Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Principles Research Articles

Some issues of improving the activities of the National Police of Ukraine and local self-government bodies regarding law enforcement at the local level under martial law

The publication highlights the issues of improving the organisation of the work of community police officers and district police inspectors in preventing and combating crime in the territory of service. The importance of implementing security audits of territories and buildings into the activities of community police officers and district police inspectors is proved. Security audits are the main tool that community police officers or district police inspectors can use to identify local security problems specific to a particular area or facilities, identify ways to address relevant risks and threats, and engage all stakeholders in working together to improve their own and others’ safety. The essence of the concept of “Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)” and its impact on the formation of a proper state of the security environment at the local level of the community is revealed. It is emphasised that the CPTED principles are universal and can be applied to improve the security of any territory or facility. At the same time, their effectiveness largely depends on the completeness of the identification of security risks and threats. The article suggests the following areas for improvement of the regulatory and legal support for the activities of community police officers: 1) adoption of a separate regulatory legal act on the activities of district police officers, taking into account the peculiarities of police work in the city; 2) approval of instructions on the procedure for carrying out control and supervision activities in the service area. This regulatory act should provide for the forms of such files, the procedure for their completion, registration, verification and control; 3) inclusion of individual cases on security audits of the territory or individual buildings or facilities in the official records of a community police officer. Relevant security audit forms should be officially approved; 4) adoption of methodological recommendations for organising security audits and applying the principles of CPTED (Crime Prevention through Environmental Design) in professional activities.

GIS‐based crime hotspot mapping and its correlation with land use: A case study on assessment of CPTED principle

AbstractThe main objective of this paper is to assess the relationship between crime rate and land use, which reflects the principle of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) at the city level. Crime data for 2022 is taken for Surat city and regressed against various land uses and road networks. These land use and road networks depict three CPTED principles: natural surveillance, access control and activity support. First, crime hotspot mapping is done using various spatial interpolation methods, and relative comparison is done using the root mean square error value. The IDW method is found to be the most suitable method for hotspot mapping of Surat city. The result shows that residential, industrial and recreational land uses have a significant correlation with crime rates. Residential and industrial areas have a positive impact, whereas recreational spaces have a negative impact on crime rates. Increased road connectivity also has a positive correlation with crime rates. This study suggests that the crime rate varies with different land uses and road networks. Hence, CPTED principles do affect at the city level.

CPTED Principles and Preventing Crimes: The Cases from Shiraz City, Iran

The current paper investigates the role of CPTED (crime prevention through environmental design) principles in preventing crimes in urban hot spots. The questionnaire survey gathers the opinions of 400 participants randomly. Moreover, the study employs an observational study to analyze the actual condition of the areas. Analysis shows territorial reinforcement and surveillance most significantly impact crime prevention, while maintenance imposes the lowest impact in urban contexts. The findings imply that enhancing the cultural bases of the residents outweighs improving the physical appearance of the environment in preventing crimes. Overall, the findings offer practical suggestions for future planning of urban hot spots that contribute to environmental quality.

Street environments and crime around low-income and minority schools: Adopting an environmental audit tool to assess crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED)

Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) suggests an association between micro-scale environmental conditions and crime, but little empirical research exists on the detailed street-level environmental features associated with crime near low-income and minority schools. This study focuses on the neighborhoods around 14 elementary schools serving lower income populations in Seattle, WA to assess if the distribution of crime incidences (2013–2017) is linked with the street-level environmental features that reflect CPTED principles. We used a total of 40 audit variables that were included in the four domains derived from the broken windows theory and CPTED principles: natural surveillance (e.g., number of windows, balconies, and a sense of surveillance), territoriality (e.g., crime watch signs, trees), image/maintenance (e.g., graffiti and a sense of maintenance/cleanness), and geographical juxtaposition (e.g., bus stops, presence of arterial). We found that multiple crime types had significant associations with CPTED components at the street level. Among the CPTED domains, two image/maintenance features (i.e., maintenance of streets and visual quality of buildings) and two geographical juxtaposition features (i.e., being adjacent to multi-family housing and bus stops) were consistently associated with both violent and property crime. The findings suggest that local efforts to improve maintenance of streets and visual quality of buildings and broader planning efforts to control specific land uses near schools are important to improve safety in marginalized neighborhoods near schools that tend to be more vulnerable to crime. Our research on micro-scale environmental determinants of crime can also serve as promising targets for CPTED research and initiatives.

