Criminological Concepts Research Articles

Community Policing Philosophy

A sociological understanding of crime can adequately respond to criminal challenges through practical engagement with society. Community policing is a proactive strategy that uses problem-solving methods and strategic partnerships to solve problems related to public safety, including crime and social disturbance. The core of this policing system is a flexible organizational structure and decentralized power, in which the officer decides how best to preserve security and order in line with local needs. Decentralized administration at both the command and decision-making levels has been used as an approach to promote the effectiveness of community policy. Consequently, police officers could independently interact with communities, identifying problems and developing feasible solutions. However, this idea has variations, particularly in the debate on how community policy can construct a social system to create better strategies against criminal acts. It is essential to analyze the sociological perspective to understand the main objective of the community-oriented policing strategy. Mainly, a theory that focuses on reducing crime and crime fear enhances the conditions of life for law enforcement personnel and members of society. Hence, this article analyses each strategy component using pertinent and specific sociological theories and criminological concepts, highlighting the significant contribution of sociologists in shaping the community policing strategy. Therefore, based on sociological perspectives, this article argues that community policy can create an inclusive social system within social actors’ collaboration. Keywords: community-oriented, crime, neighborhood, sociological perspective, partnerships

Наркотики в армии: постановка вопроса и попытка переосмысления данной проблемы в мировом масштабе. Часть I

The purpose of the study is to study the determinants (social, moral, behavioral, psychophysiological, purely pathological, etc.) that can motivate military personnel to consume illegal psychoactive substances. An additional goal is the desire to give an objective assessment of the attempts of Western politicians to create a “universal soldier”, and in fact, a kamikaze of the 21st century (“suicide bomber-drug addict”). Research methods: the theoretical and methodological basis of the work is a set of philosophical, criminological, socio-psychological, medical-biological and political science approaches through which the problem of drug addiction in the military environment is studied. The criminological concept of causality and the interdisciplinary approach to the study of drug crime were most widely used in the process of writing this article. Conclusions: despite the fact that military personnel are an organic part of society, drug addiction in the army should be considered as a rather specific social phenomenon. Drug consumption in the military environment (at the micro level) shows an upward trend only in cases where the psychological and pedagogical support of personnel is not carried out professionally enough, and the discipline and microclimate in the team “leave much to be desired.” In general (already at the macro level), the determination of drug use by military personnel is determined by the influence of social, socio-economic, political, cultural (subcultural), psychological (including ethnopsychological) and medical and biological factors. The problems of drug addiction among personnel are more relevant for NATO countries than for Russia (which over many centuries has developed its own, unique approach to educating defenders of the Fatherland). The experiments of Western specialists on “mind control” of military personnel using all kinds of drugs (stimulants) and neurochips deserve close attention. Such activities (directed to harm people) should be recognized as inhumane and illegal. Scientific and practical significance of the study: The scientific novelty and theoretical significance of the research results lies in the fact that it provides a clinical and psychological interpretation of the aggressive and violent behavior of military personnel who abuse psychotropic substances and narcotic drugs (using the example of personnel of the armies of foreign states). The practical significance of this article lies in the fact that the conclusions and recommendations formulated in it can contribute to the development of measures to optimize educational and psychological-pedagogical work with military personnel of the Russian army, for the early identification of persons both distributing prohibited psychoactive substances among colleagues and regularly using them.

Towards a social harm approach in drug policy

In this paper, we explore how the social harm approach can be adapted within drug policy scholarship. Since the mid-2000s, a group of critical criminologists have moved beyond the concept of crime and criminology, towards the study of social harm. This turn proceeds decades of research that highlights the inequities within the criminal legal system, the formation of laws that protect the privileged and punish the disadvantaged, and the systemic challenge of the effectiveness of retribution and punishment at addressing harm in the community. The purpose of this paper is to first identify parallels between the social harm approach and critical drug scholarship, and second to advocate for the adoption of a social harm lens in drug policy scholarship. In the paper, we draw out the similarities between social harm and drug policy literatures, as well as outline what the study of social harm can bring to an analysis of drug policy. This includes a discussion on the ontology of drug crime, the myth of drug crime and the ineffective use of the crime control system in response to drug use. The paper then discusses how these conversations in critical criminology and critical drugs scholarship can be brought together to inform future drug policy research. This reflection details the link between social harm and the impingement of human flourishing, explores the role of decolonizing drug policy, advocates for the centralization of lived experience within the research process and outlines how this might align with harm reduction approaches. We conclude by arguing that the social harm approach challenges the idea that neutrality is the goal in drug policy and explicitly seeks to expand new avenues in activist research and social justice approaches to policymaking.

