Creation Of Words Research Articles

Introduction to the Proceedings of the 2023 Symposium ‘Historical English Word-Formation’

It has not yet been ten years since Klaus Dietz (2015: 1915) prophesised that "[f]uture research work [on historical word-formation in English] will profit by two kinds of new instruments: firstly, by the Dictionary of Old English (DOE) and its Web Corpus, by the Middle English Dictionary (MED) and by the nascent third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), and secondly, by new corpora of historical English." The proceedings of the 2023 symposium respond to those predictions in manifold ways. Under the heading ‘Historical English Word-Formation’, the organisers of the symposium intended to “bring together researchers studying diachronic English word-formation and to showcase current research in this area” (Majewski 2023: 287). Although no particular temporal, thematic, or methodological focus was asked for, the five essays provide answers to some of the general questions that the symposium had initially raised, namely: How have large-scale corpus analyses and respective computational tools helped us study diachronic changes in the formation of new words? Which recent insights are there into the frequency and productivity as well as the rules and restrictions of word-formation units and patterns in the history of English? Further, which roles do regional, social, medial, and other factors as well as text types and (non‑)literary genres play for the creation of new words? The five contributions to this special issue of ZWJW illustrate that, as Dietz had anticipated, the study of word formations in past stages of English has profited extremely from the advances made in computational research and Artificial Intelligence, yet they also delineate both their advantages and limitations.

TRANSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF SENATOR HAWLEY AND PROFESSOR BRIDGE’S GENDER IDENTITY DEBATE

Using Halliday’s transitivity concept, this paper analyzes the debate between Senator Hawley and Professor Bridges conducted on July 12, 2022. The debate focuses on the topic of people with a capacity for pregnancy, which led to views of gender identity. The way individuals identify their gender has become a social phenomenon, as the idea of gender has broadened to the point that it is seen as a spectrum. The creation of new words outside the two polarizations (i.e., man and woman) could create acknowledgment for the minority group of people with lesser-known gender identities. Using Halliday’s (1994) Transitivity Concept in Systemic Functional Linguistics, this study analyzes the clause structures of both Senator Hawley and Professor Bridges to examine the distribution of the six transitivity processes and their relation to the clauses chosen to represent each participant's ideology regarding their views on gender. The different approaches in their arguments regarding gender identity also show the different ideological beliefs of their parties, which are the Republicans and the Democrats. Senator Hawley dominantly uses mental processes consisting of the desideration process, cognition process, and emotion process. In comparison, Professor Bridges shows a high use of relational processes consisting of the attribution process and identification process. Professor Bridges' relational processes point out Senator Hawley's rigid idea of gender by identifying and valuing the variety of genders. The many clauses stated by Professor Bridges also affirm her liberal belief that views gender as more than just two polarizations while also supporting equality in the idea of abortion rights as something that is needed for women and other groups of genders. Senator Hawley counters Professor Bridges' allegations using mental processes by seeking clarification to align their awareness of gender, which reveals his gender polarization. The use of clauses mentioned by Senator Hawley is done to showcase his implied Republican ideology, which does not find significance in the topic of people with the capacity for pregnancy leading to transphobia.

Comprehensive Analysis of Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes for English Language Acquisition

Morphology plays a crucial role in students' language acquisition. This study delves into the distinctions between inflectional and derivational morphemes, aiming to enhance comprehension of these concepts. By investigating word creation processes and observed alterations, the study illustrates the profound impact of prefixes and suffixes on words, shedding light on their significance in language learning. Students frequently require clarification when distinguishing between inflectional and derivational morphemes during learning. To enhance comprehension of this subject, this present study initially investigated the definitions and subcategories of these two terms outlined in various literary sources. Next, it provided a concise overview of the critical distinctions between inflectional and derivational morphemes. These analyses aim to determine the word created by derivational morphemes, the word formed by inflectional morphemes, the process by which the specified word is formed, and the types of observed alterations. The author implements the descriptive qualitative approach. It will discover that each morpheme possesses its function and influences the base word's meaning, word class, or grammatical function. This study illustrates the impact of prefixes and suffixes on words.

