Credit Burden Research Articles

Study of credit burden on small orange growers in Nagpur district of Maharashtra

Study of credit burden on small orange growers in Nagpur district of Maharashtra

Methodological tools for assessing the level of indebtedness of the population of the Russian Federation

The article examines the phenomenon of indebtedness of the Russian population, which is currently considered in two aspects: as an indicator of the debt burden, characterizing the ratio of all incomes and all obligations (debts) of citizens, and as an indicator of the “excessive” credit burden of the country’s population, when the volume of obligations of individuals under credit agreements and loans exceeds their financial capabilities. In the study, the authors, based on statistical data, identifies certain relationships between indicators of excessive debt burden and those of economic growth in Russia, as well as the impact of the population’s debt burden on the country’s GDP.

The Influence of Equity Incentive on Corporate Debt Default Risk

As researchers show more interest in debt default risk, work on influencing factors of this risk is put a particular emphasis. Because risk preference of management and corporate financial condition cannot be explained by their traits perfectly, this paper has argued association between equity and debt default risk. Selecting 323 listed enterprises as sample, the study uses descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression analysis to determine the relationship of these two indicators. According to the analysis results, large proportion of equity incentives to the total share capital has passive impact on financial condition. It brings heavy credit burden to companies while large proportion of managerial ownership can decrease debt default risk and promote the stability of financial system. This paper strengthens the idea that there is reasonable and significant association between equity incentive and debt default risk. It also proves that different measuring factors of equity incentive have different directions effects on corporate debt default risk.

Lending limit in modern Russia

Subject. The article investigates the limit of lending in modern Russia. Objectives. The purpose is to identify the limit of lending in modern Russia. Methods. The study is based on systems approach, using the method of statistical analysis. Results. The study unveils a significant growth and scope of the dynamics of loans with floating (variable) interest rate. The dynamics of the monetary base (M2) and the broad money supply shows a mirror maximum range of growth rates of the broad money supply and M2. The paper establishes an exponential trend of weighted average interest rates on loans in rubles to individuals and a polynomial trend on loans to non?financial organizations. The increase in the credit burden on households is associated with an increase in weighted average interest rates on loans, caused by the need to increase internal borrowings, which is only possible by increasing the average coupon on federal loan bonds. Conclusions. The revealed lending limit in modern Russia, associated with the ability of the non-financial sector and households to cover the debt in the context of increasing the money supply and domestic borrowings, indicates the possibilities for the development of the Russian economy.

Regional aspect of the efficiency of lending to the agricultural sector of the Ukrainian economy

Ukrainian agriculture has shown resilience, adaptability, and production flexibility during the war. At the same time, the priority issues are the lack of financial resources for business operations, the restoration of damaged facilities and ensuring technological discipline. In this context, the issue of lending to agricultural enterprises is of great relevance. The purpose of this study was to improve and develop methodological tools for assessing the credit burden and efficiency of lending in agriculture by region of Ukraine. The study employed several methods of cognition: comparative analysis, tabular, graphical, statistical, computational-constructive, abstract-logical. In 2015-2022, lending to agricultural producers increased by 2.4 times (by 43.5% or UAH 35.9 billion in 2022 alone). The share of loans attracted is dominated by Kyiv Oblast (31%). The share of lending to the agricultural sector increased by 2.6 times (from 6.1% to 15.7%). Ukrainian agrarians are lent mainly in the national currency (76.4% of disbursed loans) and for terms up to one year (54.4%), with terms of 1 to 5 years (41.2%). In 2015-2021, the loan burden per business entity and per employee almost doubled. The highest lending efficiency was demonstrated by farms in Zakarpattia, Zhytomyr, Rivne, Luhansk, and Chernivtsi oblasts. During the first year of the full-scale war, the efficiency of lending in agriculture fell by 48% (from 8.63 to 4.49 thousand UAH). Agricultural enterprises need support from both the state and credit institutions. The practical significance of this study is determined by the improvement of tools for measuring the level of credit burden and assessing the effectiveness of lending in the agricultural sector of the economy by regions of Ukraine, which can be used by public and sectoral authorities in the regional practice of monitoring and intensifying the practice of state financial support for rural producers