Mental Disorders and Crime: An Introduction to Clinical Criminology

Abstract The importance of criminological research is increasing nowadays. Crime is the most dangerous form of deviance and has the most severe social consequences. Combating crime would not be conceivable without the theories and knowledge of criminology. The application of theoretical knowledge in practice should be promoted in criminological research. The manifestations of crime as a socially negative and legal phenomenon are widespread, and social deviations can have completely different forms of manifestation. This is clearly supported by the findings of clinical criminology that evolved from the concept of classical criminology. Clinical criminology is a theoretical and practical study of the personality of a criminal who has committed a criminal offence in a state of mental incapacity or diminished mental capacity, and an approach to determining preventive measures and means..

Dysfunctional family as a determinant of mercenary and forcible crimes of minors and young people

The article is devoted to the problems of criminological determination of mercenary and forcible crimes of minors and youth. The author defines dysfunctional family as one of the main determinants of mercenary and forcible crimes among minors and youth.
 The article characterizes the influence of adversity in the family, defects of family upbringing on the formation of a young personality.
 The author analyzes modern criminological concepts regarding family problems as determinants of juvenile and youth crime and notes that the aggravation of problems of family dysfunction against the general background of poverty and constant need, moral and social degradation that occurs in families, lead to extremely negative consequences.
 It is a well-known fact that the intensity of crime is particularly high among minors and young people from disadvantaged families. Basically, drunkenness, drug addiction, and prostitution thrive in these families, there are no moral foundations, elementary culture. All this affects the formation of the character of the individual, because the influence of the family, upbringing is of decisive importance.
 Negative socio-economic and political processes significantly weakened the importance of the family institution as a social institution that protected children and youth. The majority of juvenile criminals were brought up in dysfunctional, single-parent families with a critical financial situation, and were witnesses of scandals and fights.
 Parents who lead an immoral lifestyle, are indifferent to the interests of the child, are unable to provide the proper conditions for the normal psychophysical development of the child, and the deterioration of the financial situation of families leads to the inaccessibility due to the increase in the prices of using the benefits of civilization and, combined with discomfort in the family, provokes minors spending more and more time outside.
 The article provides a criminological description of the modern aspects of family dysfunction, which are associated with military actions and the temporary occupation of large territories, and also complements the classification of dysfunctional families, which is developed today by criminological science.

Challenges and Solutions in Applying Criminological Teachings in Iranian Public Criminal Law

Criminology, as an interdisciplinary field, can play an effective role in the development and improvement of criminal justice systems. However, in Iranian public criminal law, the application of criminological teachings faces numerous challenges. This article examines these challenges and provides solutions to enhance the use of criminological findings in the Iranian criminal justice system. Some of the key challenges include limitations in the language of criminal laws and their intersection with criminological teachings, insufficient awareness and transparency among judicial actors regarding criminological concepts, the imported nature of criminological theories, the punitive culture of society, and the lack of necessary education in criminological research methods. In contrast, solutions such as the localization of criminological teachings, emphasizing criminological studies, field interviews, and statistical research, raising judges' awareness of the functions of criminology, and applying modern penalties can facilitate the incorporation of criminological teachings into Iranian public criminal law. The aim of this article is to identify obstacles and propose strategies for increasing the connection between criminology and Iranian public criminal law.

