Definition Of Crime Research Articles

Corruption, sextortion, gender-based violence: Open challenges for the European Union in harmonising substantive criminal rules

The TFEU granted the European Union a propulsive function of harmonizing criminal provisions by establishing minimum standards relating to the definition of crimes and penalties concerning impactful forms of criminality. Considering this, the European Commission has proposed two directives on corruption and gender-based violence, nevertheless lacking to enucleate borderline cases such as sextortion, namely that form of corruption in which sex, rather than money, is the currency of the bribe. Sextortion has been recorded in critical sectors such as education, healthcare, and law enforcement, but there are no specific laws regulating it. Consequently, law enforcement agencies pursue a case-by-case approach and prosecute sextortion either as a corruption case or as a gender-based violence case. Such an approach is not devoid of criticalities. On this point, one should consider, for example, the burdens of consent and the evidentiary system regarding sexual coercion or the unfair criminalization of victims since, technically, they are the ones who provide the sexual activity that constitutes the currency of the bribe. To overcome these concerns, this article suggests introducing an autonomous offense specifically designed to criminalize the conduct of those in a position of power demanding or receiving sexual services in exchange for treatments or services to which those who provide the sexual activity are already legally entitled. Placing the sextortion issue at the European level would fit within the current legal basis of the treaties (Article 83(1) and (2) TFEU) and align with current European initiatives in the field of corruption and gender-based violence.

ECONOMIC CRIME AND ITS DYNAMICS, CASE STUDY SECTOR OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS TETOVO

Economic crime is the negative phenomenon that is encountered in all economic and political systems of countries regardless of their level of development. This is because in individuals and groups of individuals during the historical period there has always been a tendency to get rich in the easiest and shortest way, taking on themselves the risks that can result from those behaviours. Economic crime is considered one of the most serious forms that in the first order harms the state economy. Despite numerous attempts to give a comprehensive definition of economic crime, so far no such thing has been achieved, which shows the complexity of this phenomenon. In this paper, some definitions and characteristics of economic crime will be elaborated, then some states data on this type of crime in the Tetovo Internal Affairs Sector for 2021 and 2022 will be analyzed. In the course of the paper, the analysis method, statestic method, comparative method, observation method, etc. will be used. In conclusion, some concrete conclusions and recommendations will be made that should be taken into account in the fight against this type of crime.

Temperature, Crime, and Violence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Heat is known to affect many health outcomes, but more evidence is needed on the impact of rising temperatures on crime and/or violence. We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis regarding the influence of hot temperatures on crime and/or violence. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we evaluated the relationship between increase in temperature and crime and/or violence for studies across the world and generated overall estimates. We searched MEDLINE and Web of Science for articles from the available database start year (1946 and 1891, respectively) to 6 November 2023 and manually reviewed reference lists of identified articles. Two investigators independently reviewed the abstracts and full-text articles to identify and summarize studies that analyzed the relationship between increasing temperature and crime, violence, or both and met a priori eligibility criteria. PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were used to extract information from included articles. Some study results were combined using a profile likelihood random-effects model for meta-analysis for a subset of outcomes: violent crime (assault, homicide), property crime (theft, burglary), and sexual crime (sexual assault, rape). This review is registered at PROSPERO, CRD42023417295. We screened 16,634 studies with 83 meeting the inclusion criteria. Higher temperatures were significantly associated with crime, violence, or both. A 10°C (18°F) increase in short-term mean temperature exposure was associated with a 9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 7%, 12%] increase in the risk of violent crime (; eight studies). Studies had differing definitions of crime and/or violence, exposure assessment methods, and confounder assessments. Our findings summarize the evidence supporting the association between elevated temperatures, crime, and violence, particularly for violent crimes. Associations for some categories of crime and/or violence, such as property crimes, were inconsistent. Future research should employ larger spatial/temporal scales, consistent crime and violence definitions, advanced modeling strategies, and different populations and locations. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14300.

