Criminal Activity Research Articles

Gang membership and rehabilitation: an exploration of narrative accounts from violent gang offenders in an English prison

Purpose The majority of gang research has focussed primarily on American samples, with the rehabilitative field being no exception. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to expand the knowledge base regarding the psychology of gang membership by exploring the narrative accounts of convicted street gang members within an English and Welsh prison sample. Design/methodology/approach Using semi-structured interviews with nine convicted male prisoners, data were analysed, systematically coded and themes generated in line with the principles of thematic analysis. Findings Three major themes emerged which depicted how members viewed gang membership. The first theme was around what being a gang member meant to them and the organisation within the gang (e.g. hierarchy and criminal activities). The second theme reflected their motivations for joining a gang with reference to their identity and survival. Lastly, within the third theme, participants spoke about what had motivated them to disengage from the gang, difficulties they faced because of disengagement, and what they felt had helped them in the process of disengagement. Practical implications The study emphasises the importance of avoiding labels and promoting choice as to how individuals refer to themselves, which can help remove stigma and strengthen professional relationships as part of their risk management planning. Policymakers, practitioners and programme developers are advised to reflect on the word “gang” and how this may influence perception of risk and contribute to bias in judgement. The study also provides insight into individuals experiences with rehabilitation initiatives and the logistical challenges of being open with their peer group. Also supports ideas on considering how to create opportunities to ensure those who wish to exit gangs can do so in a safe, legitimate and durable way. Findings could assist in the design of early preventative measures for those identified as being at risk of joining a gang. Offering training to professionals in the community on how to identify and communicate with those vulnerable to joining a gang may support this process. Originality/value Findings add to the limited yet growing evidence base in understanding the psychology of gang membership and helping to support the work undertaken with this cohort.

Unveiling Practical Insights: An Assessment of Media Influence on Tertiary Students' Perceptions of Crime and Criminals in Jigawa State

This study examines the influence of media on tertiary students' perceptions of crime and criminals in Jigawa State, Nigeria. With the rise in media consumption, particularly of crime-related content, there is growing concern about its potential to distort reality and elevate fear of crime among young adults. Utilizing Gerbner’s Cultivation Theory as a framework, this research explores how different media types impact students' understanding of crime, including television, social media, and news outlets. A mixed-method approach was used, combining surveys and focus group discussions with students across various institutions. The results indicate a significant correlation between high media consumption and exaggerated crime perception. Findings further reveal that students frequently exposed to sensational crime stories report heightened fear and misconceptions about criminal activity. These insights underscore the need for media literacy programs and balanced crime reporting to mitigate the influence of media on students' perceptions of crime.

Corporate Crime Liability: Beyond Rule Reform on Indonesia Criminal Policy

The acceptance of the corporation as the subject of a criminal act, causing problems in the accountability of corporate criminal acts, because of the existence of vague norms that cause injustice and uncertainty in its application. In this study, there are two main problems, namely regulation of corporate criminal liability in criminal law in Indonesia and the prospect of criminal law on the liability of corporate criminal acts in Indonesia from the perspective of ius constituendum. The research method used is a normative legal research method with a statutory approach, comparison study and legal concepts analysis. The results of the study are: (1) As a vague norm in the regulation of corporations as the subject of criminal acts that can be accounted for in the Criminal Code and several laws outside the Criminal Code have regulated corporations as the subject of criminal acts that can be accounted for in criminal law, (2) The prospect of regulating corporate criminal liability in the 2019 Draft Criminal Code has completely and firmly regulated corporations as the subject of criminal acts and can be accounted for in criminal law and accepts absolute criminal liability and certain substitute criminal liability.

Benthamís Project of Applied Ethics, c. 1780: Part I, A Penal Code

Benthamís An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (IPML) was originally intended to introduce a utilitarian penal code. Such a code would apply the principle of utility to the task of designing a system of criminal law. Part I, Section I of this two-part paper gives an overview of IPML, in which the basic moral assumptions of utilitarianism are presented, and the central concept of mischief is emphasised. The principle of utility favors making into criminal offences actions that are mischievous and profitable to punish. Section II discusses Chapter XVI of IPML. This chapter is a taxonomy of possible offences and the penal code would explain which acts in the taxonomy are mischievous and profitable to punish. This chapter also suggests how Bentham was beginning to see the need for other utilitarian legal codes. Section III discusses Benthamís concept of a ëcatechism of reasonsí to be included in the code, which would explain to the citizenry why each action in the code is mischievous. Section IV discusses two important sets of manuscripts that illustrate the reasoning that was to accompany the code. The first briefly treats the offence of cruelty to animals and expands on the thinking in the famous footnote to Chapter XVII that argues that non-human animals can be treated wrongly, while the second examines the remarkable treatment of ëpaederastyí, that is, consensual sex between adult males. IPML does not mention paederasty, although several passages are relevant to it. These passages suggest that paederasty is not mischievous. The manuscripts expand on these suggestions, and explicitly argue that paederasty ought not to be an offence. Several new issues are discussed, such as the effect of paederasty on population size. In the subsequent Part II of this paper, Benthamís treatment of punishment in IPML, The Rationale of Punishment, and the penal code will be discussed.