Dysfunctional family as a determinant of mercenary and forcible crimes of minors and young people

The article is devoted to the problems of criminological determination of mercenary and forcible crimes of minors and youth. The author defines dysfunctional family as one of the main determinants of mercenary and forcible crimes among minors and youth.
 The article characterizes the influence of adversity in the family, defects of family upbringing on the formation of a young personality.
 The author analyzes modern criminological concepts regarding family problems as determinants of juvenile and youth crime and notes that the aggravation of problems of family dysfunction against the general background of poverty and constant need, moral and social degradation that occurs in families, lead to extremely negative consequences.
 It is a well-known fact that the intensity of crime is particularly high among minors and young people from disadvantaged families. Basically, drunkenness, drug addiction, and prostitution thrive in these families, there are no moral foundations, elementary culture. All this affects the formation of the character of the individual, because the influence of the family, upbringing is of decisive importance.
 Negative socio-economic and political processes significantly weakened the importance of the family institution as a social institution that protected children and youth. The majority of juvenile criminals were brought up in dysfunctional, single­parent families with a critical financial situation, and were witnesses of scandals and fights.
 Parents who lead an immoral lifestyle, are indifferent to the interests of the child, are unable to provide the proper conditions for the normal psychophysical development of the child, and the deterioration of the financial situation of families leads to the inaccessibility due to the increase in the prices of using the benefits of civilization and, combined with discomfort in the family, provokes minors spending more and more time outside.
 The article provides a criminological description of the modern aspects of family dysfunction, which are associated with military actions and the temporary occupation of large territories, and also complements the classification of dysfunctional families, which is developed today by criminological science.

The personality of the offender

The personality of the criminal is a complex criminological concept, studied by several sciences, which includes the psycho-social notion and the legal-criminal notion of the criminal. This being an essential starting point for the investigation of the case as a result of the commission of an illegal act, because without personality - there is no crime. In both local and foreign criminological literature, the opinions and definitions of the personality of the criminal are very different. Each author has his own vision with reference to the conceptual definition of the personality of the criminal, some generalize it in a definition, others exemplify it in various casuistic situations of judicial practice and define it through a complex notion. Thus, in this research we aim to carry out a detailed analysis of the general notion of the personality of the criminal, liable to commit illegal acts.

Affective Atmosphere in an Art Fair Jewel Heist

AbstractIn mid 2022, social media videos of an armed jewel heist during opening hours at the TEFAF art fair baffled the public. The thieves wore seemingly absurd costumes, and the art fair attendees only showed muted reactions to a violent and dramatic crime. Drawing on first-hand observational research at TEFAF before and after the heist, and on an extended observational methodology focused on the atmosphere of art commercial spaces, we argue that the affective atmosphere of the art fair had a direct influence both on how the thieves committed and how onlookers experienced crime. Within the art fair space, thieves conformed to art world conventions and fair attendees experienced dangerous events as being significantly less sinister. With this paper, we contribute to the growing concept of sensory criminology and the role that atmosphere and affect play in crime.

Defi-crime: condition, trends and criminological models

Objective: to develop a criminological concept of DeFi-crime and measures to deter it.Methods: dialectical materialism and the general scientific methods of cognition based on it, used in the Russian criminology.Results: a criminological concept of DeFi-crime as a type of digital crime was developed, i.e. a new specific criminological theory of DeFi-crime (DeFi-criminology) within the structure of digital criminology was proposed. The information factors influencing the DeFi-crime state, structure and trends were determined, and measures for its deterrence by criminological and technological means were proposed.Scientific novelty: the presented work is the first and only study conducted within the framework of digital criminology, reflecting the state, trends and structure of DeFi-crime, revealing the main causes that form it, as well as describing options for deterring this type of digital crime by technological and criminological means.Practical significance: the study results can be used in law enforcement activities when assessing potential threats from DeFicrime and developing measures to reduce them; in educational activities – in the process of teaching courses in criminology, cybercriminology, digital criminology; in research activities – when obtaining additional knowledge on certain types of DeFi–crime: DeFi-theft and DeFi-fraud during their further research in DeFi-criminology.