Impunity for International Law Violations in the Russia-Ukraine Conflict: Implications for Global Stability

The protracted conflict between Russia and Ukraine, initiated in 2014 and intensified by Russia's comprehensive military incursion in 2022, has elicited profound apprehensions regarding breaches of international legal standards. This article analyzes the ramifications of the conflict on global legal structures, with particular emphasis on violations of the United Nations Charter, the Rome Statute, and International Humanitarian Law (IHL). The examination underscores that the actions undertaken by Russia in Ukraine contravene essential tenets of international law, notably the ban on the use of force against the sovereignty of states and the imperative to safeguard civilians amidst armed conflict. The article contends that the military actions undertaken by Russia in its invasion constitute violations of the principles of state sovereignty and territorial integrity as outlined in the UN Charter, contravene the definitions of war crimes and aggression established by the Rome Statute, and fail to adhere to the mandates for civilian protection set forth by International Humanitarian Law. This article examines the complexities associated with prosecuting these violations, highlighting the constraints faced by international institutions such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the UN Security Council. The analysis highlights the necessity of accountability in maintaining the integrity of international law and averting future transgressions, stressing the wider consequences for global stability and the rule of law.

Law Enforcement of Criminal Offense of Vehicle Registration Certificate Forgery: A Case Study of BPKB Forgery in the Bali Police Department

This research aims to explore how these differing definitions influence legal interpretations, law enforcement practices, and societal perceptions of crime. Additionally, the study will examine the impact of these definitions on the development of criminal law policies and how they affect the treatment of various offenses within the justice system. Thus, this research will provide a comprehensive analysis of the multifaceted nature of crime definitions and their implications for both theory and practice in the fields of law and criminology. Research method the type of research used in writing this thesis is a type of normative legal research which is supported by empirical research, namely by conducting research through observations in the field where the research is then compared with the concepts contained in the library materials used and statutory regulations. Invitation as a legal basis for solving problems. Conclusion Law enforcement of the criminal act of falsifying Motor Vehicle Owner's Books (BPKB) in the Bali Regional Police's legal area is as follows. Carrying out outreach to the public, spreading information that you should not easily believe the perpetrators of the criminal act of falsifying Motor Vehicle Owner's Books (BPKB). Report immediately if there is someone. Suspicious related to the criminal act of falsifying the Motor Vehicle Owner's Book (BPKB).

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Nighttime Crimes in Vienna, Austria

Studying the spatiotemporal dynamics of crime is crucial for accurate crime geography research. While studies have examined crime patterns related to weekdays, seasons, and specific events, there is a noticeable gap in research on nighttime crimes. This study focuses on crimes occurring during the nighttime, investigating the temporal definition of nighttime crime and the correlation between nighttime lights and criminal activities. The study concentrates on four types of nighttime crimes, assault, theft, burglary, and robbery, conducting univariate and multivariate analyses. In the univariate analysis, correlations between nighttime crimes and nighttime light (NTL) values detected in satellite images and between streetlight density and nighttime crimes are explored. The results highlight that nighttime burglary strongly relates to NTL and streetlight density. The multivariate analysis delves into the relationships between each nighttime crime type and socioeconomic and urban infrastructure variables. Once again, nighttime burglary exhibits the highest correlation. For both univariate and multivariate regression models the geographically weighted regression (GWR) outperforms ordinary least squares (OLS) regression in explaining the relationships. This study underscores the importance of considering the location and offense time in crime geography research and emphasizes the potential of using NTL in nighttime crime analysis.

UPDATING AND HARMONIZING LEGISLATION: A PROACTIVE STEP IN COMBATING TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME

Organized crime has emerged as one of the most formidable challenges globally, existing as an unavoidable reality with such severe implications that the international community is compelled to unite efforts to counteract it. Its intricate criminal structures and the multiplicity of its criminal activities characterise it. Owing to its pervasive influence across various crucial sectors, notably the economic, security, and social realms, many nations have been overwhelmed by their inability to tackle it independently, thus underscoring the urgent need for innovative mechanisms to mitigate its adverse impacts and ramifications. Therefore, updating and approximating legislation is an essential proactive step to combat organized crime by providing modern legal tools that allow the security and judicial agencies to keep pace with the evolving methods of this crime, starting with formulating a comprehensive definition of organized crime that includes all its components and characteristics, and enacting laws that criminalize all organized criminal activities, such as Drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, enacting other laws that allow the confiscation of profits from organized crime and their reuse in anti-crime programs, and establishing mechanisms to enhance cooperation between security and judicial agencies and other government bodies.