CRITERIA AND METHODS FOR ASSESSING EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC LIFE QUALITY MANAGEMENT (WORLD EXPERIENCE)

Quality of life is a socio-economic systems management category. Management’s efficiency is associated with allocation of all required performance evaluation criteria and further measurement procedure. The achieved result directly depends on optimality of criteria selection and further measurement. Accordingly, this paper explores main approaches to measuring quality of life, identifies their advantages and disadvantages. The study also highlights criteria for assessing wellbeing based on an objective, subjective, and integral perception of quality of life in countries with a higher level of wellbeing. Based on systematization of theoretical approaches to determining the structure of quality of life, its aspects (structural blocks) most common in international practice, recognized as the minimum required are identified. In accordance with the proposed structure, conclusion recommends using indicators correctly determining changes in the wellbeing and strengthening of the impact of society on a decision-making process to improve the quality of life. Recommendation takes into account the fact that in today's Kazakhstan the degree of satisfaction with the quality of life remains low as there is a multitude of systemic problems associated with uneven income distribution; housing security and credit burden; state of strategic life support facilities, including heat supply (thermal power plants) and public highways (of republican, regional, and district significance); environmental situation in regions and cities of republican significance, and other aspects of quality of life negatively affecting the level of confidence in socio-economic institutions.

The prolonged movement of non-performing assets in both Indian public and private sector banks: A pragmatic assessment

The failure of the financial system pulls down the business and country’s economy when it is experienced in the case of banks. A good performance of the banking system upholds the nation’s goodwill and economy. Banking activities indulge in lending activities, but the challenge of credit risk sustains with the banks unwantedly which leads to the rising of non-performing assets (NPA). The present study encounters the responses by the bankers of both private and public banks regarding the sky touching rise of NPAs to highlight the significant responsibility for the unwanted rise and identify the similarity of responses by both types of banks. The consequence is significantly true for both types of banks as they agree to the responses for the NPAs that are slowly rising and further, the study confirms that the major stake for NPAs is due to the lending of funds to agricultural and industrial sectors and with the highest credit burden owing by the governments’ organization.

Ritual Economy, or How Much Is Spent on A Wedding in Central Asia

The article describes the rituals that form a complex of wedding traditions in the countries of Central Asia. We are talking about rites (pre-wedding, wedding and post-wedding) and related expenses. Observance of traditions imposes heavy financial obligations on the families of the bride and groom, driving them into credit burden and depriving them of economic well-being for many years. Why do families participate in this wasteful excess? What drives them? The article focuses on decoding the institute of Central Asian wedding. The article is based on interviews with students from Central Asian countries studying in Moscow. Arrival in Moscow indicates a willingness to accept values conventionally called "Western". Representatives of the westernized youth critically evaluate the economy of weddings, seeing no sense in following traditions that condemn families to excessive waste. In their opinion, the reproduction of the ritual economy is supported by public opinion and is based on the fear of the family to spoil the reputation. The wedding turns into an act of demonstrative generosity, which confirms the social status of families.Students reconstruct the logic of parents in terms of being forced to follow certain rules under vigilant social control: the rule of the reciprocal exchange of gifts; demonstration of social status and maintaining the prestige of the family; competition between the families of the bride and groom; confirmation of membership in a related clan; showing loyalty within the official hierarchy, investing in a career. Despite the legislative restrictions on the scale of weddings adopted in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan no impressive results have been achieved. The discrepancy between social expectations threaten to turn into reputational losses. People continue to pay tribute to the requirements of the ritual economy, going to all sorts of tricks in order not to fall under the sanctions of the state