Understanding the Concept of Crime and Criminology

The idea of a crime-free society is a fable. In truth, it is not possible to imagine a society without against the law and crook hassle. The primary trouble of the concept of crime is social order. It is generally acknowledged that as a network member, guys 's pursuits are fine protected. Everybody in society has a few duties to his fellow residents, in addition to certain rights and benefits that he expects others to provide for him. The abovecited concept of mutual respect and self-assurance within the rights of others governs the conduct of society's contributors as an entire. Although most of the people of individuals adhere to the ‘‘live and allow live” philosophy, there are a choose range who, for whatever purpose, wreck from this widespread and interact with anti-social forces. This certainly locations a responsibility at the state to preserve society's normalcy. The nation, which administers it with the assist of the regulation, has the difficult duty of safeguarding lawabiding individuals and punishing lawbreakers. 'Regulation', according to Salmond, is a 'rule of motion' that governs human beings's conduct in society. Wrongful acts or crimes are defined as conducts which can be prohibited by the law in impact at the time and place, while lawful conducts are described as the ones which can be authorised via the regulation. Under the regulation of crime, the culprit who commits a crime is penalised for his moves.

Disrupting Labor Trafficking in the Agricultural Sector: Looking at Opportunities beyond Law Enforcement Interventions

ABSTRACT Law enforcement interventions continue to be the primary mechanism used to identify offenders and illicit businesses involved in human trafficking, yet trafficking continues to be a thriving international operation. We explore alternative mechanisms to disrupt illicit operations and reduce victimization through labor trafficking supply chains using supply chain disruption theory. Using a case study approach to examine one federally prosecuted labor trafficking case in the agricultural sector, we (1) extend criminological concepts of disruption by identifying sources and methods of disruption and (2) inform criminal justice system responses by presenting novel methods of assessing effectiveness of anti-human trafficking policies and programs.

Strategic principles of crime prevention in the concept of criminology of war: a value and ideological component

Strategic principles of crime prevention in the concept of criminology of war: a value and ideological component

Memahami Sejarah dan Geopolitik Amerika Syarikat di Segi Tiga Emas Thailand: Hubungkait Ketagihan dan Penyeludupan Dadah serta Keselamatan Malaysia

We examine the latest proposals of new Malaysia's government to decriminalise drug addiction issues. From defence and security perspective, the authors cautioned Malaysia's hasty decision to decriminalise drug addicts when existing security measures to combat drug smuggling at the cross-border remained unresolved. In demonstrating the relations between illegal drug supplies in the Malaysian black market with the transnational drug syndicate, the authors focus historical existence of the Golden Triangle and the US’s Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) presence in the area during the Cold War. The CIA’s involvement in the drug triangle within complex nested security threats. It brought the Malaysian history of drugs and the introduction of capital punishment with the past relations of Malaya's communist insurgency with the northern Vietnam government and the Vietnam War. Given the current shift of the Southeast Asian tension involving the US-China power rivalry in the South China Sea, any current attempt to decriminalise dangerous addicted substances must take into past the historical geopolitical complexity of transnational and traditional security threats. Currently, the conceptualisation of drug addictions as national security threats relies upon existing capital punishment for drug abuse as a criminal offence. These offences relied heavily upon jurisprudence conceptualisation of addiction with possession of the abused substance. A proposal to decriminalise Malaysian addicts needs to understand the reliance of threats upon criminal offence concepts of the addictive substance. Thus, without criminological concepts of unlawful possession, legal loopholes cannot deter transnational security problems caused by drug traffickers and smugglers.

Capital in illegal online drug markets: How digital capital changes the cultural environment of drug dealing

Digital societies demand technological competence, including for actors in illegal activity. Inspired by Bourdieu’s theory of cultural capital and related criminological concepts such as street capital, this study analyses digital capital as a wider concept relating to digital drug markets that capture both technological and cultural competences. We pursue this empirically via interview data ( N = 107) on social media and darknet drug markets. The overall need for digital competence erodes the earlier divide in drug markets based on either subculture or networks. The need to be familiar with mainstream technological tools and behaviours connects digital drug markets to more general cultural competencies. Consequently, illegal activities become connected with mainstream cultural capital because both fields value the same competencies.

