Crevice Corrosion Behavior Research Articles

Crevice corrosion behavior of 316L austenitic steel in static liquid lead-bismuth eutectic at 550°C

Crevice corrosion is a significant form of localized corrosion that can lead to failures in structural components. However, there is a lack of research on this phenomenon in liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE). In this study, the crevice corrosion behavior of 316 L exposed to stagnant LBE with the oxygen concentration of 1 × 10–6 wt.% at 550 °C for 500 h was examined for the first time. Microstructural characterizations indicated 316 L is susceptible to crevice corrosion and reducing the crevices size facilitates a transition from oxidation to dissolution corrosion. Grain boundaries are able to provide more diffusion channels for oxygen, thereby promoting the development of Cr-rich oxides and chemical segregations beneath the surface scale. A simplified model elucidating the transportation of dissolved oxygen within the crevice environment of LBE has been developed.

Numerical Analysis of Stainless Steel of Crevice Corrosion Initiation Behavior with Varying External Potentials and Initial Crevice Gaps

The potential, current density, pH, and crevice profile distribution within the crevice structure of stainless steel in seawater were numerically analyzed. The crevice corrosion phenomena were mathematically modeled with the initial boundary value problem of diffusion and static electrical field, respectively. This initial boundary value problem was discretized using a finite difference method. The predicts of the crevice corrosion behaviors, set for various external potentials and initial crevice gaps, were classified into three categories: the pitting type, the active type, and no corrosion. The pitting type crevice corrosion was predicted to occur in conditions where the external potentials were noble and the initial crevice gaps were narrow. The active type crevice corrosion was predicted to occur in conditions where the external potentials were less noble and the initial crevice gaps were narrow. The range of external potential conditions where crevice corrosion was predicted not to occur increased in conditions with wide initial crevice gaps. Crevice corrosion was predicted to occur at all external potentials in conditions where the initial crevice gaps were 2 μm or less.

Insight into the crevice corrosion mechanism of AA7075‐T651 high‐strength aluminum alloys in neutral nitrate solution: The effect of Cl−

AbstractThe crevice corrosion behavior and mechanism of AA7075‐T651 aluminum alloy was investigated by electrochemical measurements and surface analysis technologies in a neutral nitrate solution with different contents of NaCl. The Cl− was identified as crucial for the initiation and development of the crevice corrosion, with the phenomenon absent in the 0.05 M NaCl solution but initiated in the 0.5 and 1 M NaCl solutions. However, the crevice corrosion was more pronounced in the 0.5 M NaCl solution due to the establishment of a larger galvanic corrosion effect. The rapid dissolution of the anodic phase resulted in the increased Cl− inside the crevice, while the cathodic phase enhanced the localized dissolution through micro‐galvanic corrosion. This synergistic effect significantly facilitated the development of crevice corrosion.

Crevice Corrosion Behavior of 201 Stainless Steel in NaCl Solutions with Different pH Values by In Situ Monitoring.

Crevice corrosion (CC) behavior of 201 stainless steel (SS) in 1 M NaCl + x M HCl/y M NaOH solutions with various pH was investigated using SECM and optical microscopic observations. Results show that the CC was initiated by the decrease in pH value within the crevice. The pH value near the crevice mouth falls rapidly to 1.38 in the first 2 h in the strongly acidic solution, while the pH value was observed to rise firstly and then decrease in the neutral and alkaline solutions. It indicates there is no incubation phase in the CC evolution of 201-SS in a pH = 2.00 solution, while an incubation phase was observed in pH = 7.00 and 11.00 solutions. Additionally, there appeared to be a radial pH variation within the gap over time. The pH value is the lowest at the gap mouth, which is in line with the in situ optical observation result that the severely corroded region is at the mouth of the gap. The decrease in pH value inside results in the negative shift of open circuit potential (OCP) and the initiation of CC of 201-SS. The increased anodic dissolution rate in the acidic solution accelerates the breakdown of passive film inside, reducing the initiation time and stimulating the spread of CC.

Crevice corrosion behavior of a biodegradable Zn-Mn-Mg alloy in simulated body fluid.

Crevice corrosion at the implantation sites cannot be neglected in clinical applications of biodegradable zinc alloys as implants. In this study, a crevice corrosion protocol was designed to investigate the crevice corrosion behavior of the Zn-0.45Mn-0.2Mg (ZMM42) alloy for the first time, by varying crevice thicknesses in simulated body fluid (SBF) through immersion and electrochemical analysis. The results indicated that the ZMM42 alloy was susceptible to crevice corrosion in the range from 0.03 mm to 0.2 mm. When the crevice thickness was 0.05 mm, the crevice corrosion of the specimen became more severe compared to other thicknesses.