Lexico-Semantic Word Creation in Modern English Language

Lexico-Semantic Word Creation in Modern English Language

PECULIARITIES OF FUNCTIONING OF NEOLOGISMS IN POLITICAL DISCOURSES OF UKRAINE, GREAT BRITAIN, AND THE USA

The article examines the peculiarities of the formation of neologisms in modern Ukrainian and English political discourses. We set the task: to analyze the current ways of word formation in modern political discourse. The lexical features of the political discourses of Ukraine, Great Britain, and the USA are studied. Language is one of those types of human activity that is one of the first to reflect changes in social, political, economic, cultural, and other aspects of human activity. A living language develops very quickly, under the influence of internal and external factors it adapts to constant changes in social, cultural, and scientific life. Each change in society gives rise to new words and terms, that is, the creation of new words in the language is carried out as a reflection in the language of social needs in the expression of new concepts.New words in the language are a reflection of objective reality. New formations in a certain historical period are determined by both intra-speech and extra-speech factors, which play a key role in the study of certain language changes. Understanding neology as the lexical renewal of the national language by borrowing new formations and new meanings, it should be noted the importance of this process for the phenomenon of political discourse.

유아교육과정 ‘교육 내용’ 이해를 위한 탐구

This study aimed to inquiry of the curriculum of contents in early childhood education, particularly focusing on the five educational categories in 2019 Revised Nuri-curriculum. To achieve this purpose, this study used the hermeneutic analysis approach to collect various data related to the word of contents in curriculum. Firstly, by analyzing the data, this study provided the key topics, such as construction and selection of contents, conflicts between general framework vs contents of subject matter, and sliming of national curriculum. Then this study attempted to analyze historical changes of contents in early childhood curriculum, and to compare the age of 3-5 of Nuri-curriculum and 2019 revised Nuri-curriculum. Particularly, the analysis of five educational areas in Nuri-curriculum has been done on both statement and reference manual related to the five areas. This study with those results has a critical meaning to enhance the practice of curriculum that contents of five areas should include both educational elements and specific explanation of the contents. This study summarized the results of this study into several issues to revise new early childhood curriculum including creation of new words for innovation of current ways of construction of educational contents.

Ономатопеическая и эрративная лексика как текстообразующее лингвокреативное средство массмедиа

<p>The article is devoted to the linguistic and creative features of the media language. The author analyzes language game techniques based on errative word creation and onomatopoeia. It was revealed that the use of such lexical units enhances the communicative impact on the audience and attraction. Methods of observation, word-formation and stylistic analysis, critical analysis of media discourse, targeted sampling of occasional units, erratives, and descriptive were used. As a result of the study, types of onomatopoeic occasional units as a linguo-creative text-forming means are presented, among them erratives are characterized. The functions of these units were established in the program about the life of the capital’s cat Bublik on the channel “Moscow 24”.</p>

Linguistic creativity of occasionalisms in Brandon Sanderson’s works

This paper investigates the linguistic creativity of authoral occasionalisms of American fantasy writer Brandon Sanderson on the material of his series of works “The Stormlight Archive”. The captivating phenomenon of occasionalisms is examined in the terms of linguistic creativity and measured according to the criteria we have derived. The study focuses on word formation, a linguistic tool that is the creative act of inventing new words. The art of word creation has long been a hallmark of human linguistic ingenuity, allowing us to create new concepts and give them appropriate denotations and connotations. As part of our study, we observe the way Brandon Sanderson, as a linguistic personality, gives semantics to the concepts and terms he has created, and “surrounds” them with pragmatics in the context of sentences and the overall narrative text. We hope to shed light on the understudied synergy between author and language/author and speech, thereby contributing to our understanding of how writers devote to the linguistic innovation, and shape the future of language itself. This research has implications not only for linguistics, but also for the development of understanding the potential of fiction to enrich speech, creative writing, and the evolution of language in our dynamic age.

The Grammatical and Pragmatic Features of the New Popular Construction of “Cloud+X” in Contemporary Chinese

“Cloud+X” is a popular construction that has appeared and been frequently used in recent years. The study of the grammatical and pragmatic process of "Cloud+X" construction has vital significance for understanding the development of this buzzword in the new era and word creation. The buzzword “Cloud+X” is analyzed from the perspective of grammar and pragmatics in this paper. From the grammatical perspective, this paper will focus on the grammatical characteristics of “Cloud+X” and analyze its evolution motivation. Based on three main constructions including “Cloud+verbs with monosyllabic morphemes”, “Cloud+verbs with disyllabic or polysyllabic morphemes” and “Cloud+nominal morphemes”, and combined with specific examples and meme theory, this study analyzes their relationship and evolution. From the pragmatic perspective, the paper mainly focuses on the four main aspects of the construction “Cloud+X” such as its productivity, main user groups, emerging platforms and registers as well as the construction stability.