RISKS OF THE BANKING SYSTEM OF UKRAINE IN THE CONDITIONS OF MARTIAL LAW

Introduction. The peculiarities of the manifestations of credit, market and currency risks, liquidity risks and risks of "state failure" for the functioning of the banking system of Ukraine in the conditions of martial law were examined the article. Recommendations are offered for minimizing existing risks and restoring the functionality of the banking system in the context of performing financial intermediation functions. Methods. Traditional methods of scientific knowledge were used in the article. In particular, methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as a graphic method for visualization and comparison of trends of certain indicators, were used to study the main trends of the risks of banking activity under martial law. Methods of generalization and abstraction were used to formulate recommendations for minimizing banking risks during martial law. Results. In the course of the study, it was proved that the credit risk in the conditions of martial law is minimal for the banking system of Ukraine, because as a result of ineffective monetary policy, the credit burden on the national economy is minimal and insufficient for its recovery. The negative impact of currency and market risks on the functioning of the banking system of Ukraine is substantiated. It is proved that due to the use of the monetary regime of inflation targeting, the banking system of Ukraine has lost the ability to implement the investment function and the functions of financial intermediation in general. Disscussion. As a result of the state of war and the negative expectations of economic agents, the short-term deposit base of banks will increase, and the volume of deposits will decrease, which may lead to a liquidity crisis in the banking system, however, the uninterrupted functioning of the banking system of Ukraine in terms of settlement and cash services will be preserved due to the high level of concentration of capital and banking assets owned by the state. In order to minimize the negative impact of banking risks, the NBU should resort to the use of mechanisms for targeted cheap long-term refinancing of banks under specific economic development programs, which will allow restoring the intermediary functions of the banking system. Keywords: credit risk, currency risk, liquidity risk, market risk, “state failure” risk, refinancing, lending, monetary policy.

State support of agricultural organizations in the sphere of crediting

The article presents the results of a scientific study on the provision of state assistance to agricultural organizations in the field of lending. The experience of the USA in the creation and functioning of a system of lending to farms, including in the context of the financial crisis, has been studied. The activity of the Asset Management Agency as an institution for restructuring bad debts in Belarus is analyzed. Taking into account world practice, promising directions have been developed to reduce the credit burden of agricultural organizations of the republic.

Fertility-Household Credit Burden Nexus at the Present Stage

The article examines the relationship between fertility and household credit burden using data for 79 countries for the period from 1990 to 2019. The authors identify 9 patterns describing the mutual influence of fertility and household debt burden. The analysis of patterns shows that the presence of a significant positive impact of households’ mortgage debt burden on fertility in future periods may indicate both a direct causal relationship between the indicators and the adoption of conditional decisions on pregnancy planning prior to obtaining mortgage loans to improve housing conditions. The same is true for households’consumer credit burden, as well as for quantitative estimates of the impact of fertility growth on households’ debt burden in subsequent periods. The article shows that in developed and developing countries, the growth of the total fertility rate is positively associated with the subsequent dynamics of mortgage and consumer loans in relation to GDP. In developed countries, the growth of mortgage and consumer loans is positively associated with the subsequent fertility dynamics. In developing countries, an increase in mortgage loans is positively but insignificantly correlated with fertility in the following years, while an increase in consumer loans leads to an increase in fertility in the short term, and to its decrease in subsequent years. The results indicate that success in demographic policy aimed at increasing fertility will be accompanied by the growth of households’debt burden, and therefore in subsequent periods households will be forced to pay interest and repay the principal debt, which will reduce families’ ability to finance children’s education. In this regard, state programmes that provide free education and development of children should be conducted in parallel with the implementation of demographic policy aimed at increasing fertility.

