Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever In Pakistan Research Articles

Risk for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Pakistan

Risk for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Pakistan

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) in Pakistan: The "Bell" is Ringing Silently.

Pakistan is being hit by communicable and noncommunicable diseases over time. Among these, tickborne viral disease, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is one of the most fatal infections. Rapid climate change aroused by industrial, occupational, and agricultural activities to support ever-growing human population has been considered the single most causative basis for emergence or re-emergence of CCHF in Pakistan, where it has biannual peaks between the months of March-May and August-October. Many factors, including poor sanitation at farms, villages, and cities, unhygienic transportation and slaughter of animals at numerous sites within a city, inefficient tick-control programs, post-slaughter piles of animal remains other than meat, nomadic lifestyle, and lack of trained animal and human healthcare staff, are contributing to the spread of CCHF. Pakistan has confirmed cases of CCHF in almost every province: Sindh (Karachi), Punjab (Faisalabad, Multan, and Rawalpindi), Balochistan (Quetta) and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Peshawar). The root cause behind the spread of CCHF in Pakistan seems to be the absence of an effective disease surveillance system in the human as well as the animal populations. Most of the time, CCHF cases are not diagnosed, and if they are diagnosed they are not reported. If these cases are reported, there are not enough effective measures by the relevant provincial and district authorities. There is a need to educate the general public, farmers, and healthcare workers about the causes, transmission, and dangers of CCHF. An immediate plan for the implementation of a surveillance system, standard preventive measures, early detection, proper treatment, and timely response is urgently needed. Without such a plan, the accumulation of factors responsible for the sudden outbreak of CCHF may pose a serious threat to humans and animals in different geographical regions of the country.

Mini Review: Current tick control strategies in Pakistan are possible environmental risks

Ticks infestation is the major problem of cattle and buffalo of Pakistan. Tick acts as vectors of many viral, protozoal and bacterial diseases and Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is one of the most lethal in that list. During the last sixteen years, many sporadic outbreaks of CCHF in Pakistan has been reported with 24 percent case fatalities. In Punjab and Sind provinces mass tick control campaigns have been started to control the tick’s population and spread of zoonotic diseases through tick’s. In these tick control campaigns deltamethrin and ivermectin are used extensively. We highlighted that how extensive use of deltamethrin and ivermectin can adversely affect the environment and possible alternative methods for tick control. Extensive use of deltamethrin can damage the kidneys of insect eating birds and disturb the life cycle of many aquatic organisms if deltamethrin solution is mixed with water of streams. Widespread ivermectin use in domestic animals poses some serious threats to dung beetles and other coprophagic insects as almost 60-80 percent of total dose comes in feces without any metabolism in the body of animal. Decrease in dung beetles can result in decreased dung degradation.

Reply: Surveillance of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever in Pakistan

Reply: Surveillance of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever in Pakistan

Commentary: Surveillance of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever in Pakistan.

Commentary: Surveillance of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever in Pakistan.

Prevalence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Pakistan and its new research progress

Maria Saleem, Syed Zawar Shah, Asma Haidari, Fatima Idrees Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia Sardar Begum Dental College, University of Gandhara, Peshawar, Pakistan Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2016; 4(4): 259-262

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Pakistan: Are we going in the right direction?

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Pakistan: Are we going in the right direction?

Confronting a World of Infectious Diseases

GUENAEL RODIER, MDa Bioterrorism and international epidemics are global public health problems. They are international, not just national, issues. Agents that are potential bioweapons and the fight against these agents need to be put into the frame work of the fight against infectious diseases in general. To put things in perspective, we're not dealing with a threat. We're dealing with a reality: the leading infectious killers. We're dealing with diarrheic dis eases, acute respiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and measles. When it comes to diseases that are particularly epidemic prone, it's clear to everyone that epidemics are not new to humankind. They've been around for centuries, certainly, and usually accompany population movements. When it comes to more recent years, I sometimes use the analogy of traffic accidents. They occur everywhere and are not restricted to developing coun tries. The nature of these outbreaks varies between the developing world and the developed world, but epidemics and the threat of infectious diseases occur everywhere. Ebola viral hemorrhagic fever in Uganda, yellow fever in Guinea, foot-and-mouth disease in the UK, Singapore and Malaysia, cholera in South Africa, malaria in Afghanistan, Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Pakistan: all of these diseases are still occurring, and these are just the main ones to appear since October 2000. When it comes to the issue of how developed countries can deal with exotic agents, realize that, even without day-to-day bioterrorism, it is a day-to-day problem. On a continuous basis, there are some exotic diseases coming into the developed world with which we must deal. All these dynamics of the microbial world constitute a threat to health security, and it's time for global epidemic surveillance and response. We're dealing with epidemics, emerging infections, and drug resistance. The influenza pandemic in 1918 and 1919, the Spanish flu, killed millions. The estimated number of casualties worldwide is more than 40 million. More