Illegal drugs and socio-economic changes in a new pivotal region: a court judgements perspective

Abstract This study adopts an integrative approach, combining quantitative and quantitative analysis based on Court judgements to uncover trends, dynamics and projections in the illegal drug trade. A quantitative analysis offers insight into drug specialisations. A Computer-Assisted Qualitative Document Analysis Software unveils socio-economic changes in a newly pivotal Italian region for international drug trade. The analysis highlights the intricate complexities of this underground activity and assesses the role of organised crime groups, shifts in criminal activities, and the emergence of complementary profitable crimes. The study offers a novel understanding of the multi-faceted nature of the drug trade, its impact on society, and its connection with other types of crimes, empowering policymakers to make evidence-based decisions on prevention and treatment policies.

NIGERIA’S SECURITY DYNAMICS AND THE FIGHT AGAINST CRIME

This review paper delves into the 'security dynamics in Nigeria, and the fight against crime', elucidating the current state of criminal activities in Nigeria, which have reached unprecedented levels, particularly with the emergence of social media and other sophisticated technological tools. Nevertheless, the paper aims to leverage these advanced technological resources for intelligence gathering to combat crime effectively. It correlates the nature of criminal activities and their evolution with the intergenerational differences present in our society today, highlighting how these differences have also impacted the capabilities of law enforcement agencies in addressing crime in Nigeria. The recommendations put forth in this paper emphasize the significance of inter-agency cooperation, advocating for the integration of advanced intelligence-gathering mechanisms into the operational frameworks of security agencies to expedite crime prevention. Additionally, the discussion on recommendations entails investing in community policing, enhancing security protocols, and enacting reforms, among other proposals.

Violation of the handling rules of pathogens: discourse on the definition of the subject of the criminal offense

The relevance of the study is determined by the growing importance of ensuring the biological security of the state, in particular, by criminal legal means in the context of strengthening control over the activities of research, diagnostic and production microbiological laboratories that work with pathogenic material, as well as by the uncertainty of the criminal legal doctrine regarding the mandatory signs of the composition of the criminal offense under Art. 326 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to develop a scientifically grounded approach to the understanding of the subject of violation of the handling rules of microbiological objects that are pathogens of dangerous diseases, and the responsibility for which is provided for by Article 326 of the current Criminal Code of Ukraine, as well as by Articles 5.1.12, 5.1.13 and 5.1.19 of the draft of the new Criminal Code of Ukraine. To achieve this goal, the following scientific methods were used: hermeneutical, normative-dogmatic, formal-logical, system-structural. The provisions of international and national legislation of Ukraine, which determine the content of the subject of the relevant criminal offense, were analyzed. It was found out that, despite the dual interpretation, the term “biological agents is used both in the current and in the prospective legislative acts of Ukraine, and the lists of dangerous biological agents are approved by the Government and the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. In the absence of the legal definition of the term “infectious agents” and the absence of any normative defined lists of such agents, the use of this term in the construction of the relevant criminal law norms is considered to be questionable. The meaning of the concept of “biotechnology products,” which was used by the authors of the draft of the new Criminal Code of Ukraine to criminalize the violation of the handling rules of pathogens, has been determined. It was found out that there is no legally defined list of biotechnology products, which significantly expands the meaning of this concept. It was argued that the application of the definition of “biotechnology products” in a prospective codified criminal legal act will create unjustified competition of norms and will negatively affect the qualification of relevant criminal offenses. The optimal version of the disposition of the criminal legal norm on the violation of the mentioned rules of biological safety in terms of determining the subject of this criminal offense has been given.