PENGARUH KREDIT USAHA RAKYAT (KUR) TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PROFIT USAHA MIKRO PADA NASABAH PT. BANK BUKOPIN CABANG MEDAN SETIA BUDI

The formulation of the problem in this thesis is whether there is an effect of using funds to increase the profit of micro business customers of PT. Bank Bukopin Medan Setia Budi Branch, is there any effect of the amount of credit on increasing the profit of micro business customers of PT. Bank Bukopin Medan Setia Budi Branch, is there any effect of credit burden on increasing the profit of micro business customers of PT. Bank Bukopin Medan Setia Budi Branch, is there any effect of the procedure on increasing the profit of micro business customers of PT. Bank Bukopin Medan Setia Budi Branch. This study aims to determine the effect of the use of funds, the amount of credit, credit burden, and procedures to increase the profit of micro business customers of PT. Bank Bukopin Medan Setia Budi Branch. This type of research is associative research with a quantitative approach. The sample in this study amounted to 69 KUR customers from PT. Bank Bukopin Medan Setia Budi Branch. The analysis technique used is path analysis. The results of this study indicate that the use of funds has no effect on increasing the profit of micro business customers of PT. Bank Bukopin Medan Setia Budi Branch. The amount of credit has a significant positive effect on increasing the profit of micro business customers of PT. Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk KCP Medan Wahidin. Credit burden has a significant positive effect on increasing the profit of micro business customers of PT. Bank Bukopin Medan Setia Budi Branch. The procedure has no effect on increasing the profit of micro-business customers of PT. Bank Bukopin Medan Setia Budi Branch.

МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ФИНАНСОВО-КРЕДИТНОГО ПОВЕДЕНИЯ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ

The growth of the consumer lending market in our country and in the world is accompanied by an increase in the indebtedness level of the population, which is a source of concern at the level of regulators. In these circumstances, the presence of a consistent applied model of financial behavior may be useful for all market participants – for banks and financial institutions, the use of such models will make it possible to assess the need for a loan from the position of the population, which will reduce the risk of delay in payments and defaults, and reduce the credit burden upon the population. The paper presents a model allowing description of the financial situation description for an individual on the basis of the determinants of financial behavior, selected on the basis of the discriminant analysis based on the NBCH database for 2008-2018, and to model his financial and credit behavior. The model has good predictive power, in 2019 the consumer lending market shown a steady positive trend, and from October 1, requirements for mandatory reserves have been tightened.

KINERJA BANK UMUM KONVENSIONAL DI ERA REFORMASI

Banking institutions are one pillars of the country's economy. His role as a regulator of financial traffic is the cause. Therefore, banks cannot fail, especially bankruptcy. The impact is triggering inflation and deflation that disrupt the economic system and crisis. A bitter experience occurred in 1998. The state suffered losses and triggered a social crisis. Since then, Indonesia has continued to maintain banking institutions to remain healthy and stable. This study aims to present information on banking performance, so it can be useful for parties. Proof efforts use a quantitative approach. Research data sourced from OJK. The results showed that the bank's performance was relatively good. But the last ten years showed a downward trend. The bank is able to maintain capital adequacy, good management of credit burden and risk, so as to increase interest income. But this has not been able to optimize profit and liquidity

Achievements and Consequences of the Fourth Industrial Revolution

The article deals with effects of achievements and consequences of the fourth industrial revolution. The author shows history of agrarian and industrial revolutions and demonstrates specific features of the 4 th industrial revolution in comparison with the previous ones, reveals preconditions of its arising and scales of the revolution reforms and discusses its outcomes and consequences affecting all fields of society life. The 4 th industrial revolution drastically changes the world and provides unlimited opportunities for the development of states, companies and individuals. However, consequences of introducing its achievements look dubious: they can cause both a drop in prices on goods and services, a growth in consumption, mobility and information degree of people, a reduction in costs and increase in labour productivity in commercial enterprises and state-owned structures and a cut in personnel demand, falling incomes, social guarantees and deterioration of working conditions, a drop in social programs, rising inequality, withdrawal of capital to off-shore zones, growing credit burden of the population, companies and states and the general decrease in economic growth rate. It leads to the necessity to develop state programs aimed at control over the development of the 4 th industrial revolution, support of innovation enterprises, cut in taxes, reduction in uncertainty in economy and rise in legal support of business, as well as elimination of destructive effects of digitalization in economy and protection of the poorest layer of the population.