Development points of the derivation process related to Nakhchivan dialects and accents (based on written and oral literary and artistic examples)

In linguistics, the study of the characteristics of acquisition of dialects is of particular importance. In particular, the study of dialects based on written and oral literary examples plays an important role for research in this field. Until 1920, Azerbaijani dialects played a fundamental role in the development of the literary language of Azerbaijan. The role of dialects in enriching the lexicon of the literary language is irreplaceable. Thus, dialect words have become the source and base of the lexicon of the literary language. Now this process is going in another direction. In other words, the literary language affects dialects and changes them, creates conditions and grounds for the reduction and disappearance of the expressive function of dialect words. But for now, dialects remain as an independent language unit in the national language. As the literary language affects the dialects, their phonetic, grammatical systems and pronunciation rules also change. They lose their unique features and approach the literary language. The research article deals with the creation of words related to dialects in prose. Word formation of both suffixes is proved by selected examples from the literature. In conclusion, let’s note that word-forming affixes have more stylistic features in works written in spoken language, and their study is important from a philological aspect.

English urban neological discourse: pragmasemantic aspect

The article is devoted to the analysis of semantic, cognitive and pragmatic features of English neologisms of the urban discourse to identify in their definitions and contextual field the mentality features of the creators of these neologisms. The relevance of the study is ensured by the continuous expansion of the corpus of English neologisms, the permanent interest of linguists in the English urban neological discourse, the need for scientific interpretation of the display of collective experience in the analyzed vocabulary. The material was the examples taken from English electronic sources from 2017 till 2023. The choice was determined by the fact that these resources provide informal vocabulary reflecting the characteristics of collective word creation. The fundamental method is lexicological analysis allowing one to consider the new network vocabulary of the English urban discourse from the perspective of its semantic and pragmatic potential. The study uses elements of the following types of analyses: discursive, interpretative, descriptive, component, structural, semantic, cognitive and stylistic. The urban discourse is understood as a set of cognitive and pragmatic characteristics contained in English neological units used to implement the entire spectrum of ideas about the modern city by the participants in this discourse. Neologisms are traditionally understood as the result of dynamic processes reflecting the adaptation of the language to the transformations in the society. The article notes that English urban neologisms have a cognitive and pragmatic potential, which is a consequence of the subjective evaluative worldview. Evaluation as a process of establishing the value relationship of a person to the analysed neologisms and as a result of this relationship is an integral part of the process of reflecting reality and has a cognitive nature.

Leksikos vartosenos tyrimai ir leksikografinė praktika

The article presents research on the usage of Lithuanian lexis and lexicographical works on the Lithuanian language from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day. It reveals how scientific research has been related to academic activity and lexicographic work (data gathering, analysis, dictionary development), and vice versa. Talking about the early and mid-20th century, the focus lies on the well-grounded articles on appropriate language use by Kazimieras Būga and on the preparation of the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language”, as well as on Jonas Jablonskis’ interest in the standard language, creation of new words, his work on the dictionary of Antanas Juška and his reviews of earlier dictionaries. Jablonskis’ own “Mūsų žodynėlis” [Our Dictionary] is also briefly discussed. Further on, the article talks about the work of Juozas Balčikonis and the beginnings of the academic “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language”. Particular mention is made of Pranas Skardžius’ and Antanas Salys’ research on word structure and usage. In addition, various articles in language journals as well as the structure and editorial principles of the journal “Kalbos patarėjas” are reviewed. The research in the Soviet era is mainly associated with the lexicographical activities of Jonas Kruopas and Kazys Ulvydas and the editorial work on both the (historical) “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” and the “Dictionary of the Present Lithuanian Language”. The research interest of this period lies primarily in the analysis of lexical structure and systemic relations, whereas publication activity focuses on editing special dictionaries (such as dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, valency, phraseology, and comparisons), and the publication of textbooks and monographs in the field of lexicology. The article gives an overview of studies that analyse the development and change of various lexical items, describe different semantic groups, language variation, and its phrasal components. Furthermore, lexical databases and the information system e.kalba are given an overview. The main focus here lies on reviewing lexical research and lexicographical projects carried out in the 1990s and the early 21st century, and on revealing lexicographical problems.

STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC FEATURES OF SEMİ-AFFİXES IN ENGLISH-FRENCH LANGUAGES

The semi-affix is widely used in the language to create different forms of the word. There are a number of studies related to semi-affixes both in general linguistics and in Azerbaijani linguistics. In the works written on this or other occasion, half-photographers were also given a place, and opinions were expressed about their characteristics and types. As it can be seen, the role of half-images in enriching the vocabulary of the English language with new words and in word creation is very large. Therefore, a more detailed study of the processing of words with lexical meaning as suffixes is very important for both modern linguistics and grammar. The article will examine the relevant direction based on the English and French languages where semi-affixes are most active.

Термінологія морфологічного середовища для моделювання технічних систем

Unlike the words of the language of common goals, the appearance of the term goes through a more complicated path and is connected with a new phenomenon of reality, so it is not spontaneous. The term, unlike the words of natural language, always describes a single, strictly defined set of material objects or their interactions and relationships. Each term has a strict definition that conditions such unity, and to understand a term it is necessary to know both its own definition and the definitions of all the terms used in its definition, down to the basic, undefined, concepts. The appearance of the term, unlike the words of the language of common goals, goes through a more complicated path and is not spontaneous, as it is connected with a new phenomenon of reality, the nomination of which is one of the links of the process of cognition. The rapid formation of new disciplines entails the need for its own terminology.
 The article analyses term formation for the direction of modelling technical systems using the morphological environment. Various ways of forming terms are considered, the main of which are: formation by word-forming derivative - creation of new words from morphemes available in the language according to known (usually productive) models; by means of a semantic derivative, in other words, the formation on the basis of the similarity of a newly called phenomenon with a phenomenon already known in an already existing word of another meaning; by borrowing words from other languages. An example of creating a thesaurus is given. The ways of forming terms are considered: by way of word-forming derivative; by way of semantic derivative; due to the borrowing of words from other languages, the algorithm and peculiarities of the implementation of each method are analysed.
 The authors give the classification of terms and the scheme of the process of formation of terms, also the algorithm of using related terms between related disciplines is given, it is emphasized that the possibility of using terms between related disciplines is observed.
 An interdisciplinary approach is implemented where the methodology and theoretical foundations of different sciences, in particular disciplines far from each other, are jointly used to study the same phenomenon. An interdisciplinary approach creates the possibility of using terms between related disciplines. The process of such use is shown.

Dinamika Sikap Generasi Milenial Terhadap Bahasa Indonesia Pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Dakwah Unisba Angkatan 2022

Indonesian is not only a practical communication tool, but also an element of national identity that plays an important role in uniting individuals, groups, and society as a whole. The development of Indonesian has progressed rapidly, and millennials play a key role in this dynamic. The influence of the millennial generation is not only reflected in the use of everyday language, but also involves the creation of new words that reflect the changing times. The language behavior of the millennial generation, especially among students of the Faculty of Da'wah Class of 2022, is the focus of this study. Through descriptive analysis methods and quantitative analysis using online questionnaires, this study aims to examine the attitude of the millennial generation towards Indonesian. The results showed that this millennial generation They use Indonesian as a means of daily communication, and they find it important to maintain the authenticity of the language in an era of rapidly evolving technology. In this context, the millennial generation is expected to be agents who promote and maintain the sustainability of Indonesian. Despite the influence of slang and technological developments, the millennial generation of the Faculty of Da'wah Class of 2022 shows awareness of the importance of maintaining the authenticity of Indonesian as part of national identity. It is hoped that sustainability and sustainability of Indonesian can continue to be maintained through collaborative efforts and millennial generation's awareness of the importance of this cultural heritage.

