9 protein promoter, and the interaction between the HR and the NHEJ repair system, were further investigated. Finally, the optimized CRISPR-Cas9-NHEJ editing system was able to delete DNA fragments up to 50 kb rapidly with high efficiency of 31.3%, when three sgRNAs on the Crick/Watson/Watson DNA double-strands and the arabinose-induced promoter Para for Cas9 were used, along with the background expression of the HR repair system.ConclusionsThis was the first report of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system combined with a non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair system for efficient large DNA fragment deletion in Halomonas spp. These results not only suggest that this editing system is a powerful genome engineering tool for constructing chassis cells in Halomonas, but also extend the application of the NHEJ repair system.

Efficient Biosynthesis of Acidic/Lactonic Sophorolipids and Their Application in the Remediation of Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms.

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) pose significant threats to human health and natural ecosystems worldwide, primarily caused by water eutrophication, increased surface water temperature, and co-occurring microorganisms. Urgent action is needed to develop an eco-friendly solution to effectively curb the proliferation of CyanoHABs. Sophorolipids (SLs) are fully biodegradable biosurfactants synthesized by Starmerella bombicola. They can be classified into lactone and acid types. The lactone type displays strong antimicrobial activity, while the acid type exhibits good solubility, which make them ideal agents for mitigating CyanoHABs. Nevertheless, the broad utilization of SLs are hindered by their expensive production costs and the absence of effective genetic editing tools in the native host. In this study, we constructed recombinant strains capable of producing either acidic or lactonic SLs using the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system. The yields of acidic and lactonic SLs reached 53.64 g/L and 45.32 g/L in a shaking flask, respectively. In a 5 L fermenter, acidic SLs reached 129.7 g/L using low-cost glucose and rapeseed oil as substrates. The addition of 5 mg/L lactonic SLs effectively degraded cyanobacteria within 30 min, and a ratio of 8.25:1.75 of lactonic to acidic SLs showed the highest degradation efficiency. This study offers a safe and promising solution for CyanoHABs treatment.

Nanoblades allow high-level genome editing in murine and human organoids

Genome engineering has become more accessible thanks to the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing system. However, using this technology in synthetic organs called "organoids" is still very inefficient. This is due to the delivery methods for the CRISPR-Cas9 machinery, which include electroporation of CRISPR-Cas9 DNA, mRNA, or ribonucleoproteins containing the Cas9-gRNA complex. However, these procedures are quite toxic for the organoids. Here, we describe the use of the "nanoblade (NB)" technology, which outperformed by far gene-editing levels achieved to date for murine- and human tissue-derived organoids. We reached up to 75% of reporter gene knockout in organoids after treatment with NBs. Indeed, high-level NB-mediated knockout for the androgen receptor encoding gene and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene was achieved with single gRNA or dual gRNA containing NBs in murine prostate and colon organoids. Likewise, NBs achieved 20%-50% gene editing in human organoids. Most importantly, in contrast to other gene-editing methods, this was obtained without toxicity for the organoids. Only 4weeks are required to obtain stable gene knockout in organoids and NBs simplify and allow rapid genome editing in organoids with little to no side effects including unwanted insertion/deletions in off-target sites thanks to transient Cas9/RNP expression.

Abstract 59: LNP-CRISPR Gene Editing Enables in Vivo ATAD3A Depletion and Induces the Remission of Head and Neck Cancer