Perceptions of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) at Australian Railway Stations

Personal safety and security are essential criteria for measuring the quality of public transport, and research has consistently demonstrated that crime and fear of crime affect levels of patronage. Although authorities throughout the world are implementing Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED), research and practice commonly focus on the elements of surveillance, territoriality, and controlling access. Few studies have investigated the CPTED concepts of “image management” or “geographical juxtaposition” (the surrounding environment). This research compares and contrasts the perceptions of rail users and security experts in relation to two railway stations in Perth, Western Australia. One station was designed in accordance with CPTED principles, and one was not. Interestingly, the findings indicate that the rail users perceived the station that was not designed using CPTED to be marginally safer and to exhibit slightly higher levels of CPTED qualities. This exploratory investigation suggests that the effectiveness of CPTED is mediated by the local environment surrounding each station and its associated image.

Evaluation of Crime Prevention Theories through Environmental Design in Urban Renewal: A Case Study of Ankara- The Vicinity of Hacı Bayram Mosque

Purpose The aim of this study is to obtain novel results in current conditions by evaluating the built environment with Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) principles, in the prevention of crime in urban space. Design/Methodology/Approach The methods of this study; identification of CPTED theories, principles and implementation tools and CPTED principles are evaluated on a particular space due to the fact that the relationship between crime and space varies according to place-specific factors. Therefore, the vicinity of the Hacı Bayram Mosque was determined as the case study area and the physical-spatial characteristics of this area, which is a part of the historical, cultural, religious and tourism centre of the city of Ankara, were defined. Then, the transformation process of the area into a focus of crime and the crime data of 2009-2010 were evaluated with Crime Intensity Analysis to determine the crime types, rates and space-time relationship. It was evaluated whether crime data and CPTED principles were taken into account in the built environment created by the implementation of the 2010 urban design project in the renewal process of the case study area. Finally, with the inferences obtained for the development of CPTED principles and implementation tools, suggestions for the built environment in the study area were developed. Findings CPTED principles applied in urban design projects should be developed with factors such as time-space interaction in the built environment, change of crime types. Values to be preserved in cultural heritage sites and areas adjacent to sacred sites are not obstacles to the implementation of CPTED. Research Limitations/Implications The lack of crime data for the area after 2010 is the most important limitation of this study. Social/Practical Implications The methods and results of this study will contribute to the creation of safe urban spaces and to the planning literature and practices. Originality/Value It has been determined that the effectiveness in the time-space relationship, of the CPTED principles adopted in urban design projects, may decrease after the implementation.

CPTED Assessment in High Rise Building Underground Parking Facilities (Case Study: Cambridge City Square)

Abstract. Buildings grow rapidly in urban areas. Along with the newly built buildings, the need for supporting facilities is increased significantly like the need for parking facilities. Yet, there was still a failure on the building design that will lead criminals to do something that can be dangerous and threaten human security. However, there is still anther ways to prevent crime by considering the design and criminal aspects, that is CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design). This research aims to assess CPTED implementation in a high rise building underground parking facilities in Medan. This research uses the descriptive qualitative method to reveal data systematically, factually, and describe the various phenomenon of a particular population or area. Data stored and processed with AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) methods with the help of computer software named Super Decision on getting the value of each specific CPTED key concept for parking facilities. The final CPTED assessment score is 2.994 out of 4. This score is on the range of 2,51-3,00 rating system and categorized as good and shows that CPTED implementation at Cambridge City Square underground parking facilities is suited in CPTED principles even though there are still various components of variables and sub-variables were missing and below standard quality. The result of this research is expected to be useful in the field of architecture especially in preventing crime.