The New Bulgarian and Czech Verb Vocabulary: Word-Formation Competition and Dynamics of Contemporary Communication

The aim of the article is to explore to what extent and in what ways the competition at word-formation level is related to the differentiation of the individual communication spheres and/or their unification. To this end, selected types of variant pairs (lines) of new Bulgarian and Czech verbs are analysed and examination of the communication specifics of the texts in which they occur and are used is performed. In other words, the focal point is the creation and use of new words and expressions as a factor causing tension not only between parallel functioning linguistic means (already existing or currently emerging in the language), but also within texts typical for a certain sphere of communication. As source of linguistic material are used written units of communi-cation (i.e. texts functioning in a particular communication situation) published on the Internet. A conclusion is drawn that relations of competition between word-formation methods, processes and means characteristic of communication situations and texts of a given sphere of communication (in the presence of favourable condi-tions) can penetrate other spheres of communication for which they are – quite on the contrary – new and uncharacteristic. The word-formation competition in the field of new Bulgarian and new Czech verbal lexicon is stipulated however by the typological features of each individual language system.

Review of Tatyana Nikolaevna Ushakova’s Book “The Nature of the Meaningfulness of the Word”

The review of the book by T.N. Ushakova “The nature of the meaningfulness of the word” considered the main idea of the book — the ratio of subjective and objective components of speech, the external form of the word and its subjective content, their mutual complementarity and the irreducibility of the sum to a single whole. Its evidences based on the author’s analysis of a large volume of literary and experimental data, including the work of the author of the book, T.N. Ushakova, were analyzed. It is emphasized that the book is a fundamental work that summarizes experimental data and their deep understanding, allowing the author to formulate a new psychophysiological concept of speech formation and language acquisition. This is an interdisciplinary study covering different aspects of speech behavior from the positions of psychology, physiology, linguistics, psychophysiology and philosophy, starting from the early vocalizations of infants and their motor activity, and ending with the processes of language creativity in adult. Review noted that expanding the problem of studying language and speech, T.N. Ushakova turns to neuropsychological and psychophysiological studies of verbal phenomena, describing approaches aimed at studying their mechanisms; offers a behavioral scheme for the formation of meaningful behavior - from its origin in infancy to its implementation in older age. The book contains three logically connected parts – Background on psychological and psycholinguistic studies of words; The origin and development of the phenomenon of meaningfulness; Language and word creation. The content of each part leads to the perception of increasingly information presented in the next chapter. The logical conclusion of the author’s many years of research is the concept of language, which is new in linguistics, outlined in the book. The book is interesting for specialists in various fields of knowledge - philologists, linguists, psychologists, psychophysiologists, philosophers.

Word creation and methods of its formation

Word creation and methods of its formation

ФОРМУВАННЯ СУЧАСНОГО ПРАВОВОГО ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЧНОГО АПАРАТУ В ІВРИТІ: СПОСОБИ ТА ВПЛИВ ІНШИХ ПРАВОВИХ СИСТЕМ

The article is dedicated to the peculiarities of the legal terminology formation, which took place in the process of the restoration of the Hebrew language and its becoming the official state language of the modern Israel. The legal system of Israel has been created during XX century, after near two-thousand-year period of its existence without own state, being limited to the small community’s common and religious law in different languages only. Thus, creation of the own state has demanded not only to adapt the legal institutes, but to develop new actual terminology in the new official state language. But the terminology complex of the Hebrew was based on the ancient language sources, so creation or adapting of the classic Hebrew words for the definition of the modern legal terms became a great scientific challenge. In the article we conclude, that new lexemes were not created in the process of the Israel legal terminology formation, but the old texts words were chosen, usually with some rethinking and reinterpretation of its meanings. This approach provides the possibility to avoid direct borrowing of the terms, which is a typical process in the reception of law in other states. Despite the fact that, in addition to the English Common Law, the formation of Israel’s legal system was influenced by the Ottoman and Romano-Germanic law, concepts from the English legal system were taken as the basis for the selection of many basic terms. The terms creation was not limited to formal denomination only. Often the process becomes more substantive, noticing the etymology, the content of the legal institute and the mechanisms of the practical law-enforcements. After this deep scientific work of the linguists and lawyers Hebrew terminology of the Israel legal system fully expresses the content and the scope of the concepts of the relevant legal institutes.

Features of word creation in the language

Features of word creation in the language