Abstract Purpose: Targeting mitochondrial oncoproteins presents a new concept in developing effective cancer therapeutics. ATAD3A, a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial enzyme, represents a promising target for combating head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), but currently no drug is available to target it directly. CRISPR-Cas9 has been intensively used to modify cancer-associated genes. Using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system could deplete ATAD3A in HNSCC cells, but challenges remain as CRISPR editing components must be transported into cells to exert their function. There is a need to explore effective in vivo delivery systems to accelerate the clinical use of CRISPR-Cas9. Methods: We developed and optimized lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to deliver Cas9 mRNA along with single guide RNA that targeted ATAD3A in the mouse tongue tumors. Molecular alterations were examined by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Cancer cell growth was assessed by MTT, colony formation, soft agar, and 3D cultures. The therapeutic efficacy in tumor development was evaluated in orthotopic tongue tumor NSG mice. Results: We developed CRISPR-based ATAD3A-targeting nanodrugs by loading Cas9 mRNA and anti-ATAD3A sgRNAs into LNPs. Treatment tongue tumors established in NSG mice with LNP-sgATAD3A remarkably repressed tumor growth and downregulated the mitochondrial ERK1/2 oncogenic signaling. As the ATAD3A-ERK1/2 signaling axis drives HNSCC development in a RAS-independent fashion, the addition of LNP-sgATAD3A to the RAS inhibitor salirasib potentiated anticancer activity for HNSCC compared with single arm treatment. Conclusion: Our significant findings demonstrate a novel approach to inhibiting ATAD3A in tumors and provide a possible therapeutic strategy to enhance the success of multimodality therapy in cancer patients. Citation Format: Yong Teng, Fanghui Chen, Liwei Lang, Yamin Li. LNP-CRISPR Gene Editing Enables in Vivo ATAD3A Depletion and Induces the Remission of Head and Neck Cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 11th Annual Symposium on Global Cancer Research; Closing the Research-to-Implementation Gap; 2023 Apr 4-6. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 59.

Metabolic Engineering to Enhance Provitamin D3 Accumulation in Edible Tomatoes

Ensuring adequate levels of vitamin D3 in the human diet has long been an important objective in crop breeding, as most crops have extremely low levels of this compound. To address this challenge, we have employed the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system in tomatoes to induce loss-of-function mutations in one of the two DWARF5 genes, a homologue of the human dehydrocholesterol Δ7-reductase gene. Lines with knocked out SIDWF5A gene exhibited visually undistinguishable phenotypes, yet remarkably accumulated provitamin D3 levels as high as 6 μg/g dry weight (DW) in the red fruits. As the daily recommended intake of vitamin D is 20 μg (800 IU), consuming a single ripe fresh tomato weighing 150 g (equivalent to 15 g DW) has the potential to significantly alleviate widespread vitamin D deficiencies worldwide.

CRISPR-Cas9 in hiPSCs: A new era in personalized treatment for Stargardt disease

CRISPR-Cas9 in hiPSCs: A new era in personalized treatment for Stargardt disease

Aptamer Sensor Based on Hybrid Chain Reaction and CRISPR-Cas9 System for STX Detection

In recent years, pollution incidents caused by red tide occur frequently, and the red tide biotoxins brought by it make the food safety problem of seafood become a difficult problem to be solved urgently, which has caused great damage to the mariculture industry. Red tide toxin is also known as “shellfish toxin”. Saxitoxin (STX), is one of the strongest paralytic shellfish toxins and is also one of the most toxic marine toxins, which is extremely harmful. Aiming at the problems existing in the current research on the detection of red tide biotoxin in complex water bodies, this research developed an aptamer sensor based on hybrid chain reaction and a CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system to detect the toxins of the clam and analyzed the feasibility of this method for the detection of the toxins of the clam. The results showed that the linear range of this method is 5.0 fM to 50 pM, and the detection limit is 1.2 fM. Meanwhile, the recovery rate of this sensor for the detection of toxins is 102.4–104.1% when applied in shellfish extract, which shows significant specificity and the reliability of this detection method.

CRISPR-Cas9 engineering in the hybrid yeast zygosaccharomyces parabailii can lead to loss of heterozygosity in target chromosomes.

The hybrid yeast Zygosaccharomyces parabailii holds potential as a cell factory mainly because of its robustness in withstanding stressors that often characterize bio-based processes. However, a complex genome and a lack of gene editing tools hinder the capacity to engineer this yeast. In this work, we developed a CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system for Z. parabailii that allows simultaneous disruption or deletion of both alleles of a gene. We evaluated four different gRNA expression systems consisting of combinations of tRNAs, tRNA and ribozyme or ribozymes as self-cleaving flanking elements and established that the most efficient systems used an RNA Pol II promoter followed by a 5'tRNA flanking the gRNA. This gRNA system was then used to construct a strain of Z. parabailii in which both alleles of DNL4 were inactivated and so relied on homologous recombination to repair double-stranded breaks. Our system can be used for gene inactivation in a wild-type strain and precise deletion with marker insertion in a dnl4 mutant. In some cases, we observed inter-chromosomal recombination around the site of the DSB that could cause loss of heterozygosity through gene conversion or deletion. Although an additional aspect that needs to be monitored during strain engineering, this phenomenon also offers opportunities to explore genome plasticity in hybrid yeasts.