Hate-motivated crimes in Brazil: an overview of crimes against LGBTQI+ people

PurposeThis paper aims to provide an overview of the nature of hate-motivated crimes in Brazil by focusing on offenses against LGBTQI+ people and discussing the current legal approaches to combating hate-motivated crimes.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on secondary sources and analysis of existing literature in the field, which is primarily in the Portuguese language.FindingsThere is no formal definition of hate crime in Brazil. However, it is estimated that Brazil has one of the highest rates of hate crimes perpetrated against LGBTQI+ people in the world, and lethal violence against this group has been on the increase since 2000, especially among black and brown LGBTQI+ people. In more than half of the lethal incidents in public places, often in large cities, the victims and the perpetrators are typically young. The study shows how the lack of a unified legal definition for hate-motivated crimes directly impacts LGBTQI+ people, poses challenges for organizations when collecting data on this group and highlights the need for legislation and enforcement agencies to promote transparency around hate crimes in Brazil.Research limitations/implicationsThe study shows how the lack of a unified legal definition for hate-motivated crimes directly impacts LGBTQI+ people, poses challenges for organizations when collecting data on this group and highlights the need for legislation and enforcement agencies to promote transparency around hate crimes in Brazil.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the literature on gender violence through the analysis of various data sources, created and disseminated by advocacy agencies and other related institutions, on hate crimes against LGBTQI+ people in Brazil.

Mapping the scientific knowledge and approaches to defining and measuring hate crime, hate speech, and hate incidents: A systematic review.

Mapping the scientific knowledge and approaches to defining and measuring hate crime, hate speech, and hate incidents: A systematic review.

Defining an International Crime: Historical and Contemporary Developments

Despite the desirability of the identity of crimes being specific, the category of conduct constituting international crimes remains blurry. In consequence, the controversy over what is, or is not, an international crime has continued to rage on. Different criteria have been used to classify a specific conduct as an international crime. As a source of authority, some authorities point to the works of scholars, treaties, legal systems, the statutes of international criminal courts, or even works of the International Law Commission, to identify an international crime. Nevertheless, unanimity in identification remains elusive. Thus, this article examines differing perspectives on the constituents of international crimes. The analysis is relevant because the definition of crime forms the bedrock of international criminal justice. However, the paper finds that leaving the category of conducts constituting an international crime open, facilitates the inclusion of other grave or emerging forms of criminality, which may also rise to the threshold of the crimes within the jurisdiction of international criminal tribunals. Although this may appear advantageous, the need for predictability, consistency and uniformity in the categorization of an international crime cannot be overemphasized

Crimes against humanity: concepts and signs

The relevance of the article is obvious because the terrible crimes committed by the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine shook not only Ukrainian society but also the whole world. Russian military personnel and their command commit large-scale and systematic attacks on the civilian population - brutal murders, torture, torture, rape, enslavement, extermination, deportations, imprisonment, the crime of apartheid and other illegal acts of a cruel nature directed against the people of Ukraine.
 The relevance of the study is also related to the fact that the Criminal Code of Ukraine (hereinafter - the Criminal Code of Ukraine) does not contain a definition of crimes against humanity, unlike other crimes such as military or war crimes. We will try to figure out how the actions of criminals will be qualified by Ukrainian courts and who will be held criminally responsible at the international level in the event that crimes against humanity are committed in Ukraine.
 «Crimes against humanity» as a separate group of crimes in international law was first reflected in the joint declaration of the governments of France, Great Britain and Russia on May 28, 1915 as a protest against the genocide committed by Turkey against the Armenian population. The result of the criminal events was the killing of more than a million people, prompting the international community to label this shameful act as a «crime against civilization and humanity» for which the leaders of the Turkish government should be held accountable.
 Crimes against humanity are crimes designed to destroy the very nature of man. These crimes are considered the most heinous crimes, because they mean deliberate mass killings either by the fact of the very existence of people (crimes against humanity) or by the fact of belonging to an ethnic or national group (genocide).
 In a number of international documents, such as: the Statute of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal, article 6c; Charter of the International Military Tribunal in Tokyo, Article 5c; Law No. 10, adopted by the Control Council of the Allied Powers in Germany in 1945, Article II, 1c; UN Convention of December 9, 1948 on the Prevention of the Crime of Genocide and its Punishment; Statutes of international criminal tribunals for Yugoslavia, Art. 3-5 and Rwanda Art. 2-3; Statute of the International Criminal Court, Art. 7, such international crimes as crimes against humanity are reflected, from this it follows that universal jurisdiction extends to crimes against humanity.

LEGISLATIVE REGULATION OF BOTH CRIMES OF THREAT AND INFORMATIONAL BLACKMAIL- ANALYTICAL FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF SAUDI INFORMATIONAL CRIMES LAW

Objective: This research discusses one of the most important issues resulting from the rapidly developed technological revolution, as coercion and electronic extortion have become one of the negative results of that revolution.
 
