Credit Claiming Research Articles

Credit Claiming in the European Union

Credit Claiming in the European Union

Economic Policy Uncertainty, Financing Model and Financial Fragility

Based on the study of different financing models, this paper discusses that different financing models in China 's capital market have different regulatory effects on the relationship between economic policy uncertainty and financial vulnerability. The study found that economic policy uncertainty has a significant role in promoting corporate financial vulnerability, while bank loans and credit claims have a significant mitigation effect on the relationship between economic policy uncertainty and financial vulnerability, while the mitigation effect of bond claims is not obvious. This paper verifies the impact of different financing modes on economic policy uncertainty and financial vulnerability in China 's capital market, and puts forward policy suggestions for improving corporate financing channels and expanding financing scale.

Legislative Cooperation and Selective Benefits: An Experimental Investigation on the Limits of Credit Claiming

Do legislators get credit for working with the other party? Studies on this have been limited due to a lack of an appropriate counterfactual. This article experimentally estimates the value of credit claiming on a small project that was produced with bipartisanship or with an uncooperative party. I argue that process does indeed matter. Specifically, I hypothesize voters will punish in-party partisans for working with the other side and punish out-party partisans when they do not work with their side. However, in-party partisans do not care whether their party works with the other side. Out-party partisans punish members for uncooperative legislating. Further, I argue and find that these effects are distinguishable from overall partisan effects, demonstrating that members can use distributional projects to gain out-party support in a polarized environment. These findings have important implications for lawmaking and polarization.

Encouraging politicians to act on climate: A field experiment with local officials in six countries

AbstractLocal governments play an important role in addressing the climate crisis. However, despite public support for climate action, local policy responses have been limited. We argue that (1) biased beliefs about voter preferences, (2) the time horizon for credit claiming, and (3) source credibility are barriers for legislators to learn and adopt new environmental policies. We test these arguments in a real policy‐learning context. Representatives from six Western countries received customized invitations to a webinar on climate solutions for local governments. We find that constituency opinion on climate issues made local office‐holders more responsive to public preferences. Invitations sent by a climate scientist and emphasizing shorter term policy effects increased interest in the webinar, but did not boost the likelihood of policy commitments. Only US officials responded negatively to climate scientists. The results reveal concrete steps to induce climate action and contribute to scholarship on policy learning.

THE SMALL CLAIM COURTS DURING COVID-19: ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN BANKS’ CLAIMS ON BAD CREDIT

The purpose of this study is to discuss the suitability of small claim courts to solve bad credit claims that are filed by banks as an alternative to dispute contract defaults. The study analyses the trend of banks’ small claims during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study employed an empirical normative approach. It combines a normative legal approach and additional empirical elements in the form of cases and decisions. The results show that some of the regulations that were released before the pandemic, such as the Regulation of the Supreme Court Number 4 of 2019 on the Settlement of Small Claim Courts, provide benefits for banks to settle credit disputes because they allow various expansions. The Regulation of the Supreme Court Number 3 of 2018 on The Administration of Cases in Electronic Courts has introduced some electronic applications. Although business (bank) litigation remains dominant, the trend of bank claims in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic has dropped. In contrast, the trend of individual claims has increased significantly. The decline is influenced by countercyclical policies that are issued by the Financial System Stability Committee. The committee members consist of representatives of the Ministry of Finance, Bank Indonesia, the Financial Services Authority, and the Deposit Insurance Corporation. It aims to handle and cope with the banks’ crisis related to the pandemic.

Descriptive Representation and Party Building: Evidence from Municipal Governments in Brazil

This article highlights a new way in which descriptive representation enhances democracy through inclusive party building. We theorize that parties retain and promote incumbents based on gendered criteria, disproportionately incentivizing women to recruit party members. However, gendered resource inequalities lower women’s access to the patronage required for recruitment. Women respond by recruiting more women members, as it lowers recruitment costs, is role-congruent, and eases credit claiming. Using rich administrative data on party membership from 2004 to 2020 and a regression discontinuity design in Brazil, we find that, despite resource disparities, women mayors recruit new members at similar rates as men but reduce the gender gap in party membership. As expected, women are more likely to be promoted in constituencies where they most lower the gender gap in party membership. We also find that women’s increased membership improves party resilience. Our findings suggest that descriptive representation strengthens party building by including underrepresented citizens.