PCR cloning Intermediated Gibson assembly (PIG) for Constructing DNA Repair Templates in CRISPR-Cas9 Based Gene Editing.

The CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing system has revolutionized genome engineering, allowing precise modifications to be made in a wide range of organisms. One significant challenge associated with CRISPR-Cas9 mediated gene editing is the construction of DNA repair templates containing homology arms, a screenable marker and a tag sequence of interest. Here, we present an efficient, two-step strategy to generate DNA repair templates in approximately one week, facilitating rapid and precise genome engineering applications.

The Emerging Role of Super-enhancers as Therapeutic Targets in The Digestive System Tumors.

Digestive system tumors include malignancies of the stomach, pancreas, colon, rectum, and the esophagus, and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Aberrant epigenetic modifications play a vital role in the progression of digestive system tumors. The aberrant transcription of key oncogenes is driven by super-enhancers (SEs), which are characterized by large clusters of enhancers with significantly high density of transcription factors, cofactors, and epigenetic modulatory proteins. The SEs consist of critical epigenetic regulatory elements, which modulate the biological characteristics of digestive system tumors including tumor cell identity and differentiation, tumorigenesis, environmental response, immune response, and chemotherapeutic resistance. The core transcription regulatory loop of the digestive system tumors is complex and a high density of transcription regulatory complexes in the SEs and the crosstalk between SEs and the noncoding RNAs. In this review, we summarized the known characteristics and functions of the SEs in the digestive system tumors. Furthermore, we discuss the oncogenic roles and regulatory mechanisms of SEs in the digestive system tumors. We highlight the role of SE-driven genes, enhancer RNAs (eRNAs), lncRNAs, and miRNAs in the digestive system tumor growth and progression. Finally, we discuss clinical significance of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system and inhibitors of SE-related proteins such as BET and CDK7 as potential cancer therapeutics.

Role of Adenylyl Cyclase Type 7 in Functions of BV-2 Microglia.

To assess the role of adenylyl cyclase type 7 (AC7) in microglia's immune function, we generated AC7 gene knockout (AC7 KO) clones from a mouse microglial cell line, BV-2, using the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system. The ability of BV-2 cells to generate cAMP and their innate immune functions were examined in the presence or absence of ethanol. The parental BV-2 cells showed robust cAMP production when stimulated with prostaglandin-E1 (PGE1) and ethanol increased cAMP production in a dose-dependent manner. AC7 KO clones of BV-2 cells showed diminished and ethanol-insensitive cAMP production. The phagocytic activity of the parental BV-2 cells was inhibited in the presence of PGE1; AC7 KO BV-2 cells showed lower and PGE1-insensitive phagocytic activity. Innate immune activities of the parental BV-2 cells, including bacterial killing, nitric oxide synthesis, and expression of arginase 1 and interleukin 10 were activated as expected with small effects of ethanol. However, the innate immune activities of AC7 KO cells were either drastically diminished or not detected. The data presented suggest that AC7 has an important role in the innate immune functions of microglial cells. AC7's involvement in ethanol's effects on immune functions remains unclear. Further studies are needed.

Generation of a CRISPR/Cas9-corrected-hiPSC line (DDLABi001-A) from Fabry disease (FD)-derived iPSCs having α-galactosidase (GLA) gene mutation (c.803_806del)

Fabry disease (FD) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in GLA gene. Here, GLA mutation (1268fs*1 (c.803_806del)) of FD iPSCs was corrected using the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system. The corrected (cor) FD-iPSCs retained normal morphology, karyotype, expression of pluripotency-associated markers, trilineage differentiation potential, and GLA activity. Thus, FD(cor)-iPSCs can be used as valuable tools to study the mechanism how GLA mutation1268fs*1 induces various pathophysiologic phenotypes in FD patients.