Досвід фіксації свідчень про голодомор 1932–1933 рр. та організації його дослідження в окремому адміністративному районі

Oral history is an important source of national and historical memories of a people, especially in relation to those periods of the life of an ethnic or national community that are existential for it, when it struggles for its survival and existence and when few written documents have survived. Therefore, in order to fully and completely record the testimonies of eyewitnesses of events of great importance in the history of the nation and the state, the state authorities, scientific institutions and the public must unite their efforts to fulfill this task in the best possible way. One of such important existential events in the history of the Ukrainian people was the Holodomor of 1932–1933 perpetrated by the criminal communist authorities of the USSR, a national Сatastrophe for Ukrainians that claimed millions of lives of our compatriots and was hushed up in the Soviet Union for decades. It is clear that this tragedy of the Ukrainian nation deserved the fullest possible recording of oral testimonies, also considering the fact that very few written documents about it have survived. The local authorities and the patriotic public of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi district of Kyiv region were aware of this, and with joint efforts there was organized a continuous recording of the testimonies of eyewitnesses of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in all populated areas of the district and a bookcompilation of these testimonies was published. The peculiarity of this book is that it was the result of mass collective cooperation of several hundred residents of Pereyaslavshchyna - representatives of the authorities, informants, scientists, recorders, donors. Another feature of the book was its 3-part structure, which consisted of a corpus of testimonies about the Holodomor in populated areas of the district, a broad analytical introductory article and copies of written documents that were found in the archives of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi and Kyiv. Later, especially during the commemoration of the 75th anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932– 1933, several more books similar to “The Holodomors...” appeared, created on a regional basis in the areas of Central-Eastern and Southern Ukraine that experienced this artificial calamity organized by the criminal authorities USSR with the aim of genocide of Ukrainians as a nation. The same policy is continued by the current fascist government of Russia, having started a war against Ukraine. It is clear that due to the fear of punishment, these inhumans will sweep away the traces of their bloody crimes, destroy any documents that testify to their atrocities, as their predecessors did with documents about the Holodomor. The same policy is continued by the current fascist government of russia, having started a war against Ukraine. It is clear that due to the fear of punishment, these inhumans will sweep away the traces of their bloody crimes, destroy any documents that testify to their atrocities, as their predecessors did with documents about the Holodomor. Therefore, the issue of complete and continuous fixation of the oral history about the criminal actions of the Russian occupants in Ukraine arises again with particular urgency. And here you can use the experience of preparing for the publication of the book “Holodovka...”: close cooperation between the authorities and active representatives of civil society, the regional principle of collecting materials and publishing memorial books, the 3-part structure of such books. This organization of the oral history preservation process proved its efficiency and effectiveness on the example of the successful publication of the book “Holodovka…”. Similar approaches can be applied when recording testimonies about the actions of individual territorial military formations (battalions, brigades), testimonies of Ukrainian prisoners of war, civilians deported to Russia, forcibly deported Ukrainian children, etc. The methodology of collecting eyewitness testimonies (regional principle, close cooperation of local authorities with patriotic public, mass involvement of public representatives, 3-part structure of the collection) and their publication can also be applied to the recording of testimonies about the Holodomor of 1946–1947 from its still living eyewitnesses. Keywords: Holodomor, oral history, testimony, Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi region, National Historical and Ethnographic Reserve “Pereyaslav”.

Representations of Jewelry as a Source of Metaphorization in the Modern Russian Linguistic Picture of the World

Purpose. The article describes the linguocultural specifics of metaphorization of general representations of jewelry in the Russian linguistic picture of the world. The relevance of the topic is related to the use of lexemes with the root jewel- in various contexts based on metaphorization and figurative representation of heterogeneous phenomena. The purpose of the research is to determine main directions of metaphorization in the semantic field «Jewelry» based on lexicographic data and contexts from the «National Corpus of the Russian Language». The sample consists of 144 examples with metaphorical meaning of the lexemes jeweler, jeweled and jewelry selected from the National Corpus of the Russian Language.Results. Contextual analysis and analysis of conceptual metaphor identified 6 main slots representing the basis for metaphorization.Conclusion. The metaphorization with the source jewel- in the Russian linguistic picture of the world describes not only qualities of a jeweler, but also the process and the result of jewelry work. The signs associated with the process and the results of jewelry work are the basis for metaphorization in most cases. Metaphorical contexts of «General representations of jewelry» predominantly reflect a positive evaluation, even while describing a criminal act, the emphasis is on accuracy and invisibility taken as positive aspects of this activity.