Governing Through Gridlock: Bill Composition under Divided Government

AbstractWhat is the effect of divided government on issue attention in state legislatures? Much of the research on divided government examines how it affects the enactment of significant legislation but does not consider other effects on legislative behavior. In this article, I propose a new theory of the relationship between divided government and legislative activity. Regardless of partisan control, reelection-minded legislators face pressure to deliver benefits to voters, yet divided government can make substantive policy change difficult. As a result of these competing pressures, under divided government legislators increasingly turn their focus to bills that benefit their local constituents, which are seen as easier to enact and allow them to engage in advertising, credit claiming, and position taking. Consistent with this theory, I find that under divided government, legislators introduce bills at the same rate, but the type of legislation introduced shifts away from statewide policy changes and towards district-specific legislation.

More Money, Less Credit? Legislator Gender and the Effectiveness of Congressional Credit Claiming

AbstractBringing home federal spending projects to the district is a common reelection strategy for members of the U.S. Congress, and congresswomen tend to outperform congressmen in securing district spending. However, for legislators to turn distributive benefits into higher approval and electoral rewards, constituents must recognize that public spending has taken place in their community and attribute credit to the correct public official. I theorize that congresswomen face a gender bias when claiming credit for federal projects, and I test this theory through an online survey experiment. Contrary to expectations, I find no evidence that legislator gender influences the public’s reaction to congressional credit claims, indicating that congresswomen can effectively use distributive politics to counter gendered vulnerability in the U.S. Congress. This research advances the literature on gender and politics by investigating whether a gender bias in credit claiming prevents congresswomen from turning their representational efforts into electoral capital.

Can Insurgents Capture Aid through Credit Claiming? Evidence from Afghanistan

Abstract The provision of development aid has become a favored counterinsurgency strategy, with governments reasoning that the delivery of needed services will improve civilians’ perceptions of the government, and consequently decrease civilian collaboration with insurgents. However, this reasoning relies on the critical assumption that civilians attribute projects to the government, and not to the very insurgents that the government seeks to defeat. In information poor environments like civil wars, it may be relatively easy for armed groups to capture the reputational benefits of aid by engaging in credit claiming. Drawing upon on a survey experiment in Afghanistan, I find that civilians who are told that the Taliban allowed a project in their village to occur are more likely to identify the Taliban as a facilitator of development projects, in spite of their own, real-life, experiences. While the effect size is modest, the finding points to the ability of armed groups to capture the reputational benefits of aid through purely rhetorical strategies, with implications for the viability of development aid as a counterinsurgency strategy.

“Indoctrinated by the left!.”: How politicians respond to street protest on social media

On social media, politicians present themselves on public issues to achieve re-election. Protest provides one opportunity for politicians to do so. In this study, we ask: How do politicians respond to protest on social media? And, which factors determine how politicians react? Building upon classic typologies of politicians’ rhetorical strategies, we study Twitter and Facebook posts ( N = 8211) of Belgian politicians ( N = 225) who respond to protest ( N = 124) staged in Brussels (Belgium). Results show that politicians predominantly engage in position taking when responding to protest and rarely engage in advertising, blame attribution, or credit claiming, although latter reactions are more prevalent on Facebook than Twitter. A pattern of how politician features impact rhetorical responsiveness stands out. Executives are more likely to claim credit, opposition politicians are more likely to blame politics, right-wing politicians are more likely to blame demonstrators. Findings lay bare politicians’ online protest communication strategy and speak to party–protest interactions.

Public Secrets: The Dynamics of Publicity and Secrecy in Offensive Cyber Operations

Abstract Historically, offensive cyber operations (OCOs) have been considered a practice that states could carry out covertly, away from the public eye, with both perpetrators and defenders having incentives to remain silent. Over the past few years, however, perpetrators and defenders have publicly acknowledged their involvement in OCOs. How common is this strategic choice among states? What are its characteristics? In this research note I show that this is not a binary choice, and that there is variance in the strategies available to either side. I then examine what state behavior patterns can be identified by using compiled data of OCOs between 1996 and 2019. I show that this phenomenon of giving up secrecy is occurring and point out on states’ characteristics and probabilities of choosing each strategy. Initial findings show significant use of public strategies by perpetrators (20 percent) and more so by defenders (50 percent), and that democracies tend toward public credit claiming and attribution, while less democratic countries tend toward public denial. As governments increasingly engage in OCOs, the implications of this research note are of interest to scholars and practitioners alike.