Evaluation of CPTED principles in the housing architecture of rural areas in the North of Iran (Case studies: Sedaposhte and Ormamalal)

Rural crime can be a cause of some problems for villagers; however, less attention has been paid to security in rural areas. In this study, it is tried to answer whether the variety of rural architecture of houses in villages in the North of Iran can affect crime rates. Therefore, the positive and negative impacts of the designed built environment on crime prevention have been assessed. For this purpose, two villages as case studies, Sedaposhte and Ormamalal, with different architecture and landscaping are analyzed from the CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design) approach. After surveying thirty houses in each village and observation different sites, the results demonstrate that some reasons, namely the areas of openings and verandas, hierarchy of spaces, placement of storehouses, types of entrance and fence in residential buildings, and quality of the maintenance of neighborhoods can play vital roles in the decline of residential and farm burglary.

Urban Crime Occurrences in Association with Built Environment Characteristics: An African Case with Implications for Urban Design

Empirically, the physical spatial arrangement of places provides us with a clue about the likelihood for crime opportunities based on the principles of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). Although we know that the quality of the urban built environment influences people’s behavior, its measurement as a variable is not an easy task. In this study, we present and develop a set of urban built environment indicators (UBEIs) based on two datasets: building footprints and road networks at the neighborhood level in the city of Praia, Cape Verde. We selected the four most relevant UBEIs to create a single urban built environment indicator (CUBEI), and then, explored their relationships with five types of crime (i.e., burglary, robbery, mugging, residential robbery, and crimes involving weapons) using correlation and regression analysis. Our results showed a consistent and statistically significant relationship between different types of crimes with both the UBEIs and CUBEI, suggesting that a poor urban built environment is associated with an increase of all types of crimes investigated in this study. Thus, to minimize crime incidents, urban planners should rehabilitate or design neighborhoods from the earlier stage, considering the principles of CPTED and broken window theory (BWT).

The role of built environmental design in violence prevention in universities' campuses: Al al-Bayt University in Jordan as a case study

PurposeThe purposes of this research were to review, analyze, synthesize and define the principles, indicators and required design elements of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) and the potential role of the design of the courtyards in preventing campus violence; to examine the relationships between built environment design and campus violence inside Al al-Bayt University (AABU), Jordan; and to examine to what extent the design of the open public spaces and courtyards inside AABU meet the design principles of the CPTED.Design/methodology/approachThis research used descriptive-analytical approach, semi-structured interviews, archival records and videos to collect the location-based data of violent events and incidents that occurred on the campus of AABU (the locations of students' fights). Additionally, this research used AABU images; plans, spatial analysis, site visits and direct observations to analyze and assess the courtyards’ design and to examine to what extent the design of courtyards and open public spaces in AABU achieve the CPTED indicators, and the availability and the quality of the required design elements of CPTED and their role in violence prevention.FindingsThis research found that environmental-based design plays a major role in reducing crime opportunities and promote positive social behavior. This research found that the indicators to achieve the CPTED principles in all courtyard design inside AABU are very low and all the courtyards’ designs are not complied and conformed to the CPTED principles, and as a result, the design of the courtyards encourages and may facilitate violence in the university campus. It has been found that the availability and the quality of the required CPTED design elements are very low in all courtyards. Therefore, the existing design elements in all courtyards in AABU are not preventing the university violence. The correlation result revealed that there is significant relationship and strong/very strong negative linear association between the numbers of the students' fights and the applying of CPTED principles, indicators and required design elements (r = −0.85).Research limitations/implicationsThe data collected from AABU campus only and a larger study is certainly required to underpin these findings. Therefore, future research is needed to replicate and duplicate this research in order to expand the results.Practical implicationsThis research has implications for designing/redesigning the open public space and courtyards inside universities. This research recommended that redesigning all courtyards and applying the principles of CPTED are necessary to prevent campus violence. Redesigning includes adding landscaping elements, fountains, water features, pedestrian furniture, portrait, setting areas, new modern sculptures, shaded areas, lighting, memorial places, digital screens and cameras. Moreover, this research recommended that the university should pay more attention to continuous control, repair and maintenance to all courtyards after redesigning them. Finally, this research introduced a design proposal for one of the courtyards to apply the CPTED principles that promote positive behavior and prevent campus violence.Originality/valueIn the last few years in Jordan, some of the public and private Jordanian universities suffered from a newly emerging negative phenomenon, which is violence between students inside the campus. Many researchers and governmental institutions have stressed the urgency to explore the social, cultural, behavioral and environmental strategies that may effectively prevent campus violence. Additionally, little attention has been paid to the role of built environmental design in preventing campus violence. Moreover, no research assesses the applying of the CPTED principles and their indicators in courtyards’ design in Jordanian campuses.