Effect of Aluminum Content on the Crevice Corrosion Behavior of Magnesium Alloys

Effect of Aluminum Content on the Crevice Corrosion Behavior of Magnesium Alloys

The effect of acetic acid on the crevice corrosion of P110 steel in simulated oilfield produced water

P110 steel, widely utilized in oil and gas operations, is renowned for its robust mechanical properties, satisfactory corrosion resistance, and significant economic advantages. This study aims to investigate the influence of acetic acid on the crevice corrosion behavior of P110 steel in simulated oilfield produced water. A comprehensive range of techniques was employed for this analysis, including dynamic potential polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and scanning electron microscopy. The results highlight that the introduction of acetic acid significantly compromises the resistance of P110 steel to crevice corrosion. As the concentration of acetic acid increases, a corresponding escalation in corrosion products outside the crevice is observed, forming a protective layer on the surface of the P110 steel beyond the crevice. These insights provide a theoretical basis for enhancing the safety performance of oil well tubing, reducing operational hazards, and mitigating environmental impact.

Crevice corrosion behavior and mechanism of laser additive manufacturing nickel-based alloy under wedge-shaped crevice by using wire beam electrode

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the crevice corrosion behavior and mechanism of laser additive manufacturing (LAM) nickel-based alloy under wedge-shaped crevice.Design/methodology/approachFirst, the opening size of the wedge-shaped crevice was designed to 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mm by controlling the thickness of silicon rubber and the double-side adhesive tape. Then, one side of the glass sheet was stuck on the silicon strip and keep the electrodes of Rows 1 and 2 outside the crevice as a reference, and the opposite side was stuck to the wire beam electrode by silica gel.FindingsThe current density with a maximum value of 5.7 × 10−6 A/cm2 was observed at the crevice opening of 0.5 mm, while the lowest value of 9.2 × 10−7 A/cm2 was found at the crevice opening of 0.1 mm. In addition, the corrosion resistance at the inside of the crevice is higher than that at the outside and the middle of the crevice. It means that the internal width of the wedge-shaped crevice tends toward 0, which hinders the migration of ions in the corrosive medium. The generation of corrosive products further reduce the crevice size to cause the inhibition of corrosion at the inside of the crevice as well.Originality/valueThe multilayer and multipath LAM component is prepared to show the complex microstructure, which made the corrosion behavior and mechanism at wedge-shaped crevice nondeterminacy.

Effect of Heat Treatment on Crevice Corrosion Behavior of 304 Stainless Steel Clad Plate in Seawater Environment.

With the application of stainless steel clad plate (SSCP)-enlarging in the marine engineering field, awareness of the consequences of heat treatment on ameliorating microstructure and mechanical properties in stainless steel (SS)/carbon steel (CS) joints is being raised. However, carbide diffusion from a CS substrate to SS cladding may damage the corrosion resistance during inappropriate heating. In this paper, the corrosion behavior of a hot rolling-produced stainless steel clad plate (SSCP) after quenching and tempering (Q-T) treatment, especially crevice corrosion, was studied by electrochemical and morphological methods, such as cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP), confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Q-T treatment led to more significance in carbon atoms diffusion and carbide precipitation, which made the passive film of the SS cladding surface on the SSCP unstable. Subsequently, a device for measuring the crevice corrosion performance of SS cladding was designed; the Q-T-treated cladding showed lower re-passivation potential (-585 mV) during CPP when compared to as-rolled (-522 mV), with the maximum corrosion depth ranging from 70.1 μm to 150.2 μm. In addition, the processing of crevice corrosion on SS cladding could be divided into three parts, including the initiation, propagation and development stages, which were driven by the interactions between corrosive media and carbides. The generation and growth mechanism of corrosive pits in crevices were revealed.

Analysis of the Effect of Applied Load on Crevice Corrosion Behavior

A two-dimensional numerical model incorporating solid mechanics, electrochemistry, mass diffusion, and ion migration processes is developed to investigate the load effect on the crevice corrosion. The model is a transient model of crevice corrosion occurring in cracks of 304 stainless steel in a dilute NaCl solution, and the interaction between stress and electrochemical corrosion was considered. By solving the multiphysical coupling model in COMSOL, the effect of applied load on electrochemical corrosion in the crack tip region was calculated, and the local corrosion current density in the crack tip region with stress concentration within the crack was also calculated by using the Tafel relationship. The distribution of Fe2+ ion, Na+ ion, CL− ion, and H and O2 substance concentrations within the crack cavity is predicted by the equation analysis of substance transport. The results show that metal oxidation is more clearly affected by plastic deformation, the rate of hydrogen evolution reaction increases with stress enhancement, and the oxygen absorption reaction is not affected by stress strain. The distribution of iron ions, hydrogen, and oxygen within the crack is affected by the electrochemical reaction rate, and the distribution of iron ions, sodium ions, and chloride ions is affected by the electrolyte potential.

