Creek North Research Articles

Evidence of age segregation behavior in Hypacrosaurus stebingeri (Hadrosauridae: Lambeosaurinae) based on the taphonomic comparison of bonebeds from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) Oldman Formation of southernmost Alberta (Canada) and Two Medicine Formation of Montana (USA)

Hadrosaurid social structure is still poorly understood. Evidence from bonebeds suggests that juvenile individuals of some hadrosaurid species lived apart from herds composed of older individuals, a phenomenon called age segregation. However, the timing at which juvenile individuals became segregated and later rejoined a multigenerational herd is unknown. Three monodominant bonebeds that preserve the remains of multiple individuals of the lambeosaurine hadrosaurid Hypacrosaurus stebingeri at different ontogenetic stages offer an opportunity to better understand the social structure of this species: the Devil's Coulee juvenile hadrosaur bonebed (JBB) from the Oldman Formation of Alberta (Canada) preserves a minimum of four similar-sized late juvenile individuals; the Blacktail Creek North (BCNB) bonebed from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana (USA) preserves a minimum of 23 early juvenile (previously referred to as “nestling”) individuals; and the Lambeosite (LB) bonebed preserves four similar-sized late juvenile individuals and one adult individual. These bonebeds show uniform taphonomic signatures throughout their respective bone assemblages, characterized by little to no weathering and abrasion, uniform style of fracturing, and rare tooth marks on bones. All three bonebeds are interpreted as mass-mortality assemblages. Histological data indicate that the late juvenile individuals from the JBB were three years old at the time of death, similar to the slightly larger late juvenile individuals from the LB, whereas the early juveniles from the BCNB had not yet reached 1 year of age. A taphonomic comparison of the three bonebeds reveal that H. stebingeri individuals lived in age-segregated groups, likely cohorts, until into their fourth year of life when, after having reached sexual maturity, they rejoined a multigenerational herd. The smaller number of individuals preserved in bonebeds representing later ontogenetic stages could reflect a decrease in group size due to high juvenile mortality rate or to higher metabolic needs.

Domestic Dogs and Horses as Sentinels of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Exposure and Associated Health Biomarkers in Gray's Creek North Carolina.

Central North Carolina (NC) is highly contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), in part due to local fluorochemical production. Little is known about the exposure profiles and long-term health impacts for humans and animals that live in nearby communities. In this study, serum PFAS concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry and diagnostic clinical chemistry endpoints were assessed for 31 dogs and 32 horses that reside in Gray's Creek NC at households with documented PFAS contamination in their drinking water. PFAS were detected in every sample, with 12 of the 20 PFAS detected in ≥50% of samples from each species. The average total PFAS concentrations in horses were lower compared to dogs who had higher concentrations of PFOS (dogs 2.9 ng/mL; horses 1.8 ng/mL), PFHxS (dogs 1.43 ng/mL, horses < LOD), and PFOA (dogs 0.37 ng/mL; horses 0.10 ng/mL). Regression analysis highlighted alkaline phosphatase, glucose, and globulin proteins in dogs and gamma glutamyl transferase in horses as potential biomarkers associated with PFAS exposure. Overall, the results of this study support the utility of companion animal and livestock species as sentinels of PFAS exposure differences inside and outside of the home. As in humans, renal and hepatic health in domestic animals may be sensitive to long-term PFAS exposures.

Waterfront Public Realm Design: Towards a Sustainable Identity Urban Projects in Vancouver and Portland

&lt;p&gt;The renovation of the waterfronts, such as those in the main public spaces of large cities, started in 1970s. Core industries had found other places to develop far from the city; thereafter key areas fell out of use and into disrepair. As a consequence, a huge number of urban areas became in urgent need of renewal. However, urban design guidelines to regenerate these open spaces have significantly changed since then. The approach towards returning these parts of the city to its inhabitants has evolved from an emphasis on building new housing in the nineties, to considering the broader aspects of sustainability in the early years of the current century and finally to searching for the areas’ identity in more recent years. Therefore, currently this identity is one of the main aspects designers are looking for. At the same time, the sustainability of the waterfront areas may be achieved through the establishment of this place´s sense of identity. In order to do this, we assess three urban actions undertaken in Portland and Vancouver -False Creek North, South Waterfront and Southeast False Creek-. The article suggests that the interplay between urban design, sustainability and identity is becoming the new driver for the design of the waterfronts.&lt;/p&gt;