Discovering Distinctive Street Patterns of Snatch Theft through Crime Prevention through Environmental Design

The theft crime rate in Malaysia for 2010 and 2015 is experiencing an increase in the rate of decline. This high-crime activity depends on an opportunity to commit a crime at the time of the incident. Thus, this paper is aimed at discovering distinctive street patterns of snatch theft through crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). This research is a qualitative approach by field observation to investigate the physical environment of the snatch theft hotspot area. The finding indicates the three main principles of CPTED, which are surveillance, access control and territoriality contributed to snatch theft crime incidence.Keywords: Snatch theft; Street; Environment setting; CPTEDeISSN: 2398-4287 © 2019. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v4i12.1891

Evaluation on CPTED elements of educational facilities for the disabled: Findings from field survey on special schools and classes

학교시설 범죄예방을 위한 환경설계 원칙 적용은 이미 학문적으로나 실무적으로 활발히 논의된 바 있으나, 상대적으로 장애학생 교육시설 공간에 초점을 둔 범죄예방 환경설계 원칙 적용 및 평가에 대한 연구는 제한적으로 수행되었다. 본 연구는 범죄예방 환경설계 관점에서 특수학교와 특수학급으로 구분된 장애교육 시설의 방범환경을 현장방문 조사를 통해 평가하고 두 교육시설의 현황 차이를 통계적으로 검증함으로써 향후 실무적 차원에서 장애교육 시설 범죄예방 환경설계를 구체화하는데 기초 자료를 제공하고자 한다. 장애영역, 교육과정, 권역별로 구분된 20개 장애교육 시설을 대상으로 학교주변 및 학교공간 현장방문 조사 결과, 전반적으로 특수학교가 특수학급에 비해 상대적으로 방범환경이 우수한 것으로 평가되었다. 세부적으로, 담장(학교경계), 후미진 공간(건물외부), 화장실(건물내부) 공간의 경우 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 확인된 반면, 나머지 공간영역의 경우 특수학교와 특수학급 사이에 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 도출되지 않았다. 따라서 특수학급의 방범환경 개선 및 범죄예방 환경설계 적용에 있어 해당 공간영역을 우선적으로 고려할 필요가 있다.Principles of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) for educational facilities are fairly defined in academia and practice, but relatively little is known about the adaptation and evaluation of CPTED targeted at the disabled students. From the perspective of CPTED, this study aims to provide basic and practical knowledge on educational facilities for the disabled students by conducting field evaluation and statistical analysis on the difference between special schools and special classes. The results from field evaluation on 20 educational facilities (9 special schools and 11 special classes) in Korea reveal that anti-crime conditions in special schools are normally better than those in special classes. The statistical significance of anti-crime conditions between special schools and special classes was found in wall (school edge), secluded dead space (outside building), and restroom (inside building), whereas the statistical significance was not found in other spaces. Therefore, priority consideration on such spaces will be given to the adaptation of CPTED principles on special classes.

Geographical Juxtaposition: A New Direction in CPTED

This paper explores Oscar Newman’s Defensible Space (1972) concept of geographical juxtaposition (GJ) highlighting a significant lack of research within the criminological literature over the last 50 years. We argue the concept is a key foundation in understanding crime and crime prevention theories and in developing crime prevention strategies. Findings from a systematic review of the literature are presented to illustrate the paucity of research into geographical juxtaposition. We develop and extend the concept of geographical juxtaposition beyond that originally coined by Newman to include all immediate, local, distant, and remote environmental (physical) factors. Additionally, we demonstrate, by reference to practical criminological situations, the significant and extensive role of our revised concept of geographical juxtaposition. In particular, we point to the way that focusing on geographical juxtaposition identifies serious problems in many taken-for-granted assumptions in planning theory and practice. In exploring the concept of geographical juxtaposition, we highlight ten ways it can affect crime risks and six ways using geographical juxtaposition can benefit efforts to apply crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) more successfully when conducting a crime risk assessment. Finally, this paper briefly discusses four new CPTED principles, which emerge from our exploration of geographical juxtaposition. We identify new classes of CPTED methods and new ways of analyzing crime and offer the basis for new criminological theories.