Corporate Criminal Liability Formulation in Criminal Acts in the Field of Taxation to Realize Legal Certainty

Problems in the enforcement of tax criminal law involve normative vagueness related to corporate criminal liability in the context of tax crimes. Currently, criminal liability is directed only to individuals who are stewards or controllers of the corporation personally. This results in the main perpetrator in tax crimes are individual taxpayers, even though these crimes actually occur within the scope of operations of a corporation. In addition, the corporation itself cannot be criminally liable, nor can its shareholders. In the context of tax crimes that generally occur in a corporative environment and involve tax officials, there are normative obstacles in law enforcement against business entities involved in tax crimes. The research method used in this study is normative juridical with research specifications, namely descriptive analytical, techniques for collecting legal materials with library research using primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials, analytical techniques used qualitative normative by combining induction and deduction reasoning. The results of this Dissertation research show that criminal liability for corporations in tax crimes regulated in Law No. 16 of 2009 concerning General Provisions and Tax Procedures which has been amended by Law No. 7 of 2021 concerning Harmonization of Tax Regulations, has not directly regulated criminal liability for corporations. Currently, criminal liability is only given to the management or controller of the corporation personally.

THE ROLE OF THE RUSSIAN ANIMAL PROTECTION SOCIETY IN IMPROVING THE LEGISLATION OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE FIELD OF HUMANE TREATMENT OF ANIMALS IN THE 2ND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

The article analyses one of the key law-making initiatives of the Russian Animal Protection Society, which arose in 1865. This law-making initiative of Society was launched in the 2nd half of the 19th century and thanks to it, a norm establishing legal responsibility, appeared in the criminal law act of the Russian Empire – the «Statute on Punishments Imposed by Justices of the Peace». For the first time in the history of the development of Russian law a norm that establishes legal liability for intentionally inflicting torment on pets has appeared. The different law-making practice of protecting animals from cruel treatment, which at the said time did exist in foreign countries, is given. It was taken into account by the Society when developing the draught law. Starting with the introduction of administrative measures to protect animals in the form of «Rules for the treatment of animals» approved by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Society faced with the ineffectiveness of their application in practice after some time. Then the Society came to the conclusion that it was necessary to establish in legislation legal liability for causing animals to suffer. The draught law prepared by the Society, found a response from the supreme authorityas a result of which, Russian criminal law was supplemented with a fundamentally new norm that puts animal rights under the state protection of.

The crime of cyber blackmail in the era of artificial intelligence

Cyber blackmail is defined as a transgression which occurs when an individual or group intimidates the victim by threatening to expose his/her personal information on social media. This form of criminal activity, which has emerged with technological advancement, particularly in the artificial intelligence (AI) domain, is not confined to any specific region or nation. The unrestricted reach of cyber blackmail necessitates the constant revision and evaluation of the laws regulating it so that these laws maintain their effectiveness when changes occur in the manner in which this offence is committed. This study comparatively analysed the validity of current cyber blackmail laws in Iraq and Malaysia through discussions emphasizing the association between cyber blackmail and AI, as well as the rules and regulations formulated to curb this crime. The systematic, comprehensive and comparative method employed for this study scrutinized the issue of cyber blackmail from all perspectives. It revealed that the will of Iraqi authorities falls short when it comes to the implementation of effective measures aimed at reining in the prevalence of cyber blackmail. These measures included reviewing the penal code or drafting laws directed at combating IT crimes. The crime of cyber blackmail involves the instilling of anxiety in the victim, with the purpose of compelling him/her to succumb to the demands of the blackmailer. We conclude this study with proposals aimed at curtailing the occurrence of cyber blackmail.

Computer-aided analysis: Correlation between urban green spaces and crime rates

Abstract. Urban green spaces have been associated with various social and environmental benefits, including their potential impact on crime rates. This study investigates the correlation between urban green spaces and crime rates using a combination of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and advanced statistical analysis. By analyzing data from a large metropolitan area, we examine how green space characteristics such as size, type, and maintenance influence crime patterns. Our findings indicate that well-maintained green spaces with diverse amenities can significantly reduce crime rates, whereas neglected areas may become hotspots for criminal activities. The study also explores temporal patterns of crime in relation to green spaces, revealing that adequate lighting and community presence are crucial for nighttime safety. Policy recommendations are provided to help urban planners and policymakers leverage green spaces to enhance urban safety. By integrating multiple analytical techniques, this research contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the role of green spaces in urban crime prevention and offers actionable insights for future urban planning.