Selected plant microfossil records of the terminal Cretaceous event in terrestrial rocks, western North America

Terrestrial or nonmarine rocks of western North America preserve a record of major disruption and permanent alteration of plant communities precisely at the K–T boundary — in the same rocks that preserve geochemical and mineralogical evidence of the terminal Cretaceous impact event. Plant microfossil records from many localities show abrupt disappearance of pollen species (= plant extinctions) closely associated with impact ejecta deposits containing iridium and shocked quartz. Localities discussed in detail in this review are Starkville South, Clear Creek North, Old Raton Pass, and Sugarite in the Raton Basin of Colorado and New Mexico; West Bijou in the Denver Basin, Colorado; Sussex in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming; and Pyramid Butte and Mud Buttes in the Williston Basin, North Dakota.

Intensive Linear Pedestrian Survey of Callaghan Road Between Ingram and Bandera Roads and Along Zarzamora Creek, San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas

November 15 and 16, 2006, The Center for Archaeological Research at The University of Texas at San Antonio conducted an intensive survey of 3.5 miles of Callaghan Road between Ingram and Bandera Roads and along Zarzamora Creek in San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas. The City of San Antonio is planning to widen this section of Callaghan Road and to re-channelize Zarzamora Creek north of Callaghan Road to alleviate flooding in the area. The intensive linear survey was conducted under the Texas Antiquities Permit No. 4320 with Steve A. Tomka serving as Principal Investigator and Jennifer L Thompson as Project Archeologist. This project serves to satisfy the requirements of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. The project area is in urban west San Antonio and crosses both residential and commercial zones. Buried utilities along Callaghan Road and Zarzamora Creek cross the entire length of the project area. Sections of new right-of-way (ROW) that are relatively undeveloped were selected for shovel testing while both side of Zarzamora Creek were examined by backhoe trenches and shovel tests in efforts to find deeply buried cultural deposits. Other sections of the roadway are paved making subsurface examination difficult. Because of the level of development, CAR targeted approximately .35 miles of the 1.5 new ROW along Callaghan Road. At Zarzamora Creek, wetland mitigation and efforts to reduce flooding will impact 2.31 acres. CAR excavated backhoe trenches and shovel tests in portions of this area most suitable for excavation, away from construction dumps, buried utility lines, fences, etc. While some cultural material were found in one shovel test and in two backhoe trenches in the area of Zarzamora Creek, the artifacts were not in primary context or associated with other artifacts. Fire-cracked rock lay in association with modern plastic and construction material in one shovel test and with alluvial deposits above creek channel gravels in one backhoe trench. Because the APE has seen so much development and the limited cultural material recovered were in questionable context, CAR recommends that the planned construction project proceed. No artifacts were collected during this survey. All notes and project related materials are curated at the Center for Archaeological Research according to Texas Historical Commission guidelines.

The U.S. Air force embraces ecosystem management through a landscape assessment in the front range of the rocky mountains

AbstractThrough a cooperative partnership of several government agencies, conservation organizations, and interested private citizens, the Air Force Academy is working in cooperation with the Colorado Natural Heritage Program to complete a landscape analysis of a portion of the Colorado Front Range. The project area includes the Monument Creek Watershed, comprising all Air Force Academy lands and surrounding lands of the Rampart Range, from the confluence of Monument Creek at Fountain Creek north to the Palmer Divide and from the Rampart Range Road east to the Monument Creek watershed boundary. Desired future conditions as well as management strategies to achieve them will be developed through this collaborative partnership planning process. When completed in 2001, the results of this project will represent an important contribution to Air Force and Department of Defense continuing efforts to implement ecosystem‐based natural and cultural resources management strategies on military lands.