 Theoretical Framework: the coercion and electronic extortion is the most common negative results of that revolution, particularity that they do not require more tools or effort, as all the blackmailer needs is a picture, or an audio recording, or something that combines both of the picture and audio recording, or even a piece of information, on any social networking site, so that he, then, weaves the threads of his planned crime, behind which he intends to achieve specific goals, which are most cases achieving material or moral gain, engaging in a forbidden sexual relationship, or similar benefits. In addition, this crime is rapid spread due to its electronic nature. Accordingly, it is necessary to learn about these serious crimes.
 
 Methods: The researcher used the analytical fundamental approach to study the crime and its elements and analyze the legal provisions with the objective down to reach forms of the implementation of the crime and its elements and the penalty to be imposed on the criminal regarding this crime.
 
 Results and Discussion: This research work was divided into two sections. The first section discusses the definition of crime of coercion and its conditions, and the definition of crime of the electronic blackmail, and types and goals of the blackmail. As for the second section, it discusses elements of realization the crime and the punishment determined thereto by Law.
 
 Concluion: The crime of coercion and extortion goes through several stages, and the offender’s goal is to achieve his desires, whether material, moral, or sexual.

The relationship between psychopathy facets and types of criminal offences

AbstractThe Psychopathy Checklist—Revised (PCL‐R) is a widely used measurement of psychopathy comprising interpersonal, affective, lifestyle, and antisocial facets representing narrow‐band characteristics associated with the construct. However, there is little research on whether the distinct facets of psychopathy show specialised relationships with different types of criminal offences. The PCL‐R was administered to 138 adults incarcerated at a county jail. Arrests were coded into broad categories (i.e., crimes against persons, property or society), as well as for specific offence types (e.g. burglary, assault) using US crime definitions. Zero‐order correlations and zero‐inflated regression models showed significant relationships between: the lifestyle facet and property and societal crimes, mainly drug offences; the affective facet and crimes against persons; and the antisocial facet with all three major crime categories, as well as burglary, motor vehicle theft, robbery and assault. Overall, these results indicate that the PCL‐R facets offer unique information about specific forms of criminal behaviour.

Integration of legislation on countering tax crimes in the EU: opportunities and limitations

The subject. The article examines the norms of the current tax and criminal legislation of the EU, the experience of which in the future may be in demand in the process of integrating the legal regulation systems of the EAEU states when developing issues of countering tax crimes. The subject of the article is to analyze the problems of: methodology of tax crime research in the EU and data sampling criteria; integration of national tax systems; definition of tax crime in the EU; spread of VAT fraud.Modern law enforcement practice is analyzed using the system-logical method, which indicates the complication of forms of tax evasion and concealment of actual financial and economic transactions.The main results. It is noted that the need for effective law enforcement to ensure the financial stability of states, to counteract distortions of competition resulting from tax evasion is due to the organized and highly structured nature of a significant part of tax crimes, the expansion of the scale of cross-border tax crimes involving foreign elements. The European legislation does not contain a definition of a tax offense as such, but contains a list of types of behavior with specific descriptions of prohibited behavior. It seems that national legislators deliberately preserve a certain amount of ambiguity between prohibited and permitted tax evasion, offering a broad definition of tax evasion, since narrow specifics in the definition of such offenses can lead to undesirable impunity, exclude a flexible approach in responding to changes in this area of legal relations.As a result of the application of the formal legal approach and comparative analysis, conclusions were obtained that, subject to careful preliminary research and practical verification, successful decisions in the field of combating tax evasion and tax fraud adopted in some jurisdictions can be used to improve the legislative provisions of other states.

Sobre a teoria da imputação objetiva: uma história de sucesso e equívocos – Ao mesmo tempo, uma contribuição à necessidade de revisão do sistema do fato punível

This paper proposes a review of what has come to be known as the theory of objective imputation (objektive Zurechnung), through specialized literature and the main case law in its country of origin. It points out that, despite the notable advances made in relation to result crimes and the bringing together of various criteria that were once dispersed around a single denominator, the two central points of this theory, the creation of an unapproved risk and the materialization of this risk, still lack better systematization and often take on the role of other concepts in the theory of crime, especially that of conduct complying with the crime definition (Tatbestandsmäßiges Verhalten), as well as making inappropriate use of the concept of imputation (Zurechnung).