WORK RELATIONS AND CHALLENGES FOR INCLUSION OF PEOPLE COMPLYING WITH SOCIO-EDUCATIONAL MEASURES: A theoretical essay based on national literature

Socio-educational measures (SEM) are the State's stance in response to a juvenile's criminal act. The effectiveness of SEM is constantly under attack, and the possibility of more severe punitive measures, especially institutionalization, is often brought up, since juvenile offenders are considered "maladjusted" or "irredeemable". It is noted that such negative conceptions are perpetuated in various sectors of society, and that, in addition, stigmas also appear among the management teams of socio-educational institutions, with a view that corroborates the perspective that these young people do not deserve trust. Our objective was to analyze, through a systematic literature review, national scientific publications about young men, aged between 16 and 20 years, serving MSE in a detention regime, aiming to build a theoretical-reflective foundation to support the analyses of their situation regarding the prospects of entering the job market and the practice of Organizational and Work Psychology, whether in professional guidance or in working in organizations, contributing to the reduction of prejudices that act on this public, promoting their exclusion in the formal job market. Our postulation, which goes in the direction that stigmas and prejudices need to be the target of a process of deconstruction, so that citizens can have equal rights and possibilities of social inclusion and in the job market, is weakened when we realize that a science and profession such as Psychology, objectively Organizational and Work Psychology, has not made this phenomenon the object of its attention.

ENSURING THE CELERITY OF THE PROCEEDINGS THROUGH THE CONTESTATION REGARDING THE DURATION OF THE CRIMINAL PROCESS

The concept of public safety is also manifested by respecting the fundamental rights of the person during the judicial proceedings, rights among which is the right to resolve the case within a reasonable time. From this perspective, to ensure the speedy resolution of criminal cases, in the regulation of the current Romanian Code of Criminal Procedure, the contestation regarding the duration of the criminal process was introduced, an institution that allows the request to expedite the resolution of the case if the criminal prosecution or trial activity is not carried out in a reasonable time frame. In this context, the present work addresses the institution of the contestation regarding the duration of the criminal process, bringing to attention also some jurisprudential aspects regarding the need for the interpretation and uniform application of the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure in the matter of the admissibility of this contestation. Also, using documentation, observation, interpretation and scientific analysis as research methods, this study discusses the consequences of not complying with the term established for the resolution of the case in the situation of admitting the contestation regarding the duration of the criminal process. The paper concludes with a concrete proposal for a ferenda law, regarding the establishment of a processual sanction, which will ensure the effective role of the contestation regarding the duration of the criminal process as a genuine accelerator remedy in case of exceeding the reasonable duration of the procedures.

Regulation Act of Torture in Criminal Code: Opportunity and Challenge to Improve Human Rights Situation in Indonesia

This research aims to analyze the opportunities and challenges with regulating the criminal act of torture in Law No. 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (KUHP). The provisions regarding the criminal act of torture in the Criminal Code certainly open up opportunities in efforts to eliminate the practice of torture in Indonesia. The provisions of Article 530 of the current Criminal Code and the explanatory section stipulate that this article directly derives from the provisions in the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. On the other hand, all efforts and mechanisms to eliminate the practice of torture in Indonesia still require many steps to be taken. This research was conducted using a normative juridical method with a statutory approach. This research also provides an explanation of several gaps from previous similar studies by explaining several novel analyses, such as: (1) the application of sanctions to perpetrators must be adjusted to the provisions of international instruments, (2) revision of various articles in the Criminal Procedure Code which has the potential to perpetuate the practice of torture, and (3) the urgency to ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (OPCAT). The conclusion of this research is an explanation that the regulation of criminal acts of torture in the provisions of the new Criminal Code needs to be appreciated, but of course it is not enough. The state must have high commitment and political will to revise the Criminal Procedure Code openly and involve the community, ratify OPCAT, implement national legal provisions, and ensure law enforcement against perpetrators.

Exploring Typologies of Domestic Violence Perpetrators: Insights into Male Patterns and Behaviours