Crevice corrosion behaviour and mechanism of laser additive manufacturing nickel-based alloy by using wire beam electrode

ABSTRACT The wire beam electrode (WBE) of laser additive manufacturing (LAM) nickel-based alloy was prepared to help study its crevice behaviour and mechanism at different area in the crevice with different size. The results show that the LAM nickel-based alloy with the crevice size of 0.1 and 0.3 mm presents crevice corrosion characteristics at 1 day and 3 days due to the formation of oxygen-concentration cell at the former two cases caused by the difficult migration of oxygen from the outside into the crevice. The corrosion at the middle and inside of the crevice is more serious than the outside, which is reflected by the 29.92% lower contents of O2− at the inside than that at the outside of the crevice. Locally, inter-phase corrosion appears between the uniform nickel-based alloy matrix and the insoluble oxides at the inside of the crevice.

Features of Crevice Corrosion of Different Grades of Duplex Stainless Steels

Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) are being increasingly employed in the oil and gas and chemical industries, which, despite their high alloying degree and high resistance to general corrosion, are subject to pitting and crevice corrosion. According to their resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion, steels are ranked according to the PREN. However, nowadays there are many grades of DSSs, in which the content of Cr, Mo and N varies in different quantities, therefore the selection of the grade must be carried out with great care, considering not only PREN, but also the production technology, operating conditions, and the geometry of products. The crevice corrosion behaviors of three grades of duplex stainless steels quenched from 1050, 1100 and 1200 °C were studied in FeCl3 solution at 50°C. It is shown that PREN allows to rank only different grades in terms of corrosion resistance. With a constant PREN value, but with different contents of ferrite and austenite in steel, completely different values of the corrosion rate can be obtained, therefore, PREN must be used with great care. It was found that in the studied steels, the optimal ferrite content, at which the lowest crevice corrosion rate is achieved, is at 65 vol.%.

Crevice Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steels in a Flue Gas Desulfurization Environment

Crevice Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steels in a Flue Gas Desulfurization Environment

Crevice corrosion behaviors of Alloy 690 and 405 stainless steel in chloride solutions with different concentrations of thiosulfate

The crevice corrosion behaviors of Alloy 690 and 405 stainless steel (SS) in chloride (Cl−) solutions with different concentrations of thiosulfate (S2O32−) were investigated using a self-designed electrochemical testing device for crevice corrosion. The increase of concentration ratio of Cl−/S2O32− promotes crevice corrosion of Alloy 690. When crevice corrosion occurs between Alloy 690 and 405 SS, Alloy 690 outside the crevice is used as the cathode for reduction reaction of O2, and Alloy 690 inside the crevice is also used as the cathode for hydrogen evolution reaction, both of which jointly promote the anodic dissolution of 405 SS inside the crevice. The crevice corrosion mechanisms of Alloy 690 and 405 SS are also discussed.

Sensitization to Corrosion of Austenitic Stainless Steels: Watch Straps Intended to Come into Direct and Prolonged Contact with Skin

Nine grades of steel from different European steelmakers, namely 304L, 316L, and 904L, were evaluated. The austenitic steels studied are used in the manufacture of watch straps. The evaluations have been carried out in accordance with the ASTM standards which specifically concern the forms of corrosion, pitting (G48-11, FeCl3), intergranular (A262-15, Strauss method) test and Tuccillo–Nielsen test. The polarization electrochemical test on link watch straps was implemented by the microelectrode technique. Stress corrosion has also been investigated in the assembly of laser welded pin and link. It should be noted that, despite the fact that the grade of steel is in conformity with the classification standards, we note that the corrosion behavior is very different from one steelmaker to another. There are parameters that can change the quality of steel such as the technology process, casting volume, deoxidizers’ addition, remelted steel process and traces of pollutants. In consequence, we observe an extensive dispersion of results concerning nickel release, according to the EN 1811 European legislation regarding the protection of the population’s health, specifically relating to skin contact. In conclusion, steels DIN 1.4441 (316L Med) and DIN 1.4539 (904L) present a very good resistance to the morphologies of pitting and crevice corrosion. The 316L and 304L steel grades, also known as DIN 1.4435, DIN 1.4404 and DIN 1.4306, display a major difference in pitting and crevice corrosion behavior.