Passive microwave measurements of tundra and taiga snow covers in Alaska, U.S.A.

The microwave emissivity of two snow covers was measured in Alaska in March, 1990. Observations were made on taiga snow near Fairbanks that was 0.83 m thick with a 0.55 m thick basal layer of depth hoar. Other measurements were made on the tundra snow cover at Imnaviat Creek north of the Brooks Range which was 0.27 to 0.64 m thick and consisted of two or more wind slabs overlying a depth hoar layer 0.14 to 0.26 m thick. Density, crystal structure, and grain size were similar in tundra and taiga depth hoar layers.Emissivity was measured at 18.7 and 37 GHz using radiometers mounted on a 1.5 m tall bipod. Measurements were made on undisturbed snow, and then several snow layers were removed and additional measurements were made. This sequence was repeated until all snow had been removed. Effective emissivity values for the full snow depth ranged from 0.6 (37 GHz, H-pol) to 0.95 (18.7 GHz, V-pol) and were similar for both taiga and tundra snow covers. For both snow covers, there was a marked reduction in the effective emissivity (eeff) from that of the underlying ground with a maximum reduction of about 30%. All of the reduction was found to occur within the depth hoar layer. Maximum reduction in eeffcould be caused by a depth hoar layer 0.3 m thick. Overlying wind slab or new snow were nearly “invisible”, increasing the effective emissivity only by a small amount due to self-emittance. Thus, it was difficult to distinguish the two different snow covers on the basis of their emissivity, since both contained 0.3 m of depth hoar or more.

Passive microwave measurements of tundra and taiga snow covers in Alaska, U.S.A.

The microwave emissivity of two snow covers was measured in Alaska in March, 1990. Observations were made on taiga snow near Fairbanks that was 0.83 m thick with a 0.55 m thick basal layer of depth hoar. Other measurements were made on the tundra snow cover at Imnaviat Creek north of the Brooks Range which was 0.27 to 0.64 m thick and consisted of two or more wind slabs overlying a depth hoar layer 0.14 to 0.26 m thick. Density, crystal structure, and grain size were similar in tundra and taiga depth hoar layers.Emissivity was measured at 18.7 and 37 GHz using radiometers mounted on a 1.5 m tall bipod. Measurements were made on undisturbed snow, and then several snow layers were removed and additional measurements were made. This sequence was repeated until all snow had been removed. Effective emissivity values for the full snow depth ranged from 0.6 (37 GHz, H-pol) to 0.95 (18.7 GHz, V-pol) and were similar for both taiga and tundra snow covers. For both snow covers, there was a marked reduction in the effective emissivity (eeff) from that of the underlying ground with a maximum reduction of about 30%. All of the reduction was found to occur within the depth hoar layer. Maximum reduction in eeff could be caused by a depth hoar layer 0.3 m thick. Overlying wind slab or new snow were nearly “invisible”, increasing the effective emissivity only by a small amount due to self-emittance. Thus, it was difficult to distinguish the two different snow covers on the basis of their emissivity, since both contained 0.3 m of depth hoar or more.

Stratigraphic and Structural Relations of Lower Triassic Rocks Within the Frontal Fold-and-Thrust Zone of Southwestern Montana

New sections of Lower Triassic rocks were measured within the frontal fold-and-thrust zone of southwestern Montana at Garfield Canyon, Horse Prairie Creek, Kennison Spring, and Birch Creek to clarify stratigraphic and structural relations. Triassic rocks disconformably overlie Upper Permian units and unconformably underlie younger rocks. From oldest to youngest, they include the Dinwoody, Woodside, and Thaynes formations. The Dinwoody consists of shale, siltstone, and limestone; thickness varies from 152 to 273 m. Red beds of the Woodside thin northward to zero in the northern Tendoy Mountains. The Thaynes is comprised of limestone, siltstone, and sandstone; thickness varies from 244 m in the south, zero in the central area, to 51 m in the north. North of the Woodside termination, recognition of the Thaynes depends upon recovery of Smithian conodonts. Conodonts provide correlation and biofacies information for this study. From Birch Creek northward, conodonts are basinal, consistent with lithofacies data. This area is within the McCartney Mountain salient, a depositional basin which may have existed on the craton margin prior to thrusting. However, there is no evidence to support basinal conditions in the Blacktail Mountain salient to the south. Although thermal alteration values for most conodonts are within the range ofmore » oil and condensate production, those from Birch Creek north exceed the stability regime for hydrocarbons.« less