Ethical Principles, Social Harm and the Economic Relations of Research: Negotiating Ethics Committee Requirements and Community Expectations in Ethnographic Research in Rural Malawi

Conventional research ethics focus on avoidance of harm to individual participants through measures to ensure informed consent. In long-term ethnographic research projects involving multiple actors, however, a wider concept of harm is needed. We apply the criminological concept of social harm, which focuses on harm produced through and affecting wider social relations, to a research project that we undertook in Malawi. Through this, we show how structural economic inequalities shape the consequences of research for the differently positioned parties involved. Specifically, we focus on dilemmas around transferring resources within three social fields: our relations with a Malawian ethics committee; our interventions in a rural community; and our efforts to engage the policy community. Each of these involved multiple and differently placed individuals within broader, multi-scalar structural relations and reveals the inadequacies of conventional codes of ethics.

Creative compliance, neutralization techniques, and palaeontological ethics

This paper uses the sociological and criminological concepts of creative compliance and techniques of neutralization to consider reactions to ongoing ethical issues within the paleontological community. Using the ethical and legal issues concerning the study of fossil-bearing amber from Myanmar, and drawing upon interviews from palaeontologists conducted by the TRANSFORM project, this paper argues that palaeontological research has a strong social component which should not only be reflected in the ethical approval and oversight of palaeontological projects, but also reflected in the teaching of palaeontology at university level.

Criminological characteristics of the personality of a criminal who commits criminal acts in the sphere of the economy using information and communication technologies

The article deals with the criminological characteristics of the personality of a criminal who commits acts in the sphere of the economy using information and communication technologies. The author used statistical, comparative legal, analysis, formal logic as research methods. It is noted that the factors influencing the formation of the offender’s personality are external conditions that cause a certain situation that affects human behavior and internal conditions — the properties of the psyche of a particular individual, formed in the process of social communication. The main criminological characteristics of the offender’s personality are studied, the socio-demographic, criminal-legal, moral-psychological characteristics inherent in him are determined. In addition, as part of the study of the identity of the offender, the need to introduce a new criminological concept of “latent subject” has been established. Such a person is engaged in direct planning of criminal activity, develops a mechanism for committing an act, using information and communication technologies for this, including to hide his identity, thus remaining “invisible” to law enforcement agencies. At the same time, as a circumstance that will help improve the efficiency of detecting and solving crimes in the field of information and communication technologies, there will be deanonymization of the information space, the ability to identify network users the Internet. Thus, the study of the personality of the offender and the introduction of a new concept of “latent subject” will contribute to the adoption of timely preventive response measures in the framework of the prevention of crimes in the information sphere.

Culture of Abuse of Power Due to Conflict of Interest to Corruption for Too Long on The Management form Resources of Oil and Gas in Indonesia

This research is a culture of abuse of power due to conflicts of interest so that corruption takes too long to manage oil and natural gas resources in Indonesia in managing oil and natural gas resources in Indonesia. The problem of this research is that the Indonesian state is equipped with abundant natural resources, including oil and natural gas resources. According to Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution, the oil and natural gas resources should be controlled by the state for the greatest prosperity of the people. In fact, the Indonesian people are not prosperous despite the abundance of oil and natural gas resources. Historical research methods. With the concept of cultural criminology. The results of research since the independence of the Republic of Indonesia have occurred abuse of power due to conflicts of interest to maintain power in the management of oil and gas with corruption impacting state losses, especially the suffering of the Indonesian people for too long, so that a culture of corruption is formed. This happens first; the sudden change component, caused by global changes and the modernization of the tendency of society to comply with materialism and consumerism while ignoring the cultural values of shame in the life of the nation and state. that is not trustworthy towards people's trust. This renewal of research re-shames cultural morality and limits the extent of power that

Criminological concept and signs of illegal production, sale or shipmentof drugs committed by a person using his of cial position

Criminological concept and signs of illegal production, sale or shipmentof drugs committed by a person using his of cial position