A comparison study of crevice corrosion on typical stainless steels under biofouling and artificial configurations

In this work, the crevice corrosion behavior and biofouling coverage of 316L stainless steel (316L SS), 2205 duplex stainless steel (2205 DSS), and 2507 super duplex stainless steel (2507 SDSS) in natural seawater were investigated through long-term field exposure tests. The results revealed that both artificial crevice corrosion and biofouling-induced crevice corrosion occurred on the surface of three stainless steels. The corrosion rate was ranked as 316L SS » 2205 DSS＞2507 SDSS. The deepest area of the artificial corrosion pit was at the edge of the crevice, which was related to the IR drop and acidification of the localized solution. The highest biofouling coverage and the most severe biofouling-induced corrosion occurred on the surface of 316L SS. The attachment of large organisms to the metal surface formed a fouling barrier layer, further blocking the flow of material over the crevices, and the artificial crevice corrosion was accelerated. The initiation of barnacle-induced corrosion was due to the formation of a crevice between the barnacle and the substrate, resulting in the entry of seawater. The acidification of the solution caused by catalytic-occluded cells was responsible for the continuous development of barnacle-induced corrosion, which was similar to the propagation of the artificial crevice corrosion.

Effect of crevice gap on crevice corrosion initiation and development of 2205 duplex stainless steel in NaCl solution

The crevice geometry has an important influence on the initiation and development of crevice corrosion. The crevice gap size determines the volume of the crevice solution and the cross-sectional area of the material exchange channel between the crevice solution and bulk solution, and it is the dominant factor of the initiation and development mechanism of crevice corrosion. In this paper, the effect of crevice gap size on the crevice corrosion behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) in NaCl solution was investigated by electrochemical method combined with modeling. The quantitative contribution of the volume effect of crevice solution and the diffusion effect of H+ on the crevice corrosion initiation period, as well as the corrosion characteristics and mechanism at initiation and development periods of crevice corrosion, were discussed. Results show that the initiation process of crevice corrosion of 2205 DSS in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution follows the critical crevice solution mechanism. The crevice gap size affects the acidification rate of the crevice solution and the initiation period time of crevice corrosion through the volume effect and the diffusion effect. The influence of diffusion effect on the initiation period time was more significant than volume effect. The corrosion development process is mainly determined by the potential and current density distribution within the crevice, and thus follows the IR drop mechanism (I refers to the current and R refers to the resistance). The crevice gap size is the dominant factor for the development mechanism of crevice corrosion.

Crevice Corrosion Behavior of Alloy 690 in High-Temperature Aerated Chloride Solution.

Crevice corrosion behavior of Alloy 690 in high-temperature aerated chloride solution was studied using a self-designed crevice device. The SEM, EDS, XRD, and XPS analyses results indicated that the oxide films outside the crevice consisted of Ni-Cr oxides containing a small amount of hydroxides, and the oxide films on crevice mouth consisted of a (Ni,Fe)(Fe,Cr)2O4 spinel oxides outer layer and a Cr(OH)3 inner layer, and the oxide films inside the crevice consisted of a α-CrOOH outer layer and a Cr(OH)3 inner layer. When crevice corrosion occurred, the hydrolysis of Cr3+ led to the formation of Cr(OH)3 inside the crevice, and caused the pH value of crevice solution to decrease, and Cl− migrated from outside the crevice into inside the crevice due to electrical neutrality principle and accumulation. When the water chemistry inside the crevice reached the critical value of active dissolution of metal, the active dissolution of metal inside the crevice occurred. In addition, (Ni,Fe)(Fe,Cr)2O4 spinel oxides on the crevice mouth were formed by the deposition of metal ions migrated from inside the crevice. The mechanism of crevice corrosion and the formation mechanism of oxide films at different regions were also discussed.

Investigation of the Crevice Corrosion Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel in Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria-Inoculated Artificial Seawater Using the Wire Beam Electrode

Investigation of the Crevice Corrosion Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel in Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria-Inoculated Artificial Seawater Using the Wire Beam Electrode

Effects of hydrogen on the crevice corrosion behaviors of duplex stainless steel 2205

Crevice corrosion behaviors of duplex stainless steel 2205 after hydrogen charging are investigated. The absorbed hydrogen is introduced into the specimens through cathodic galvanostatic method. It has been found the absorbed hydrogen decreases the critical crevice corrosion conditions (breakdown potential, temperature, and chloride ions content), the stable propagation potential, and the repassivation potential. The results reveal that hydrogen can promote the initiation and propagation stages and inhibit the repassivation process of crevice corrosion. Microstructure observation and element distribution analysis find that, owing to the promotion of hydrogen on the precipitation of insoluble molybdenum oxides and molybdate at the bottom of corrosion positions, crevice corrosion of the hydrogen charged specimens exhibits wider but shallower morphologies compared with the uncharged specimens.