Research into domestic violence has typically focused on the victims, who are usually female. However, shifting the focus to the male perpetrators creates opportunities for earlier intervention to stop the violence. By recognizing the early warning signs, police, community-based supports and governments can target interventions to prevent domestic violence before it escalates or even occurs. This policy brief examines the 10-year history of Calgary Police Service interactions with 934 Calgary men, aged 18 and above, who were eventually charged in domestic violence incidents in 2019. Based on their criminal and domestic encounters with police, the perpetrators fell into four typologies. Of the four groups, one had no history with police and the second had a criminal history but no non-criminal domestic encounters before the 2019 charge. The third group had a history of non-criminal domestic encounters, but no criminal history with police, while the fourth group had a record of both criminal charges and non-criminal domestic encounters with police. Only 27 per cent of the men in this study had no previous interactions with police. These trajectories and typologies reveal discernible increases in criminal activity and domestic encounters with police culminating in domestic violence charges. This information can help to focus legislation, policies and practices which can lead to preventing domestic violence, thus improving on the current model in which police and community organizations often respond to domestic violence only after the fact. Increased police interactions prior to a criminal conviction involving domestic violence mean there is a point at which early intervention may prevent a criminal incident of domestic violence from happening. Interventions can include providing access to counselling and supports while making online resources accessible to men at risk of becoming perpetrators and who are struggling with their behaviour in their intimate relationships. Other prevention efforts could include school-based programs and targeting male-dominated workplaces with domestic violence prevention efforts in order to avert potential first offences. The approach to domestic violence must shift. The victims’ responsibility to keep themselves safe needs to be augmented by a focus on stopping the individuals who perpetuate harm. Our ongoing research agenda is investigating the extent to which police, government and policy-makers may be able to use information about the behaviours and trajectories of offenders to intervene proactively and so prevent incidents of domestic violence from happening.

Money laundering and compliance in professional football: the case of Belgium in light of the new EU AML single rulebook

In recent decades, football has evolved from a purely sporting activity into a global economic phenomenon. Along with this metamorphosis, questions of corporate governance and compliance have come to the fore when it comes to the governance of (professional) football clubs. A good example is the consequences of, and efforts to prevent, criminal activities in the form of money laundering. In recent years, the risks of money laundering activities through the professional football sector have often been highlighted by, for example, European Union institutions. In Belgium, an alleged money laundering scandal in professional football led to legislative measures. This contribution considers the application of Belgium’s preventive anti-money laundering framework to professional football in comparison to the novel EU AML Single Rulebook legal framework as applicable to professional football. It concludes that this legal framework is not a miracle solution to the problems facing the sector, and furthermore, the application of this framework raises several questions.

The School-to-Prison Pipeline: Long-Run Impacts of School Suspensions on Adult Crime

Schools must balance student behavior management with the potential negatives of strict discipline. These policies can deter misbehavior but may stigmatize students and expose them to the criminal justice system early. We assess the impact of attending a strict discipline school on achievement, educational attainment, and adult criminal activity. Using data from a boundary change and principal switches, we find that higher suspension rates have significant negative long-term effects. Students at such schools are 15–20 percent more likely to be arrested and incarcerated as adults. Negative impacts on educational attainment are particularly pronounced for males and students of color. (JEL H75, I21, I28, J15, K42)

Proof Of Criminal Origin Related To Money Laundering In Mutual Fund Investment Activities In Supreme Court Decision Number 2937 K/Pid.Sus/2021

The crime of money laundering in the form of mutual fund investments is a serious crime that can threaten the stability of the financial system and economy. Perpetrators use mutual funds as a means to disguise the origin of illegal funds resulting from criminal acts, such as corruption, which are then invested as if they were legitimate funds. This not only harms the country financially, but can also reduce investor confidence in the mutual fund industry. Therefore, it is important to examine the criminal liability of perpetrators of money laundering in mutual fund investments in order to maintain the integrity of the financial system and provide a deterrent effect for perpetrators of similar crimes. This research is aimed at analyzing the legal regulation of criminal acts of money laundering in mutual fund investment activities in Indonesia, proof of predicate crimes related to criminal acts of money laundering in mutual fund investment activities in Supreme Court Decision Number 2937 K/Pid.Sus/2021, as well as criminal responsibility for perpetrators of these crimes. money laundering crime in mutual fund investment activities in Supreme Court Decision Number 2937 K/Pid.Sus/2021.The research method used is normative juridical research, which is supported by primary and secondary data sources. All legal materials were collected using library research techniques using document study data collection tools. Apart from that, field studies were also carried out using interview methods and analyzed qualitatively.The results of the research and discussion concluded that the legal regulations related to the crime of money laundering in mutual fund investment activities in Indonesia are as regulated in Law Number 8 of 2010. Based on Supreme Court Decision Number 2937 K/Pid.Sus/2021, it can be concluded that the defendant Benny Tjokrosaputro proven to have committed a criminal act of corruption together with other parties in managing investments at PT Asuransi Jiwasraya (Persero) which caused state losses amounting to IDR 16.807 trillion, as well as a money laundering crime of IDR 6.078 trillion, so he was sentenced to life imprisonment and payment of compensation to the state, based on valid evidence at trial and the fulfillment of the elements of the criminal act in accordance with the articles charged.