The Experience, Task Value and Self-Efficacy of Nursing Students in Attending Blended Learning in Basics Science in Nursing 2 Course in Faculty of Nursing Universitas Padjadjaran

Introduction: The implementation of blended learning in nursing education is needed to provide quality and efficient learning. There is a need for an investigation of students’ experience in following blended learning especially in the subject of basic science in nursing 2 including anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pathophysiology and pharmacology in nursing topics. This study aims to provide an ideal picture for students of the Faculty of Medicine in Indonesia. Methods: This study occupied quantitative descriptive research method with simple random sampling technique. The respondents were 93-second years students of the Faculty of Nursing, UniversitasPadjadjaran. The Learning Experience Questionnaire (LEQ) instrument was used to measure students’ experience. The data were analysed using percentage analysis. Results: More than a half of total respondents had good experience in participating in mixed learning of IDK course. Conclusions: Students’good experience may be influenced by the availability of student access to the internet, and the instructional design of the blended learning. The main obstacle in implementing the course were a large learning credit burden and extensive coverage of the learning material. Technology skills training and habituation of blended learning needs to be given by the faculty before students take part in blended learning.

Problems of the Debt Load of the Population of Russia and the Altay Kray

The Object of the Study. Organizational and economic relations arising between commercial banks and individuals in the process of crediting.The Subject of the Study. Crediting the population of Russia.The Purpose of the Study. Studying the problem of crediting the population of Russia and the inhabitants of the Altay Kray.The Main Provisions of the Article. The authors have analyzed the credit indebtedness of individuals both in Russia as a whole and in the Siberian Federal Okrug, the volume and share of overdue debt of citizens in particular. Particular attention in the study has been paid to the level of credit burden of the population of Russia and the Altay Kray, the reasons for the crediting of the population of the Altay Territory were investigated. The article gives an assessment of the consequences of population crediting, analyzing the changes in per capita cash income of the population, the average monthly nominal wage of citizens of the Altay Okrug is given. To solve the problems associated with crediting the population, measures such as increasing the financial literacy of the population and improving the living standards of the citizens has been proposed.

Income, Poverty and Prices: Trends of 2016

In May 2016, households’ real disposable cash income, real wages and the real size of granted pensions decreased as compared to the respective period of the previous year. In Q1 2015, the poverty rate amounted to 15.7%, having fallen somewhat as compared to the same period of the previous year which situation is related to a dramatic reduction of prices on a number of food products included in the consumer goods basket. In H1 2016, consumer prices rose by 7.8% as compared to the respective period of 2015, having virtually returned to moderate values after a 16% surge in H1 2015. With further reduction of the rate of inflation, the poverty rate may fall this year. At the same time, the number of overdue mortgage loans and the volume of overdue mortgage debt are growing. Credit burden is particularly high among households with children.

The Moral Nature of Debtand the Making of Responsible Debtor

The significance of debt relations is constantly growing in the present-day world, so do economic problems related to debt. Credit relationships on market are usually treated as morally neutral despite the fact that debt generates a number of moral contradictions. This paper suggests an understanding of debt that draws on the anthropological theory of gift. It enables to expose the moral content of the utilitarian market exchange as compared to gift exchange and to differentiate between various forms of debt. This approach is used for analyzing consumer credit and for demonstrating that debtor’s behavior is paradoxically determined by striving to avoid the moral obligations of debt. The main moral imperatives are indicated that govern consumer credit - independence and necessity, calculativeness and quantification. This article demonstrates that making the borrower responsible for growing debt makes credit burden increasing rather than restraints it.

Credit card spending limit and personal finance: system dynamics approach

Credit cards have become one of the major ways for conducting cashless transactions. However, they have long term impact to the wellbeing of its owner, trough the debt generated by the credit card usage. Credit card issuers approve high credit limit to credit card owners, therefore influencing their credit burden. A system dynamics model has been used to model behavior of a credit card owner in different scenarios according to the size of a credit limit. Experiments with the model demonstrated that a higher credit limit approved on the credit card decreases budget available for spending in the long run. This is a contribution toward the evaluation of action for credit limit control based on their consequences. Key words: credit card, credit limit, system dynamics