CPTED from an offender’s perspective: a UK case study

환경설계를 통한 범죄예방(Crime Prevention through Environmental Design: 이하 CPTED)’은 범죄 감소를 목적으로 1970~80년대에 부상한 범죄 예방기법으로써 건축학, 도시 공학, 심리학, 범죄학을 통합한 다학제적 접근법이다. 또한 CPTED는 유관 기관들로 하여금 각자의 기능을 범죄 감소 및 치안 유지에 적용토록 유도하는 다기관 모델(multi-agency) 의 전형으로 학계에 널리 알려져 있다. 그러나 환경 범죄학이나 범죄과학이 학제성을 적극 수용하고 학문적 입지를 다져온 것과는 달리 CPTED는 그렇지 못한 실정이며 특히나 학술적 엄밀함에 있어서 그 결함이 지적된다. CPTED는 Crowe(2000), Ekblom(2011), Armitage(2013) 등 다양한 학자들에 의해 정의되고 재정의 되고 있지만, 현재까지도 그 구성 원리나 환경 요인들과 관련해 의견 일치에 도달하지 못했으며 이것은 단순히 원론적인 차원에서의 의견 불일치에 그치지 않는 것으로 해석된다. 이와 같이 CPTED 연구에 대한 논점은 국내에 국한되지 않으며 Armitage(2013)는 영국의 주택 설계가 범죄에 미치는 영향이 어떻게 국제적인 차원에서 정책적으로 고려될 수 있는지를 보고한 바 있다. 현재 한국에서 범죄자, 특히, 절도범의 관점에서 재고한 CPTED 적용방안이 전무한 상황에서 이 논문은 영국의 사례를 분석하고 재해석하여 차후 침입절도에 대한 CPTED 전략의 참고자료로 활용될 것으로 예상되며 실용적인 CPTED 개념의 적용을 통한 학술적 정의 재조명을 기대한다.Mapping the multidisciplinary field of urban design, architecture, criminology and psychology, Crime Prevention through Environmental Design(CPTED) is a set of design principles used to deter potential criminals from committing crime and reduce the likelihood of offending in the community. Though CPTED has been practiced over the past 50 years, there still remains a lack of specificity regarding CPTED’s definition and scope. Acknowledging such discrepancies in the world of academics and that of policy-makers, this study aims to help redefine the existing principles of CPTED and to provide a practical guide for CPTED in Korea by analyzing a case study of UK. A sample of 22 incarcerated burglars from three different prison in England were shown 16 images of residential housing and were to describe the design of residential housing at first glance. The results of the study showed that the design of residential housing influenced burglar’s decision making, reemphasizing the importance of environmental design in preventing crime.

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) Characteristics Associated With Violence and Safety in Middle Schools.

This study used a new Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) assessment tool to test the associations between physical attributes of schools and violence-related behaviors and perceptions of students. Data were collected from 4717 students from 50 middle schools. Student perceptions of risk and safety, and violence were assessed. Evaluators used the CPTED School Assessment (CSA) to quantify how well the physical elements of each school correspond to ideal CPTED principles. Generalized linear mixed models were used to adjust for school- and student-level characteristics. Higher CSA scores were generally associated with higher perceptions of safety and lower levels of violence perpetration and perceived risk in unadjusted models. Higher CSA scores were also associated with lower odds of missing school because of safety concerns in most adjusted models, with significant adjusted odds ratios (AORs) ranging from 0.32 to 0.63. CSA scores for parking and bus loading areas also remained associated with higher perceived safety (AORs = 1.28 and 1.32, respectively) and lower perceived risk (AORs = 0.73 and 0.66, respectively) in adjusted models. The CSA is useful for assessing school environments that are associated with violence-related behaviors and perceptions. The CSA might help guide school environmental modifications to reduce violence.