Whose village? Photographs by William S. Soule, Winter 1872–1873

Photographs, long used simply as illustrations, can be sources of ethnographic and ethnohistorical information. This requires, however, that they be placed in a context of space and time. This essay contextualizes a sequence of eleven photographs made by William S. Soule. In March 1873, nine of these images, identified as Kiowa, Comanche, and Kiowa‐Apache villages were copyrighted. In the ensuing years, the images, plus two others not copyrighted, have received a variety of conflicting identifications. Detailed analysis shows that they are of the Comanche band led by Terheryaquahip, (Horseback), and were made in the valley of Medicine Creek north of Fort Sill, Oklahoma, during the winter of 1872–1873.

Queensland-Northern territory border — then and now

Abstract The survey of the boundary of Queensland and the Northern Territory was carried out in the period 1883 to 1886. Augustus Poeppel surveyed the boundary from Coopers Creek north to Haddon Comer and then westward to Poeppel's Corner. He commenced the survey in 1879 and placed the post at Poeppel's Corner at the end of 1880, when the survey of the boundary of Queensland and the Northern Territory was abandoned because of the drought conditions prevailing at the time. Incidentally, timber was so scarce in the vicinity of Poeppel's Corner that the seven foot long Coolabah post, which was used to mark the corner, was dragged by camels 57 miles across sand ridges from the Mulligan River.

Mercury levels in organisms in proximity to an old chemical site: Berrys Creek, Hackensack Meadowlands, New Jersey, USA

During 1979 and 1980 finfish and Crustacea were collected seasonally at 11 sites located in and around the Berrys Creek tidal marsh, a tributary creek in the Hackensack Meadowlands region of northern New Jersey. The study was designed to measure the extent of mercury contamination among aquatic macrofauna in conjunction with a documented point-source discharge of the metal into the marsh environment. A total of 689 individual and/or composite samples representing 20 species were collected and subsequently analysed for total mercury concentration using flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy. In potentially-edible species such as white perch, american eel, catfish, carp and blue-claw crab, average mercury concentrations were generally below 0.5 ppm. Only infrequently were mercury concentrations encountered in excess of the US FDA action guideline of 1.0 ppm. Mummichogs, a resident finfish in the marsh, appear to be a more reliable indicator of local mercury contamination. Mummichogs collected in Berrys Creek north of the Route 3 bridge nearer to the point source exhibited statistically-higher concentrations of mercury as compared with fish collected at downstream sites. White muscle and hepatopancreas tissues of blue-claw crab samples appear to be the primary and secondary sites of accumulated mercury, respectively. No immediate health hazard was indicated. However, some concern exists as to the long-term implications of chronic mercury contamination in this heavily-industrialized region.

Structural Pattern of Eastern Part of Disturbed Belt of Montana: ABSTRACT

The eastern part of the disturbed belt of Montana is in the foothills east of the northern Rocky Mountains. The area studied extends about 190 km from Wolf Creek north to Browning, Montana. It is about 30 km wide in the northern and southern parts, narrowing to about 10 km in the central part. The eastern margin is bounded by a thrust fault or folds. The eastern part of the disturbed belt contains four structural-stratigraphic subdivisions which are, from west to east: (1) thrust-faulted Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous mudstone and sandstone; (2) folded and locally thrust-faulted Upper Cretaceous mudstone; (3) Upper Cretaceous sandstone and mudstone that are imbricately thrust faulted in the northern part, complexly folded near the central part, and folded and thrust faulted in the southern part; and (4) folded and locally thrust-faulted Upper Cretaceous thin sandstone and thick mudstone. The latter is absent in the central parts. Structural trends change from northwest in the northern part of the area, to due south in the central part, and southeast in the southern part. End_of_Article - Last_Page 836------------

Thought organization in hypnosis and the waking state. The effects of subliminal stimulation in different states of consciousness.