Experimental Evidence of the Benefits and Risks of Credit Claiming and Pork Busting

As appropriations earmarks return to Congress, every legislator faces a decision: pursue or refuse congressionally mandated federal spending projects. This decision is likely influenced by public messaging concerns. We theorize that both credit claiming for federal projects and position taking against spending projects (“pork busting”) can benefit legislators as they look to improve future electoral returns. We field a nationally representative survey experiment to estimate the effect of credit‐claiming and pork‐busting messages on the perceived effectiveness, fiscal responsibility, and overall approval of an unnamed member of Congress. We find that respondents are likely to penalize the representative's approval assessment when presented with an out‐party message strategy. Conversely, respondents are likely to increase the representative's personal trait assessments when presented with an in‐party message strategy. We expand on these results in an additional analysis and find that these trends persist when controlling for other partisan and demographic factors. We discuss our results in light of traditional expectations, potential mechanisms, and future directions for related research.

Credit Claiming by Labeling

We examine a phenomenon we call “credit claiming by labeling” in which a sitting politician places her name on a project, program, or policy with the goal of claiming credit for it. While the prevalence of this practice suggests that many politicians believe that credit claiming by labeling will aid their careers, there is little existing evidence on this question. We examine the effects of credit claiming by labeling with a survey experiment in Argentina. We find that it has a negative, though small, effect on respondents’ attitudes. Descriptive data suggests that these results stem from the perceived pervasiveness of the practice. We then use evidence from an additional treatment on the (un)biased selection of program beneficiaries to show that respondents actually reward politicians who neither label nor manipulate programs. These results suggest substantial obstacles to overturning citizens’ negative baseline beliefs about the politicized implementation of government programs.

Ideas endorsed, credit claimed: Managerial credit claiming weakens the benefits of voice endorsement on future voice behavior through respect and work group identification

Does endorsement of employees’ constructive voice always result in more voice behavior in the future? Although it is often assumed that endorsement is a critical predictor of future voice behavior, we argue that this effect is contingent on whether managers claim credit for their employees’ voice. Drawing from the group engagement model, we first predict that endorsement will be positively associated with voicing employees’ perceived respect within the group, while managers’ credit-claiming behaviors will be negatively associated with such respect. We then further predict that credit-claiming behaviors serve as a boundary condition to the positive association between endorsement and respect, such that when levels of credit claiming by managers are higher, the positive association between endorsement and respect will be weakened. Higher levels of respect, in turn, are associated with higher levels of work group identification and then higher levels of future voice behavior. Results from a multi-wave survey field study in China and a scenario experiment in the United States offer support for our model. Our findings suggest an important but neglected form of managerial response to voice – credit claiming – and highlight its detrimental effect on motivating future voice behavior despite voice endorsement.

Pursuing Change or Pursuing Credit? Litigation and Credit Claiming on Social Media

AbstractInterest groups often post about their judicial advocacy on social media. We argue that they do so for two main reasons. First, providing information about the courts on social media builds the group’s credibility as a source of information with policymakers, media and the public. Second, social media provides a way to claim credit for litigation activity and outcomes, which can increase membership and aid in fundraising. Using original datasets of millions of tweets and Facebook posts by interest groups, we provide evidence that interest groups use social media for public education and to credit claim for their litigation activity.

Sistem Informasi Perwalian Adopsi MBKM di Polman Negeri Babel

The guidance process and credit claims in Polman Negeri Babel are still carried out manually, where each guardian lecturer must retrieve and process student data without using an information system that makes the results inaccurate. Because of this, we build Website-based independent adoption guardianship information system for independent campus learning (MBKM). The result achieved is the use of a Website-based information system that can facilitate guidance and claim credits. The output which is produced in this system is a summary of the semester guidance results and reports at the guardian lecturers.

Is cancer treatment immune from partisan conflict? How partisan communication motivates opposition to preventative cancer vaccination in the U.S.

ABSTRACT Cancer impacts the lives of Democrats, Republicans and Independents alike. While we might therefore expect cancer vaccines to have bi-partisan appeal, experiences with the COVID-19 pandemic suggest that partisan psychological attachments motivate some Americans to reject life-saving preventatives, even amid unprecedented public health threat. In a demographically representative survey of N = 1,959 US Adults, I tracked how intentions to receive preventative cancer vaccines (currently undergoing clinical trials) vary by partisan identity. I also fielded a pre-registered RCT that varied exposure to partisan/bi-partisan cancer research funding “credit claiming” messages. I find that cancer vaccines are already politically polarizing, such that Republicans are less likely than Democrats to intend to vaccinate. I conceptually replicate these findings in application to a second hypothetical vaccine for non-communicable illness; experimental preventatives for Alzheimer’s disease. Critically, I find that when elite Democrats claim credit for funding cancer research, Republicans become even less likely to intend to vaccinate. Collectively, these results suggest that partisan asymmetries in vaccine uptake extends to developmental vaccines that could prevent life-threatening, non-communicable disease.