Visual representations in crime prevention: exploring the use of building information modelling (BIM) to investigate burglary and crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED)

Criminological research has long utilized visual representations of environments in seeking to explore perceptions of crime and personal safety and to investigate the relevance of specific design and security features. Much of this research has been in the field of environmental psychology and crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). This paper traces the development of visual representations and the use of environmental stimuli in criminological research. We briefly review the contributions made by various visual media, including maps and drawings, photographs, models, video, virtual reality and gaming engines. These developments in visualization, building design and management technology have drastically improved the realism of representations of environments, and the potential for more standardized, widespread exploration and application of CPTED principles to reduce crime. To scope and evaluate the future potential of such emergent technologies, we critically review the literature concerned with virtual reality and building information technology (BIM), outlining uses in practice and new opportunities for criminological research. We frame the discussion with specific focus on analysing proposed residential dwellings to reduce vulnerability to burglary. A layered exploration for how BIM technologies may assist in implementing increasingly sophisticated assessments of crime vulnerability for proposed residential building designs brings the paper to a close. These discussions provide both a comprehensive overview for interested practitioners and chart specific opportunities for further research.

An Assessment of CPTED Principles in Relation to Bullying Behaviour

This paper presents a preliminary study examining the potential influences of building design on bullying behavior and experiences, of a sample of Malaysia secondary school students. Bullying in school may be an early stage of the developmental sequence that serves as a strong predictor of delinquency and future crime. Through the discussion of findings in previous studies, environmental design approach is as one of the methods to bring down the level of crime in school. Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) is an approach that uses environmental design as a tool to reduce crime from both the physical and the psychological aspects. The features of physical environment such as street layout, building design, lighting and physical decay can affect the occurrence and behaviour of criminals. The shortcomings in the physical environment could open up the opportunity for offenders. Thus, this study seeks to determine if there is a possibility that the actual physical environment in which students spend greater part of their day can affect behaviour, which in turn, can lead to violence in school. A survey was conducted at four secondary schools in Shah Alam, Selangor with a random sample of 406 students from Form 1, Form 2 and Form 3 involving the observation of 32 school blocks. Three principles of Crime CPTED were analyzed in the school environment. The results indicated that there is a significant difference in territoriality and school maintenance which results in the forming of the negative environment in the schools. It was found that this, in turn, affects the frequency of bullying occurring among the students in school.

A Study on the Citizen-Participated Workshop for CPTED

범죄예방설계 사업 후에도 안전한 환경이 유지되기 위해서는 계획단계에서 주민참여를 통한 사업실행이 매우 중요하다. 이에 본 연구는 2세대 범죄예방설계가 강조되는 현실에서 주민참여 범죄예방설계 워크샵 방안을 모색하기 위해 진행되었다. 국내에서 진행된 관련 사업 및 교육 프로그램을 분석한 결과 주민참여 워크샵은‘안전지도 만들기(낮은 단계), 역할놀이 및 행태지도 만들기(중간 단계), 디자인 게임(높은 단계)’등으로 구분되며, 3가지 모두 주민관심과 참여를 높이고 범죄예방설계 원리에 근거한 전략을 도출하는데 도움이 되는 것으로 나타났다. 지역기반 범죄예방설계가 정착되기 위해서는 유형별 워크샵의 특성과 목적을 이해하고 구체적인 범죄 및 불안감 원인규명 및 이를 효과적으로 통제할 수 있는 대안제시가 이루어져야 한다. 이를 위해서는 주민 참여방법과 주의사항, 특성 등을 정리한 지역기반 워크샵 매뉴얼 개발과 함께 워크샵을 효율적으로 진행할 수 있는 전문가 양성도 필요하다.In order to maintain a safe environment after a CPTED(Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design) project, it is important to implement a project through residents’ participation and various measures are needed for residents to participate in the planning phase. The purpose of this study is consider to find effective citizen-participated workshops and measures focused on 2nd CPTED. According to the literatures’ review, the workshops are categorized into safety mapping, role playing, behavior mapping, and design game. The workshop measures are found to contribute to promoting interest and participation of residents and to derive concrete strategies based on the principles of CPTED. The results of this study are followings; i) it is thought that citizen-participated CPTED workshops such as safety mapping, role playing, behavior mapping, and design game are necessary to activate local-based CPTED project, ii) as CPTED workshops are processed for crime prevention, they should be programmed with the aim of deriving preventive measures of crime and fear of crime, iii) finally it is necessary to develop an expert training system and local-based manual for CPTED workshop through various case studies.