1The Menninger Foundation, Topeka, Kansas 66601. Dr. Stross is now in private practice, Suite 303, 3535 Cherry Creek North Drive, Denver, Colorado 80209.

Eocene Land Mammals of the Pacific Coast

The Sespe formation comprises a series of sandstones, shales and conglomerate, several thousand feet in thickness, and receives its name from the type locality of its occurrence on Sespe Creek north of the Santa Clara Valley, Ventura County, California. Originally described by Watts [1], this formation has been recognized as furnishing an important stratigraphic record of the early Tertiary in the southern coast ranges with a position between marine sediments of Eocene age and marine sediments of Miocene age. At a number of localities in southern California deposits having the stratigraphic position and lithologic characteristics of the Sespe are designated by that name and are regarded as the correlatives of this formation. Prevailing features which have been noted with regard to the Sespe are (1) the presence of red beds, and (2) the absence of a fossil record.

A Collecting Trip to Southeastern Colorado

IN April and May of last year, 1905, the writer made a collecting trip to the southeast part of Colorado. With the exception of a few days' stay at Lamar the entire period was spent in Baca County, which is the extreme southeastern county of the State. I arrived at Lamar at midnight of April 4, and remained there until the morning of the ioth, when I took the stage for Springfield, the county-seat of Baca County, fifty miles away, reachling there late that afternoon, and securing quarters at the hotel kept by Mrs A C. Bruner, wlo was kind enough to put up with a collector and his traps. Leaving there on the 26th, I drove east almost to the Kansas line, where I stopped at the ranch of Mr. J. M. Johnston, at whlich Monon Postoffice is located. Mr. Johnston and his family took me in, a perfect stranger, uniintroduced, gave me the best they had, in fact treated me while, and I shall always remember my stay there with pleasure. I stopped there until M1ay 9th, when I returned to Springfield and remained until the 17th. I then went nearly thirty miles ill a northwesterly direction, and located at the ranch of Mr. E. J. Gaume, in the northwest corner of the county, where I remained until the 26th, being also hospitably treated there. Then I again returned to Springfield, and left for home on June 2, but doing my last field work May 31. country about Lamnar is a prairie country, but not as level as in Baca County. Arkansas River flows by the north side of the town, and its bottom is well wooded with cottonwood trees with some underbrush. land along the river is largely taken up and cultivated. To the south the ground gradually rises until it culminates in a nearly level mesa or prairie. A ditch winds around on this rising ground and below it the land is cultivated, above not. In places tilhe soil is very sandy. road between Lamar and Springfield is over a monotonous, nearly level prairie. Two streams with a little water are crossed, Clay Creek and Two Butte Creek; also Bear Creek about two miles north of Springfield, but this has only a little water here and there in holes. Baca County is a typical prairie country, very flat and level, tiresomely so to one accustomed to the mountains. No trees except along what few water courses there are, and not always along them. These trees are mostly broad-leaved cottonwoods, with a few willow, wild plum and cherry trees. Bear Creek north of Springfield has quite a good many trees along its banks, and it is a good collecting ground. Mr. Johnston's ranch is also ot Bear Creek, but with comparatively few trees about, tho a short distance east, at about the state line, there is quite a little grove of small cotton woods which I found full of birds. And an afternoon spent on Buffalo Creek three miles northi showed many birds among the trees there. In fact wherever one could find trees along these creeks he would find birds. Bear Creek, instead of emptying into some larger stream, has an easterly course in Kansas for a little distance then disappears in the ground. Locally they say it empties into Kansas. country around Gaume's ranch is quite different as it is on the edge of what is known as The Cedars, which name covers the extreme western part of