АНАЛІЗ СУЧАСНОГО СТАНУ БАНКІВСЬКОЇ СИСТЕМИ УКРАЇНИ

The article researches the functioning process of the Ukrainian banking system during the period of uncertainty and martial law, and highlights the main trends. It states the role of the National Bank of Ukraine in the regulation of the financial sector in the country during the war period. It is noted that in order to make banking services accessible to the population and business, the range of deposit products has been expanded and marketing tools have been well-founded; retail lending has gradually been renewed, and credit claims of distressed borrowers are being sold. The author specifies the main trends in the functioning of the banking system: a decrease in the number of banking institutions and a reduction in the branch network; the growth of bank assets caused by the hryvnia emission at the beginning of the war to cover budget expenditures for social and military needs; banks' liquidity remained sufficient despite the crisis period; there was a decrease in the net loan portfolio of banks, which is explained by a decrease in demand among customers and a decrease in solvency; increase in the number of distressed loans; minor renewal of foreign currency deposits due to the offer of "conversion deposits", which are used during purchases at a preferential rate by cashless payment; the profitability of banking institutions was maintained, but due to dwindling reserves. The study also indicates the improvement of the mobile experience due to general digitalization during the war in the country, which enabled delivery of better quality service for the bank customers. The ratings of the largest banks of Ukraine were studied by the size of assets and volume of loans. Based on the research of the Forinsurer company conducted among Ukrainian banks, the TOP ten reliable institutions for both individuals and legal entities have been selected. As a result, the analysis determined the most profitable banking institutions during the martial law period. It presents the ranking of the TOP-10 Ukrainian banks in terms of adjusted financial reliability index, calculated by the analytical department of YouControl. It is noted that such an analysis provides information regarding the operational sustainability, but for a more complete assessment it is important to consider the factors of the market environment.

AN ANALYSIS OF POLITICAL ELITE’S RHETORIC DURING ELECTION CAMPAIGN IN PAKISTAN

This study explore and analyse rhetoric of political leaders of some selected parties of Pakistan during election campaign. For this purpose, speeches of political leaders of the three mainstream political parties were studied from sources including YouTube, TV shows and tweets. Content analysis method was used to analyse the data. Various forms, modes and types of rhetoric have been identified which were subsequently contextualized with the speeches, advertisements and rhetoric of the political leaders of the selected parties. Four themes including argumentations, storytelling, credit claiming and partisan cueing were extracted from the selected speeches. It was found that political elites and party leaders are so wisely manage to generate arguments, counter arguments, illustration and storytelling. The study also found that elites seems very justifiable by telling the stories and arguments but later on there is no substantial evidence in the form of performance, success and public service. The study concludes that the rhetoric used by party leaders are mostly directed towards political opponents and party leaders of other parties and less focused on the public policies and programs of general interest. Keywords: Rhetoric, Arguments, Leaders, Elites, Party

Universal Credit, deductions and ‘sexually transmitted’ debt

ABSTRACT Intended to simplify benefits and encourage paid employment, Universal Credit is the UK’s main working-age benefit. Assessed and paid monthly in arrears to low-income individuals and couples with and without earnings, the single monthly payment is based on entitlement, less a proportion deducted for any household earnings and/or debts. Research has highlighted the financial hardship that deductions for debts can cause for claimants. Less attention has been paid to the experiences of couples who have joint liability for repaying debts that one or both of the partners may have accrued, including those which may pre-date the start of their current partnership. Drawing on new empirical research findings, we explore the effects of deductions in the context of a joint Universal Credit claim, and on the different partners. The paper argues that greater stringency, data sharing and automation in the capture and recovery of debts, compared with the legacy system, have reduced the scope for flexibility and discretion in the way debts are collected and deductions are administered. This is creating additional financial hardship and potential relationship instability for couples for whom adverse financial and emotional effects can be multiplied. Options for reform are discussed.