School Territories and Complementary Strategies of CPTED for Each School Territory

아동 및 청소년은 신체적으로나 상황인지 측면에서나 방어 능력이 부족하기 때문에 부모의 보호 하에서 벗어난 시간 동안은 모두 범죄피해에 노출되어 있다고 보아도 과언이 아닐 것이다. 이에 따라, 국내 교육 실정 상, 하루 중 대부분의 시간을 학교에서 보내고 있는 아동 및 청소년들의 학교 내 범죄 피해가능성은 여러 측면에서 논의가 되어 오고 있으나, 대부분의 연구들은 또래 집단 간의 학교 내 폭력에 집중해 오고 있는 실정이다. 하지만, 최근 언론보도 및 통계에 따르면 그 어느 곳 보다 안전해야 할 학교에서 강도, 강간, 상해 및 폭행, 성추행, 흉기난동 등의 범죄가 다수 발생하고 있는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 이러한 사건의 가해자 혹은 피해자가 아동 및 청소년이 아니라고 하더라도, 아동 및 청소년들이 학교에서 범죄에 노출되어 있음을 보여주는 반증이라고 하겠다. 안타깝게도, 실무적 관점에서 지금까지 범죄예방 환경설계(CPTED) 연구들은 학교의 접근통제의 주요소인 출입구를 영역적 단계별 및 기능적 특성별로 구분하고 있지 못하며, 이에 따른 각 영역별 범죄예방 환경설계 지침을 제시하고 있지 못한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 학교라는 물리적 공간에서 발생 할 수 있는 범죄를 예방하기 위한 영역의 단계별 방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 구체적으로, 본 연구는 범죄예방 환경설계의 관점에서, 학교 영역을 1~3단계 접근통제 영역(1단계 접근통제 영역: 교문 및 담장, 2단계 접근통제 영역: 학교건물 출입구, 3단계 접근통제 영역: 교실 및 기능실 출입구)으로 구분하였으며, 잠재적 범죄자가 무단출입을 하지 못하도록 각 영역에 필요한 중점 학교시설 범죄예방 대책과 설계 및 운영 매뉴얼을 제시하였다.Youths are vulnerable for their physical immaturity and psychological underdevelopment. It is reasonable to argue that they are at risk of crime victimization unless they are closely protected by their parents or teachers. Due to the fact that Korean students spend a significant portion of daily hours in school environments, a great number of studies has focused on school CPTED(Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design) to prevent school violence in and around schools. However, recent incidents showed that offenders had access into school territory and committed serious crimes with no difficulty. This indicates that school CPTED should more focus on access control and natural surveillance principles of CPTED. In this sense, this study investigated strategies and legal policies of school CPTED in Japan, U.S., and England. Based on results from case studies, this study differentiated three distinct school territories: The first territory means outer boundary including playgrounds and school buildings, The second territory means school buildings including classrooms and administration offices. The third territory means classrooms and administration offices. This study argued that specific and distinctive strategies for access control and natural surveillance should be developed for each territory. Based on results, this study suggested policy implications including school CPTED manual.

Burglars’ take on crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED): reconsidering the relevance from an offender perspective

Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) represents a multi-faceted approach to crime reduction that draws upon theories from urban design, psychology and criminology. Yet there remains a lack of clarity regarding CPTED’s definition and scope. CPTED has been defined by, amongst others Crowe (Crime prevention through environmental design: applications of architectural design and space management concepts, Butterworth–Heinemann, Oxford, 2000), Ekblom (Eur J Crim Policy Res 17:7–28, 2011) and Armitage (Crime prevention through housing design: policy and practice, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2013), and the principles upon which it is based have seen even greater discrepancy. Conscious that these principles have primarily been defined by academics and policy-makers, this research aims to rectify this imbalance. A sample of 22 incarcerated prolific burglars from three prisons (England), were asked to describe their response to 16 images of residential housing. The results confirm that the design of residential housing influences burglar decision making, but that the principles of CPTED should be re-examined, with surveillance, and physical security a clear deterrent, yet management and maintenance and defensible space not considered as important in offender decision making.