AMBRA1 p.Gln30Arg Mutation, Identified in a Cowden Syndrome Family, Exhibits Hyperproliferative Potential in hTERT-RPE1 Cells.

Cowden syndrome (CS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder associated with multiple hamartomatous and neoplastic lesions in various organs. Most CS patients have been found to have germline mutations in the PTEN tumor suppressor. In the present study, we investigated the causative gene of CS in a family of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) -negative CS patients. Whole exome sequencing analysis revealed AMBRA1 (Autophagy and Beclin 1 Regulator 1) as a novel candidate gene harboring two germline variants: p.Gln30Arg (Q30R) and p.Arg1195Ser (R1195S). AMBRA1 is a key regulator of the autophagy signaling network and a tumor suppressor. To functionally validate the role of AMBRA1 in the clinical manifestations of CS, we generated AMBRA1 depletion and Q30R mutation in hTERT-RPE1 (humanTelomerase Reverse Transcriptase-immortalized Retinal Pigmented Epithelial cells) using the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system. We observed that both AMBRA1-depleted and mutant cells showed accumulation in the S phase, leading to hyperproliferation, which is a characteristic of hamartomatous lesions. Specifically, the AMBRA1 Q30R mutation disturbed the G1/S transition of cells, leading to continuous mitotic entry of mutant cells, irrespective of the extracellular condition. From our analysis of primary ciliogenesis in these cells, we speculated that the mitotic entry of AMBRA1 Q30R mutants could be due to non-functional primary cilia that lead to impaired processing of extracellular sensory signals. Additionally, we observed a situs inversus phenotype in ambra1-depleted zebrafish, a developmental abnormality resulting from dysregulated primary ciliogenesis. Taken together, we established that the AMBRA1 Q30R mutation that we observed in CS patients might play an important role in inducing the hyperproliferative potential of cells through regulating primary ciliogenesis.

Improvement of Gene Delivery and Mutation Efficiency in the CRISPR-Cas9 Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genomics System via Biolistics.

Discovery of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system revolutionized the field of plant genomics. Despite advantages in the ease of designing gRNA and the low cost of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, there are still hurdles to overcome in low mutation efficiencies, specifically in hexaploid wheat. In conjunction with gene delivery and transformation frequency, the mutation efficiency bottleneck has the potential to slow down advancements in genomic editing of wheat. In this study, nine bombardment parameter combinations using three gold particle sizes and three rupture disk pressures were tested to establish optimal stable transformation frequencies in wheat. Utilizing the best transformation protocol and a knockout cassette of the phytoene desaturase gene, we subjected transformed embryos to four temperature treatments and compared mutation efficiencies. The use of 0.6 μm gold particles for bombardment increased transformation frequencies across all delivery pressures. A heat treatment of 34 °C for 24 h resulted in the highest mutation efficiency with no or minimal reduction in transformation frequency. The 34 °C treatment produced two M0 mutant events with albino phenotypes, requiring biallelic mutations in all three genomes of hexaploid wheat. Utilizing optimal transformation and heat treatment parameters greatly increases mutation efficiency and can help advance research efforts in wheat genomics.

Exploring the Involvement of the Amyloid Precursor Protein A673T Mutation against Amyloid Pathology and Alzheimer's Disease in Relation to Therapeutic Editing Tools.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is biologically defined as a complex neurodegenerative condition with a multilayered nature that leads to a progressive decline in cognitive function and irreversible neuronal loss. It is one of the primary diseases among elderly individuals. With an increasing incidence and a high failure rate for pharmaceutical options that are merely symptom-targeting and supportive with many side effects, there is an urgent need for alternative strategies. Despite extensive knowledge on the molecular basis of AD, progress concerning effective disease-modifying therapies has proven to be a challenge. The ability of the CRISPR–Cas9 gene editing system to help identify target molecules or to generate new preclinical disease models could shed light on the pathogenesis of AD and provide promising therapeutic possibilities. Here, we sought to highlight the current understanding of the involvement of the A673T mutation in amyloid pathology, focusing on its roles in protective mechanisms against AD, in relation to the recent status of available therapeutic editing tools.