Philosophical Definition and Description of Crime

Philosophical Definition and Description of Crime

Iran's Criminal Policy on Economic Crimes

This article examines Iran's criminal policy regarding economic crimes. The present research was conducted using a descriptive and analytical method. The expansion of economic crimes has hindered the government’s achievement of national objectives in the domain of economic security. Iran’s economic environment, due to numerous vulnerabilities, creates a more conducive ground for committing economic crimes compared to advanced economic systems. However, Iran’s criminal policy, especially its penal policy, lacks specific measures to address this category of crimes. Due to the absence of a structured penal policy, the generalization of economic crime instances, insufficient coverage of economic crimes, and the lack of specific criteria to distinguish these crimes from other offenses, this concept benefits actual economic criminals more than it does the legal system and society’s citizens. Findings indicate that Iran's criminal policy regarding economic crimes faces numerous challenges. Among the most fundamental challenges and ambiguities are the lack of a comprehensive and precise definition of the concept and purpose of economic crimes, the breadth of cases due to leniency in judicial approaches, the flawed adoption of penal policies and the degree of their appropriateness and effectiveness, the absence of a clear definition of economic crimes, multiple legislative bodies in the field of economic crimes, pluralism in judicial criminal policy, populist penal approaches in dealing with economic crimes, the absence of a cohesive and unified criminal policy, and the security-oriented nature of criminal policy in economic crimes. These are among the current challenges and issues in Iran's criminal policy regarding economic crimes.

Цифровая преступность: понятие, криминологическая характеристика, предупреждение (часть 2)

This scientific work is a continuation of a previously published scientific article: if the first part of the study revealed the concept and criminological characteristics of digital crime, then the second part of the work is devoted more to the prevention of digital crime. The analysis of such a concept as a crime committed using information (digital) technologies shows that in the scientific literature there are different points of view regarding the content of this concept, however, each of the definitions is more or less based on the norms of current legislation in the field of information. The key purpose of this scientific research and the tasks arising from this goal are formulated as the disclosure of the definition of digital crime, the description of its types and the presentation of common positions on the issue of digital crime prevention. The research methodology is based on the use of general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition, in particular, the method of induction, deduction, generalization, analysis, research of official information sources, the method of expert assessments, etc. The resolution of the issue of the pre-vention of such crimes is of the greatest practical importance. The largest amount of authority in the fight against digital crimes is vested in specialized subjects of the prevention of digital crimes. However, only all actors together can ensure the systematic implementation of all prevention measures. In the fight against digital crimes, the subjects of prevention must act together and build an effective mechanism for interaction and exchange of necessary information. Countering the crimes in question includes a full range of operational and technical, search, operational and investigative measures, including explanatory and preventive means of general and individual prevention of offenses, which are provided for by current legislation.

Crime in Ukraine in Conditions of Martial Law

The article examines criminality in Ukraine in conditions of martial law. It has been proven that crime is a social phenomenon that cannot exist outside the social environment because it manifests itself in crimes and criminal misdemeanors of a certain part of society’s members. Substantiated is opinion that crime with its ideology, dynamics, and geography causes globalization processes that change, improve or worsen people’s lives, their rights and freedoms, which are undoubtedly related to many objective and subjective factors of society development. An analysis of modern concepts presented in works of domestic scientists has been carried out. The author’s definition of crime in conditions of martial law has been formulated and its main features has been revealedKeywords: Administrative-Legal Aspect, Environmental Aspect, Decentralization, Customs Aspect, Public Authority, Local Self-Government, Social Aspect.

„Świadomy praw i obowiązków wynikających z założenia (drugiej) rodziny”… Analiza pragmatyczno-prawna bigamicznego aktu mowy

The purpose of this article is to conduct a pragmatic-legal analysis of a bigamy speech act. This act is a special kind of a perfomative speech event and the consequences it produces extend both on the criminal and civil law plane. The analysis will be carried out using two methodological layers - legal and linguistic. Within the first layer, the following theories developed in legal sciences will be explored: the theory of crime, the theory of marriage and the theory of bigamous crime. Within the linguistic methodology, the author will draw on the classical theory of speech acts developed by John Langshaw Austin. In the first part of the study, the author will undertake a comprehensive characterisation of the marriage vow as a specific legal act and a speech act. In the next part she will present a bigamous speech act as a type of a criminal act. Thanks to the interdisciplinary approach to the topic it will also be possible to make an attempt to develop the author’s definition of linguistic crimes, the executive act of which consists in verbalizing prohibited by law utterances in the presence of appropriate external circumstances. In the third part, the author will discuss the civil law consequences of a bigamous speech act. The work ends with a summary containing the most important conclusions from the conducted analyses.